The Willing Expedition , also called Willing's Depredation , was a 1778 military expedition launched on behalf of the American Continental Congress by Captain James Willing during the American War of Independence .
60-761: James Willing was a former Natchez resident who had achieved the rank of Naval Captain in the Continental Navy . He visited Baton Rouge in 1777 bringing an offer from the Continental Congress for West Florida to join the rebellion against the British monarchy and a proposal to become the fourteenth state. Although many West Floridians had sympathy with the cause of the American independence, they were content with their situation which included an elected assembly, and were far more concerned about
120-486: A kapitein-ter-zee . Currently, De Zeven Provinciën -class frigates are commanded by a kapitein-luitenant-ter-zee . Captain of sea and war ( Portuguese : capitão de mar e guerra , formerly spelled capitão-de-mar-e-guerra ) is a rank in most of the Portuguese -speaking navies, notably those of Portugal and Brazil . The term captain of sea and war, like the modern rank of ship-of-the-line captain in
180-657: A pair of wings. Between January 1927 and October 1929, the design of naval aviation observer wings was the same as naval aviator wings, except the observer wings were silver. Observer wings after that were of a distinct design. Upon completion of flight training, a final selection process takes place in which the student naval aviators are assigned a particular fleet aircraft community (e.g., F/A-18C/D/E/F, EA-18G, AV-8B or F-35B/C for strike; E-2/C-2 for carrier AEW and COD; SH-60, HH-60, MH-60, MH-65, AH-1Z, UH-1Y, CH-53E/K, MH-53, CMV-22, or MV-22 for rotary-wing, P-8, E-6, EP-3, KC-130, HC-130, HC-144 for maritime, etc.). This selection
240-584: A squadron of four aircraft aboard their respective aircraft carrier. The VRC squadrons are based at either NS Norfolk, or NAS North Island, and deploy in detachments of two aircraft aboard their respective aircraft carrier. Student pilots selected for helicopter training report to NAS Whiting Field , Florida, and complete advanced training in the TH-57 Sea Ranger or the TH-73A Thrasher. Students receive over 100 hours of instruction learning
300-494: A week learning physiology and water survival and egress before graduating and heading to primary flight training. Following NIFE graduation, SNAs are assigned to Training Air Wing Five at NAS Whiting Field , Florida or Training Air Wing Four at NAS Corpus Christi , Texas , where they learn to fly the Beechcraft T-6B Texan II ( JPATS ). Primary teaches the basics of flying in approximately six months and
360-577: Is a rank that appears in several navies. The name of the rank derives from the fact the rank corresponded to command of a warship of the largest class, the ship-of-the-line , as opposed to smaller types ( corvettes and frigates ). It is normally above the rank of frigate captain . In all the Scandinavian countries, the rank stems from the Middle Low German word for war ( orloch ), i.e. war[-ship] captain. Capitaine de vaisseau
420-532: Is a naval rank corresponding to command of a ship-of-the-line or capital ship . Kapitän zur See ( German: [kapiˈtɛːns t͡suːɐ̯ ˈzeː] , abbreviated KptzS , KZS , or KzS ) is a senior officer rank in the German Navy . In the Royal Netherlands Navy , the rank of kapitein-ter-zee is the third grade of superior officer, equivalent to colonel in
480-589: Is a part of the rank descriptor, and is used in official publications and documents to distinguish a captain(N) from a captain in the army or air force. It is also important to distinguish between the rank of captain(N) and the appointment of captain, meaning the commanding officer of a ship, regardless of his or her rank. Captains(N) are addressed initially as "Captain" followed by their surname (example: "Captain Bloggins"), thereafter by superiors and peers as "Captain" and by subordinates as "Sir" or "Ma'am". The "(N)"
540-659: Is a rank in the French Navy , corresponding to that of colonel in the French Army . They usually command the navy's most important ships. United States Naval Aviator A naval aviator is a commissioned officer or warrant officer qualified as a crewed aircraft pilot in the United States Navy or United States Marine Corps . United States Coast Guard crewed aircraft pilots are officially designated as "Coast Guard aviators", although they complete
600-750: Is also based upon the needs of the service and performance. Newly designated naval aviators (no longer referred to as "students") are then assigned to a USN or USMC fleet replacement squadron or other similar training organization under the cognizance of the US Coast Guard or the US Air Force, for training on their specific aircraft type. Currently, approximately up to 1,000 pilots are designated each year, and between 1910 and 1995 more than 153,000 naval aviators earned their "wings of gold". Student naval aviators incur an eight year active duty service commitment that begins after they receive designation as
660-407: Is divided into the following stages: Upon successful completion of primary flight training, SNAs are selected for one of five advanced flight training paths: Strike, E-2/C-2 (Navy only), multi-engine, rotary, or tilt-rotor. Selection is based on the needs of the military service, an SNA's performance, and an SNA's preference. Previously, students were given the option to select tailhook and trained in
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#1732773402223720-426: Is identical for all three branches, as are the similar naval astronaut and naval flight officer badges. Naval aviation pilots were awarded the naval aviation pilot badge which, while considered a separate award, was identical in design to the naval aviator badge. The badge was designed by John H. Towers c. 1917 and consists of a single fouled anchor , surmounted by a shield with 13 stripes, centered on
780-712: Is not part of the spoken address. Prior to the unification of the Canadian Forces in 1968 , rank structure and insignia followed the British pattern. In the United States, the O-6 rank of captain exists in four of the uniformed services of the United States : the United States Navy , United States Coast Guard , United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps , and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps . Captain at sea
840-429: Is senior to a commander , and junior to a commodore . Typical appointments for captains(N) include: The rank insignia for a captain(N) is four 1 ⁄ 2 -inch (1.3 cm) stripes, worn on the cuffs of the service dress jacket, and on slip-ons on other uniforms. On the visor of the service cap is one row of gold oak leaves along the edge. Captains(N) wear the officers' pattern branch cap badge. The "(N)"
900-559: Is the E-2 or C-2A pipeline, averaging over three years from initial pre-flight training to designation as a naval aviator. All pipelines include ground and flight training at numerous locations. Following designation as a naval aviator, all newly designated aviators report to a designated Navy or Marine Corps fleet replacement squadron (FRS), the Coast Guard Aviation Training Center at Mobile, Alabama. IFS
960-442: Is the first step to becoming a naval aviator. After passing a medical screening, all new flight school students are enrolled in one of five civilian flight schools near NAS Pensacola . For those students requiring IFS, they will complete 2 weeks of ground training and around 14 hours of flight training in single-engined general aviation aircraft. Coast Guard students complete 25 hours of flight training. A student must solo and pass
1020-482: Is the name most often given in English-speaking navies to the rank corresponding to command of the largest ships. The rank is equal to the army rank of colonel and air force rank of group captain . Equivalent ranks worldwide include ship-of-the-line captain (e.g. France, Argentina, Spain), captain of sea and war (e.g. Brazil, Portugal), captain at sea (e.g. Germany, Netherlands) and " captain of
1080-578: Is the perfect lead-in trainer for the digital / glass cockpit of the P-8A Poseidon, MV-22 Osprey, E6-B Mercury, and C-130J Hercules aircraft. High fidelity T-44C visual simulators will follow the upgrade which will enable the perfect mix of ground and air training. The naval aviator insignia is a warfare qualification of the United States military that is awarded to those aviators of the United States Navy , Marine Corps , and Coast Guard who have qualified as naval aviators. The naval aviator insignia
1140-815: The AH-1Z Viper , UH-1Y Venom ; or VMMT-204 at MCAS New River for the MV-22 Osprey. Coast Guard helicopter pilots report to the Coast Guard Aviation Training Center in Mobile, Alabama for further training, or the "T-Course", on the MH-60T Jayhawk and MH-65D Dolphin. The Navy also trains pilots from several NATO and other allied nations as military and naval helicopter pilots. Maritime multi-engine students complete their advanced training at NAS Corpus Christi , flying
1200-583: The HC-130 or HC-144 proceed directly to their assigned air station. As budget and time allow, the HC-130 pilots report to an Air Force C-130 formal training unit (FTU) at Little Rock Air Force Base , Arkansas or Dobbins Air Reserve Base , Georgia . As of 2012, VT-31 and VT-35 no longer train United States Air Force student pilots bound for C-130 duty. Coast Guard HC-144 pilots report to
1260-523: The Ice Patrol Ship , while naval aviator and naval flight officer captains in the U.S. Navy command aircraft carriers , large-deck amphibious assault ships, carrier air wings, maritime patrol air wings, and functional and specialized air wings and air groups. Maritime battle staff commanders of one-star rank ( commodores or rear admirals lower half) will normally embark on large capital ships such as aircraft carriers, which will function as
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#17327734022231320-908: The MH-60R Seahawk or HSC-3 for the MH-60S Knighthawk (HSC) at NAS North Island; HSM-40 for the MH-60R Seahawk at NS Mayport ; HSC-2 for the MH-60S Knighthawk or HM-12 for the MH-53E Sea Dragon at Norfolk, or VRM-50 at NAS North Island for the CMV-22 Osprey. Marine Corps helicopter/tiltrotor pilots report to HMHT-302 at MCAS New River for the CH-53E/K Super/King Stallion; HMLAT-303 at MCB Camp Pendleton for
1380-487: The Mississippi River into British West Florida . After occupying Natchez and plundering the nearby plantations , Willing was eventually defeated by a force of Loyalists and was later captured by the British. Willing assembled a small militia and began raiding British outposts. Willing and his militia occupied Natchez on February 19, 1778, and announced that a 5,000 strong militia under George Rogers Clark
1440-627: The T-44A with VT-31, followed by CQ in the T-45 Goshawk . Following winging, they proceed to the E-2/C-2 Fleet Replacement Squadron VAW-120, NS Norfolk for aircraft qualification before assignment to a carrier air wing (CVW) VAW (E-2C Hawkeye) or VRC (C-2A Greyhound) squadron. The VAW squadrons are home-ported at either NS Norfolk, Virginia, NAS Point Mugu , California, or NAF Atsugi , Japan, and deploy as
1500-609: The United States Merchant Marine Academy at Kings Point, New York ; Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps (NROTC) at a number of colleges and universities across the country; Navy Officer Candidate School at Naval Station Newport , Rhode Island; Marine Corps Officer Candidates School (to include the Platoon Leaders Class [PLC] program) at Marine Corps Base Quantico, Virginia . A smaller number were previously commissioned via
1560-501: The AV-8B Harrier (USMC). Advanced strike training previously produced pilots for the now-retired F-8 Crusader (to include RF-8 variants), F-4 Phantom II (to include RF-4 variants), F-14 Tomcat , A-3 Skywarrior , A-4 Skyhawk , A-6 Intruder , EA-6B Prowler , A-7 Corsair II , RA-5C Vigilante , and S-3 Viking . E-2/C-2 students go to NAS Corpus Christi to complete multi-crew and multi-engine training (approx. 16 weeks) in
1620-723: The Association of Naval Aviation, the Tailhook Association, the Maritime Patrol Association, and the Naval Helicopter Association (the pilot wings worn by NAPs were identical in design to the naval aviator insignia worn by commissioned officers. The silver eagle title was a reflection that the rating badge on their uniform had a silver eagle). The U.S. Navy still has an unknown number of senior officers on active duty in
1680-839: The Coast Guard aviation training center (ATC) in Mobile, Alabama for a transition course after reporting to their assigned air station. Similarly, Navy E-6 Mercury TACAMO pilots complete advanced training in the T-44C Pegasus at NAS Corpus Christi, TX. TACAMO-bound students no longer train on the T-1A Jayhawk , a militarized version of the Beechcraft 400, at the Air Force's 32nd Flying Training Squadron at Vance Air Force Base , Oklahoma as of 2012. Training Air Wing FOUR has converted analog T-44As to digital T-44Cs which
1740-513: The Coast Guard's surface cutter fleet. Until 1981, the U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps also had a small number of senior enlisted personnel trained as pilots. The last U.S. Coast Guard aviation pilot retired in 1979. Such individuals were referred to as "naval aviation pilots", colloquially "NAPs" or "APs". The since retired NAPs also continue to have a professional organization known as the "Silver Eagles", which remains informally aligned with other naval aviation professional organizations such as
1800-960: The FAA private pilot knowledge test. IFS screens a student's flight aptitude prior to beginning the Navy training syllabus and is waived for students reporting to NAS Pensacola with a private pilot's certificate or better, or those United States Naval Academy midshipmen who have completed the powered flight program. All SNAs start at the "Cradle of Naval Aviation", NAS Pensacola , Florida . API classes consist of Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard SNAs, student naval flight officers , flight surgeons , and foreign exchange military pilots. Students receive four weeks of classroom instruction in aerodynamics , aircraft engines and systems, meteorology , air navigation , and flight rules and regulations. Following academics, students spend two weeks learning land survival, first aid, physiology, and water survival and egress. Following
1860-505: The NAVCAD program in 1992, and the program was finally cancelled on October 1, 1993. Except for an extremely small number of enlisted personnel selected to attend flight school subsequent to completing the STA-21, OCS, USMMA, USNA, or USCGA programs, all student naval aviators (SNAs) must first obtain an officer commission. To become a naval aviator, non-prior service personnel must be between
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1920-641: The Navy's limited duty officer or chief warrant officer programs, but this track has since been discontinued. Coast Guard officers receive their commissions either from the United States Coast Guard Academy or Coast Guard Officer Candidate School , both located in New London, Connecticut ; or via the United States Merchant Marine Academy in Kings Point, NY. Graduates of these programs are commissioned as ensigns in
1980-738: The Portuguese rank denominations, which both countries still use. Captain of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd class are ranks used by the Russian Navy and a number of former communist states . Within NATO forces, the ranks are rated as OF-5, 4 and 3, respectively. Ship-of-the-line-captain ( French : capitaine de vaisseau ; German : Linienschiffskapitän (in the Austro-Hungarian navy); Italian : capitano di vascello ; Spanish : capitán de navío ; Croatian : kapetan bojnog broda )
2040-510: The Spanish presence in nearby New Orleans from which they required British protection. Willing reported back to Congress that West Florida was a threat to American independence and was authorized to take a force of troops down the Mississippi River and compel the settlers to take an oath of neutrality . The principle backer of the scheme was Robert Morris , whose decision to endorse Willing's plan proved controversial. He advanced south along
2100-541: The T-45 Goshawk. The syllabus covers bombing, air combat maneuvering (ACM), advanced instruments, low-level navigation, tactical formation flying (TACFORM), and carrier qualification (CQ) (see Modern US Navy carrier operations ). Graduates of advanced strike fly the F/A-18C/D Hornet (USMC), F/A-18E/F Super Hornet (USN), EA-18G Growler (USN), F-35B Lightning II (USMC), F-35C Lightning II (USN and USMC), and
2160-581: The T-45C before learning if they would continue in either strike or E-2/C-2. Student naval aviators selected for strike training are assigned to NAS Kingsville , Texas or NAS Meridian , Mississippi, flying the T-45C. The intermediate syllabus incorporates basic instrument flying, formation, night familiarization, and airway navigation over approximately 58 graded flights lasting approximately 27 weeks. Advanced strike students continue with approximately 67 additional graded flights lasting approximately 23 weeks in
2220-417: The U.S. Marine Corps does not have restricted line officers or staff corps officers, as does the U.S. Navy. All current USMC naval aviators and naval flight officers are unrestricted line officers, analogous to the Navy's URLs. The U.S. Coast Guard categorizes all of its officers generally, with its Coast Guard aviators also being considered "operational" officers in the same manner as its cutterman officers in
2280-640: The U.S. Navy or U.S. Coast Guard, or as second lieutenants in the Marine Corps. All individuals must pass an aeronautical screening, to include successful completion of the USN/USMC/USCG Aviation Selection Test Battery and be selected for pilot training prior to being designated as student naval aviators. Student naval aviators progress through a significant training syllabus—typically 18 to 24 months for initial winging (designation) as naval aviators via either
2340-533: The academic portion and Flight Suit Friday, SNAs will begin the IFS portion of the course, conducted with civilian flight schools at either Pensacola Regional Airport or Jack Edwards Airport in Orange Beach, Alabama. Students will complete approximately 10 hours of basic flying and will mimic the expectations needed to succeed in primary flight training. Upon completion of a check ride by a CFI, students will spend
2400-472: The advanced strike pipeline for those destined for fixed-wing aircraft such as fighter/bomber jets; the maritime pipeline for those en route to multi-engine, land and sea-based aircraft (with a slightly modified pipeline for prospective E-2 Advanced Hawkeye or C-2A Greyhound pilots); and the rotary wing pipeline for those who will fly helicopters or tilt rotor aircraft (with a slightly modified pipeline for MV-22 Osprey pilots). The longest of these "pipelines"
2460-521: The ages of 19 and 32 when entering flight training. Adjustments (waivers) can be made up to 24 months for those with prior service, and up to 48 months for those already in the military at the time of application or for Marine Corps platoon leader's course applicants with prior enlisted service. Navy and Marine Corps officers are currently commissioned through five sources - the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis , Maryland;
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2520-742: The bachelor's degree normally required for entry into the flight training program) and were accessed only through the now-defunct Aviation Officer Candidate School (AOCS) program. Upon completion of AOCS, NAVCADS would enter into flight training and upon successful completion of training and designation as a naval aviator would be commissioned as officers with a reserve commission in an active-duty status. After completion of their initial operational flying tours, they would receive an assignment to complete their bachelor's degree. NAVCADs who failed to successfully complete flight training were contractually obligated to enter fleet service as undesignated enlisted personnel. The last civilian applicants were accepted into
2580-473: The commander of a fleet was termed capitão-mor , literally " captain-major ". During the 16th century, the term almirante was used in Portugal to designate the second in command of a fleet. Only during the 18th century would it come to designate the fleet commander - an admiral in the more modern sense. But during the latter half of the 17th century, the term "captain of sea and war" came to designate
2640-472: The commander of a larger man-of-war - the ship of the line that began evolving at that time. When that happened, the Portuguese Navy, as other navies, came to use the term capitão de fragata and capitão-tenente , literally " frigate captain " and "captain-lieutenant", to designate the commanders of smaller warships. When Brazil gained her independence from Portugal in 1822, its navy adopted
2700-516: The end of academic instruction, API students hold a social event known as Flight Suit Friday at the Mustin Beach officers club. From that point onward, the students are authorized the wear of flight suits (with service-specific garrison cap) as their daily uniform instead of Navy service khakis, Marine service Charlies or Coast Guard tropical blue. Prior to its disestablishment, Aviation Officer Candidate School (AOCS) at NAS Pensacola incorporated
2760-589: The entire API syllabus into the nominally 15-week AOCS curriculum. AOCS students were commissioned only after they completed API requirements. In November 2020, The Chief of Naval Air Training (CNATRA) combined IFS and API into a singular program. As of today, NIFE is the new first step to becoming a naval aviator. All prospective SNAs begin the course with the API academic instruction, involving aerodynamics, flight rules and regulations, meteorology, navigation, and aircraft engines and systems. Following successful completion of
2820-566: The first rank " (Russia). Any naval officer who commands a ship is addressed by naval custom as "captain" while aboard in command, regardless of their actual rank, even though technically an officer of below the rank of captain is more correctly titled the commanding officer , or C.O. Officers with the rank of captain travelling aboard a vessel they do not command should be addressed by their rank and name (e.g., "Captain Smith"), but they should not be referred to as "the captain" to avoid confusion with
2880-491: The flagship for their strike group or battle group, but a captain will retain command of the actual ship, and assume the title of "flag captain". Even when a senior officer who is in the ship's captain's chain of command is present, all orders are given through the captain. In the Belgian Navy the rank of capitaine de vaisseau or kapitein-ter-zee is the third grade of superior officer, equivalent to colonel in
2940-521: The land forces. Its insignia is made up of four bands. He or she commands a capital ship (cruiser, battleship or aircraft carrier) or a shore establishment. Smaller vessels such as destroyers and frigates are commanded by a kapitein-luitenant . In the Royal Canadian Navy , Captain(N) (abbreviated Capt(N); capitaine de vaisseau , abbreviated capv ) is a senior officer rank, equal to an army or air force colonel . A captain(N)
3000-601: The land-forces. His insignia is made up of four bands and he commands a capital ship or a shore establishment (until recently, a kapitein-ter-zee commanded the Onderzeedienst and Mijnendienst , the Netherlands Navy's submarine and mine-laying training establishments). Smaller vessels such as destroyers and frigates are commanded by a kapitein-luitenant ter zee . Until recently flagships such as Tromp -class frigates were also commanded by
3060-524: The local settlers crossed the river and took shelter on the Spanish side. He forced a committee of local landowners to pledge they would not take up arms against the army of the United States. In response to Willing's raid the British dispatched more troops to the area, part of a wider plan to redistribute troops to the Gulf of Mexico following the entry of France into the war. Naval Captain Captain
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#17327734022233120-551: The medical corps, or an even smaller percentage of "dual designator" naval flight surgeons who are selected to be student naval aviators (SNAs) and underwent pilot training as medical corps officers. The vast majority of naval flight surgeons, although they are on flight status, are not dual designated and are not naval aviators. All U.S. Marine Corps officers are line officers, either unrestricted line, limited duty, or warrant officers, eligible to command MAGTF units commensurate with their grade, designation, and occupational specialty;
3180-405: The navies of France, Italy, and Spain, has deep historic roots. Although the rank was first formally established in the 17th century, the expression had been sometimes been used in the Portuguese and Spanish (as Capitán de Mar y Guerra ) armadas of the 16th century. But generally, in the 16th and early 17th centuries, the captain of a Portuguese man-of-war was simply called a capitão , while
3240-476: The regular navy or serving in the navy reserve who were originally accessed as naval aviation cadets (NAVCADs). These individuals entered service via the NAVCAD program during the mid-to-late 1980s and early 1990s when the program was reinstated following a hiatus of over 20 years. NAVCADs were non-commissioned cadets who were required to have a minimum of 60 college credit hours to enter flight training (rather than
3300-626: The same undergraduate flight training as Navy and Marine Corps crewed aircraft pilots, and are awarded the same aviation breast insignia. In the U.S. Navy, most naval aviators are unrestricted line officers (URLs), eligible for command at sea, but a small number of former senior enlisted personnel subsequently commissioned as line limited duty officers and chief warrant officers in the aviation operations technician specialty have also been trained as naval aviators and naval flight officers . A small number of URL officers trained as naval aviators and naval flight officers who hold technical degrees at
3360-723: The twin-engine T-44A/C Pegasus . Particular emphasis is placed on single-engine flight in varying conditions and instrument flying. Upon receiving their wings of gold, Navy pilots report to VP-30, the P-8 Poseidon FRS, for further training in the P-8A. Marine Corps pilots report to the Lockheed KC-130 FRD at either MCAS Cherry Point or MCAS Miramar . Previously VMGRT-253 served as the KC-130 FRS until its deactivation in 2006. Coast Guard pilots destined for
3420-649: The undergraduate and/or postgraduate level may also opt to laterally transfer to the restricted-line (RL) as aerospace engineering duty officers (AEDOs). AEDOs are frequently test pilot school graduates and retain their flying status, with most of their billets being in the Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIRSYSCOM). An even smaller number of naval aviators are in the U.S. Navy Medical Corps , primarily as naval flight surgeons . These are either former URL officers previously designated as naval aviators who later attended medical school and transferred to
3480-590: The unique characteristics and tactics of rotary-wing aviation. Students progress through several phases of training including basic helicopter familiarization, tactics, basic and radio instruments, visual, instrument, and low-level navigation, formation, night familiarization (including use of night vision goggles ), and search and rescue. Upon completion, students will receive their wings of gold and are designated naval aviators. Once they receive their wings of gold, Navy helicopter pilots report to their respective fleet replacement squadron (FRS) for training: HSM-41 for
3540-515: The vessel's captain. The naval rank should not be confused with the army, air force, or marine ranks of captain , which all have the NATO code of OF-2. Captains with sea commands generally command ships of cruiser size or larger; the more senior the officer, the larger the ship, but ship commanders do not normally hold a higher rank than captain. In the Royal Navy , a captain might command an aircraft carrier , an amphibious assault ship , or
3600-463: Was following him down the river. He received tacit cooperation from Bernardo de Gálvez , the Governor of Spanish Luisiana and Commander of the troops of his Catholic Majesty . Galvez cooperated because he believed that if West Florida were captured, it would then be handed over to Spain. The militia reached Fort Bute and captured a British vessel there. Willing then advanced southward, but many of
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