Misplaced Pages

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97-485: The Boeing P-8 Poseidon is an American maritime patrol and reconnaissance aircraft developed and produced by Boeing Defense, Space & Security . It was developed for the United States Navy (USN) as a derivative of the civilian Boeing 737-800 airliner. The P-8 operates in anti-submarine warfare (ASW), anti-surface warfare (ASUW), and intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) roles. It

194-756: A $ 2.04 billion contract to build 13 P-8As in the fourth low-rate initial production lot, for a fleet of 37 aircraft by the end of 2016, and long-lead parts for 16 P-8As of the first full-rate production lot. In January 2014, Naval Air Systems Command proceeded with full-rate production of the P-8A. Increment 1 systems include persistent anti-submarine warfare (ASW) capabilities and an integrated sensor suite; in 2016, Increment 2 upgrades will add multi-static active coherent acoustics, an automated identification system, and high-altitude anti-submarine weapons. Increment 3 in 2020 shall enable "net-enabled anti-surface warfare". In July 2014, Fred Smith, business development director for

291-457: A 25-year lifespan. Boeing executives dismissed the report, saying that the test program was on track. In 2013, full-rate production was delayed until the P-8 could demonstrate it can survive its 25-year lifespan without structural fatigue, overcome deficiencies, track surface ships, and perform primary missions. On 24 June 2013, during weapons integration testing, the P-8 achieved a milestone by firing

388-492: A JSTARS replacement based on the 737-700 , rather than the P-8's 737-800. The P-8 is a 737-800ERX, roughly similar to the 737-800 commercial passenger aircraft and the USN's 737-700-based C-40 Clipper transport aircraft, but with several modifications to make it suitable for its military service role. Many of the changes reflect the need for the aircraft to operate at lower altitudes and be capable of more aggressive maneuvering than

485-652: A MPA variant of the Dassault Falcon 900 corporate jet instead. Japan has developed multiple purpose-designed MPAs during this period. The Shin Meiwa PS-1 flying boat was designed to meet a Japanese requirement for a new ASW platform. A modernised derivative of the PS-1, the ShinMaywa US-2 amphibian, was introduced during the early twenty-first century to succeed the PS-1. The land-based Kawasaki P-1

582-551: A P-8 deployed a SAR kit in a real operation. On 19 August 2014, a Chinese Shenyang J-11 fighter came within 30 feet (9.1 m) of a USN P-8A of VP-5 about 135 miles (217 km) east of Hainan Island while patrolling the South China Sea. The J-11 flew past the P-8's nose and performed a barrel roll at close proximity. A Pentagon spokesperson said the J-11's unit had made close intercepts earlier that year. The U.S. sent

679-507: A commercial aircraft. However, the changes were kept in line with the existing assembly process. Boeing 737 fuselage builder Spirit AeroSystems added structural strength to the airframe, while adding a short bomb bay for torpedoes and other stores behind the wing. The aircraft is assembled at the Boeing Renton Factory with the stronger wings from the 737-900. The aircraft uses raked wingtips similar to those fitted to

776-599: A diplomatic note to China about the behavior of the Chinese fighter group's commander. China stated that the claims were "totally groundless", and that the root cause was U.S. surveillance of China. In November 2016, a Russian Su-30 fighter intercepted a P-8 over the Black Sea , coming within 5 feet (1.5 m) of it, forcing the P-8 through its jet wash , causing "a 15-degree roll and violent turbulence". USN P-8s routinely rotate through bases of allies. In September 2014,

873-594: A factor in far more accidents than the numbers stated on U.S. federal accident and incident records. The United States Congress passed the Aircraft Safety Act of 2000, allowing the government to target the sale and use of unapproved parts. Around 2003, the U.S. state of Florida was an international center for the vending of unapproved aircraft parts. Old and faulty parts scavenged from scrapped aircraft were sold illegally as new parts in Italy from

970-425: A large-scale submarine attack is a remote one, and many of the air forces and navies have been downsizing their fleets of patrol planes. Those still in service are still used for search-and-rescue, counter-smuggling, anti piracy , antipoaching of marine life, the enforcement of the exclusive economic zones , and enforcement of the laws of the seas . The earliest patrol aircraft carried bombs and machine guns. Between

1067-406: A live AGM-84 Harpoon anti-ship missile and scored a direct hit on a low-cost modular target. On 1 July 2013, an initial operational test and evaluation (IOT&E) report found that the P-8A was "operationally effective, operationally suitable, and ready for fleet introduction." Six test and nine low-rate initial production aircraft had been delivered at that point. On 31 July 2013, Boeing received

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1164-484: A mine as a security measure. It sank 37 Axis submarines during the war. The Cold War era saw the introduction of the nuclear depth bomb , a depth charge with a nuclear warhead that raised the probability of a kill against a submarine to a near-certainty as long as detonation occurred. While anti-submarine warfare is the main role of patrol aircraft, their large payload capability has seen them fitted for various weaponry outside their nominal role. The Lockheed P-3 Orion

1261-566: A new aircraft to have reduced operating and support costs. In 1989, Lockheed was awarded a fixed-price contract to develop the P-7 , but this was canceled the following year. In 2000, a second competition for a replacement began. Lockheed Martin submitted the Orion 21 , an updated new-build version of the P-3. Boeing's proposal was based on its 737-800 airliner. BAE Systems offered a new-build version of

1358-774: A program template for the P-8 similar to the Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) program, with international cooperation from prospective users. In 2010, Boeing proposed to replace the United States Air Force 's (USAF) E-8 Joint STARS fleet with a modified P-8 at the same cost Northrop Grumman proposed for re-engining and upgrading the E-8s. The proposed P-8 Airborne Ground Surveillance (AGS) would integrate an active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar, and have ground moving target indicator (GMTI) and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) capabilities. A key feature

1455-618: A ten-year period, with deliveries commencing in 2019. The RAF allocated the aircraft the service name Poseidon MRA Mk1. They are operated by No. 120 Squadron and No. 201 Squadron . The first Poseidon MRA Mk1 ( ZP801 ) made its initial flight on 13 July 2019. The UK took delivery of the first aircraft, named Pride of Moray , at Boeing's Seattle facility on 29 October. It arrived at Kinloss Barracks in February 2020 before relocating to RAF Lossiemouth in October 2020, along with ZP802 which

1552-446: A value of $ 93 million. The possible sale of 16 aircraft-launched Mark 54 Lightweight Torpedo all up rounds and 3 Mk 54 Exercise Torpedoes for its additional P-8I fleet at a cost of $ 63 million was also cleared. These sales were for the additional four P-8Is. Of the 4 additional P-8Is ordered in 2016 the first was delivered to Indian naval air station INS Hansa , Dabolim Goa on 19 November 2020, followed by another on 13 July 2021;

1649-756: Is armed with torpedoes , Harpoon anti-ship missiles , and other weapons, can drop and monitor sonobuoys , and can operate in conjunction with other assets, including the Northrop Grumman MQ-4C Triton maritime surveillance unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The P-8 is operated by the United States Navy, the Indian Navy , the Royal Australian Air Force , the United Kingdom's Royal Air Force ,

1746-549: The 2017 Doklam Standoff between Indian Army and China's People's Liberation Army . Indian Navy P-8Is also monitored Pakistani Army units during the 2019 Pulwama standoff . In November 2019, the Indian government approved the procurement of six more P-8Is. In 2021, reports revealed that Indian Ministry of Defence has sent Letter of Request (LoR) to the US Government for procurement of additional 6 P-8Is. On 27 April,

1843-544: The Advanced Airborne Sensor radar. In U.S. service, the P-8A is complemented by the MQ-4C Triton unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) which provides continuous surveillance. In January 2015, BAE Systems was awarded a contract for the USN's High Altitude ASW (HAASW) Unmanned Targeting Air System (UTAS) program to develop a sub-hunting UAV equipped with a MAD for launching from the P-8. The P-8 cannot use

1940-502: The Bay of Biscay targeting U-boats starting out from their base. As a result of Allied successes with patrol aircraft against U-boats, the Germans introduced U- flak (submarines equipped with more antiaircraft weaponry) to escort U-boats out of base and encouraged commanders to remain on the surface and fire back at attacking craft rather than trying to escape by diving. However, U-flak

2037-461: The Boeing 767-400ER , instead of the blended winglets available on 737NG variants. To combat icing on the raked wingtips, horizontal stabilizers and vertical stabilizers, the aircraft is outfitted with electro-mechanical expulsion deicing systems . In the cockpit, changes were made to the flight control and alerting systems, allowing for an increased bank angle , a more responsive autothrottle , and

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2134-909: The FBA Type C , as well as large floatplanes such as the Short 184 , or flying boats such as the Felixstowe F.3 . Developments of the Felixstowe served with the Royal Air Force until the mid 20s, and with the US Navy as the Curtiss F5L and Naval Aircraft Factory PN whose developments saw service until 1938. During the war, Dornier did considerable pioneering work in all aluminium aircraft structures while working for Luftschiffbau Zeppelin and built four large patrol flying boats,

2231-643: The Falklands War in order for it to be able to attack any Argentine Air Force patrol planes they might encounter. Maritime patrol aircraft are typically fitted with a wide range of sensors: A modern military maritime patrol aircraft typically carries a dozen or so crew members, including relief flight crews, to effectively operate the equipment for 12 hours or more at a time. Unapproved aircraft part Unapproved aircraft parts are aircraft parts not approved by civil aviation authorities for installation on type certified aircraft . For example,

2328-660: The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) defines a "standard part" as a part produced in accordance with government regulations, and it defines an "approved part" as a "standard part" that is in accordance with a specific set of criteria and specifications. The FAA standards for approved parts are in FAR 21.305. In the United States parts may be approved through a Parts Manufacturer Approval (PMA), with type certification procedures through approval from

2425-681: The Lockheed Hudson which started out as the Lockheed Model 14 Super Electra , as well as older biplane designs such as the Supermarine Stranraer , which had begun to be replaced by monoplanes just before the outbreak of war. The British in particular used obsolete bombers to supplement purpose-built aircraft for maritime patrol, such as the Vickers Wellington and Armstrong-Whitworth Whitley , while

2522-640: The Lulu nuclear depth charge for ASW, but those were removed from the arsenal and scrapped decades ago. Produced in United States , Japan and Canada , the P-3 has been operated by the air forces and navies of United States, Japan, Canada, Australia, Iran, Brazil, Germany, the Netherlands, New Zealand , Norway , Spain, and Taiwan. The Canadian version is called the CP-140 Aurora . During

2619-548: The Nimrod MRA4 , a British jet-powered maritime patrol aircraft. BAE withdrew from the competition in October 2002, recognizing that without a production partner based in the United States, the bid was politically unrealistic. On 14 May 2004, Boeing was selected as the winner of the Multimission Maritime Aircraft program. In June 2004, the USN awarded a development contract to Boeing. The project

2716-750: The Republic of Korea Navy 's fleet of 16 P-3Cs; possible candidates included the C-295 MPA , P-8, Saab Swordfish and the SC-130J Sea Hercules . DAPA considered procuring 12 to 20 ex-USN Lockheed S-3 Vikings . In 2017, the ROKN canceled plans to buy refurbished S-3s. On 26 June 2018, it was announced that DAPA had selected the P-8 and would acquire six aircraft through the US Foreign Military Sales program. On 13 September 2018,

2813-760: The Royal Naval Air Service and the French Aéronautique Maritime during the First World War , primarily on anti-submarine patrols. France, Italy and Austria-Hungary used large numbers of smaller patrol aircraft for the Mediterranean , Adriatic and other coastal areas while the Germans and British fought over the North Sea. At first, blimps and zeppelins were the only aircraft capable of staying aloft for

2910-791: The Royal Norwegian Air Force and the Royal New Zealand Air Force . It has also been ordered by the Republic of Korea Navy , the German Navy and the Royal Canadian Air Force . The Lockheed P-3 Orion , a turboprop ASW aircraft, has been in service with the United States Navy (USN) since 1962. In the 1980s, the USN began studies for a P-3 replacement, the range and endurance of which were reduced due to increasing weight and airframe fatigue life limitations. The specification required

3007-685: The Taiwan Strait on 17 April 2024, asserting navigational rights amid tensions with China over Taiwan's sovereignty. This followed the first talks between U.S. and Chinese defense chiefs since 2022, aimed at easing regional tensions. In January 2008, Boeing proposed the P-8I, a customized export variant of the P-8A, for the Indian Navy . The P-8I has a version of the Raytheon APY-10 multi-mission surface search radar that meets export requirements. It also features two components not fitted on

Boeing P-8 Poseidon - Misplaced Pages Continue

3104-598: The carrier-based Grumman S-2 Tracker . During the 1970s, the P2V was entirely replaced by the Lockheed P-3 Orion , which remained in service into the early twenty-first century. The P-3, powered by four turboprop engines, is derived from the 1950s era Lockheed Electra airliner. In addition to their ASW and SAR capabilities, most P-3Cs have been modified to carry Harpoon and Maverick missiles for attacking surface ships. American P-3s were formerly armed with

3201-1015: The 1960s, 1970s, and the 1980s was Soviet Navy and Warsaw Pact submarines. These were countered by the NATO fleets, the NATO patrol planes mentioned above, and by sophisticated underwater listening systems. These span the so-called "GIUK Gap" of the North Atlantic that extends from Greenland to Iceland, to the Faroe Islands , to Scotland in the United Kingdom . Air bases for NATO patrol planes have also been located in these areas: U.S. Navy and Canadian aircraft based in Greenland, Iceland, and Newfoundland; British aircraft based in Scotland and Northern Ireland ; and Norwegian, Dutch, and German aircraft based in their home countries. During

3298-747: The 1960s, in response to North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) issuing a Request for Proposals (RFP) for a new MPA, the Breguet 1150 Atlantic was developed by a French-led multinational consortium, Société d'Étude et de Construction de Breguet Atlantic (SECBAT). Operators of the type include the French Navy , the German Navy , the Italian Air Force , the Pakistan Navy , and the Royal Netherlands Navy . During

3395-592: The 1980s, an updated version, the Atlantic Nouvelle Génération or Atlantique 2 , with new equipment and avionics was introduced, which included a new radar, sonar processor, forward-looking infrared camera turret, and the ability to carry the Exocet anti-shipping missile. By 2005, French manufacturer Dassault Aviation had decided to terminate marketing efforts for the Atlantic, promoting

3492-504: The AGM-84 Harpoon Block 1G anti-ship missile onto the P-8A on Australia's behalf. In August 2014, the USN concluded an advanced acquisition contract on the first four of up to 12 P-8As to be bought by Australia, with delivery expected from 2017. In January 2016, Australia ordered a further four P-8As. The 2016 Defence White Paper stated that eight P-8As would be in service in the early 2020s and that 15 P-8As are planned for by

3589-886: The American-made twin-engine Consolidated PBY Catalina flying boats, and the large, four-engine British Short Sunderland flying boats of the Allies . In the Pacific theatre , the Catalina was gradually superseded by the longer-ranged Martin PBM Mariner flying boat. For the Axis Powers , there were the long-range Japanese Kawanishi H6K and Kawanishi H8K flying boats, and the German Blohm & Voss BV 138 diesel-engined trimotor flying boat, as well as

3686-539: The Australian Defence Minister, Richard Marles , in May 2022 a Chinese J-16 is alleged to have flown alongside a RAAF P-8A, deploying flares and chaff . One piece of chaff is alleged to have been ingested into the P-8A's engine. In August 2012, it was reported that Boeing saw the United Kingdom as a market for the P-8, following the cancellation of the Nimrod MRA4 in 2010. On 23 November 2015,

3783-502: The Fleet Replacement Squadron (FRS), Patrol Squadron 30 (VP-30) . On 24 September 2012, Boeing announced a $ 1.9 billion (~$ 2.49 billion in 2023) order for 11 aircraft. On 10 June 2013, a U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) Inspector General (IG) report recommended delaying full-rate production over a lack of key data to assess if the P-8 met operational requirements; additional tests were also needed to guarantee

3880-399: The LoR was forwarded to Defense Security Cooperation Agency (DSCA) and the proposal featured on a notice by the agency under the US Foreign Military Sales (FMS) program. In April 2020, Defense Security Cooperation Agency cleared approved the sale of 10 AGM-84L Harpoon missiles along with containers, spare and repair parts, support and test equipment for the P-8I fleet to the Indian Navy at

3977-419: The MPA missions were partially taken over by aircraft derived from civilian airliners. These had range and performance factors better than most of the wartime bombers. The latest jet-powered bombers of the 1950s did not have the endurance needed for long, overwater patrolling, and they did not have the low loitering speeds necessary for antisubmarine operations. The main threat to NATO maritime supremacy throughout

Boeing P-8 Poseidon - Misplaced Pages Continue

4074-480: The Malaysian government offered the use of bases in East Malaysia for P-8s, but no flights have yet been approved. On 7 December 2015, P-8s were deployed to Singapore as part of a Defense Cooperation Agreement between the US and Singapore for "fighting terrorism and piracy." China criticized the Singapore deployment as "regional militarization by the U.S." The third detachment of two P-8s based in Paya Lebar Air Base , Singapore, participated in naval military drills with

4171-430: The Navy's typical probe and drogue in-flight refueling method, instead using a flying boom receptacle on the upper-forward fuselage, making it, like the USN's E-6 Mercury aircraft, reliant on US Air Force (USAF) KC-135 Stratotanker , KC-10 Extender and KC-46 Pegasus aircraft for in-flight refueling. In April 2017, the USAF 459th Air Refueling Wing worked with the Naval Air Systems Command to certify operationally

4268-402: The Norwegian government would buy four new surveillance aircraft in its long-term defense plan; the P-8 was seen as the main option. In December 2016, the U.S. State Department approved the sale with congressional approval pending. On 29 March 2017, Norway signed a contract for five P-8As, to be delivered between 2022 and 2023. On 13 July 2021, Boeing rolled out first P-8As Poseidon aircraft from

4365-408: The P-3C, which later became the sole ASW type operated by the service. The Soviet Union developed the Ilyushin Il-38 from a civilian airliner. Similarly, the Royal Canadian Air Force derived the Canadair CP-107 Argus from a British airliner, the Bristol Britannia . The Argus was superseded by the CP-140 Aurora, derived from the Lockheed Electra. Since the end of the Cold War , the threat of

4462-730: The P-8 for in-flight refueling. For extended endurance, the P-8 is equipped with six auxiliary fuel tanks. In February 2012, the P-8 made its mission debut during " Bold Alligator " 2012, an annual littoral warfare exercise. In April 2012, it took part in Exercise Joint Warrior , flying out of RAF Lossiemouth . During RIMPAC 2012 in the Hawaiian area, two P-8As participated in 24 scenarios as part of Air Test and Evaluation Squadron One ( VX-1 ) while forward deployed to Marine Corps Base Hawaii . On 29 November 2013, its inaugural deployment began when six aircraft and 12 air crews of squadron VP-16 departed its home station of NAS Jacksonville, Florida, for Kadena Air Base in Okinawa, Japan. This deployment

4559-417: The P-8 in August 2013. During mid-2014, a pair of P-8s were dispatched to Perth, Australia for two months for an international search for the missing Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 . On 2 October 2015, USN P-8s stationed at Naval Air Station Jacksonville, Florida, alongside U.S. Coast Guard HC-144A Ocean Sentry , HC-130H and USAF Reserve HC-130P Combat Shadow aircraft, searched the Eastern Caribbean Sea for

4656-431: The P-8, noted that the program had: "saved $ 2.1 billion on 2004 estimates of the cost of production... the aircraft is now selling for $ 150 million, down from the forecasted $ 216 million". The halving of USN orders from 16 aircraft per year down to eight in 2015 due to the expiration of the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2013 was expected to be partially offset by commercial 737 sales and P-8 export sales. The DoD wanted to follow

4753-439: The P-8A Increment 1, and reported that it was effective for small-area and cued ASW search, localization and attack missions, but lacked the P-3C's broad-area ASW acoustic search capability; the Mk 54 torpedoes were of limited use against evasive targets. The P-8A was also effective at ASuW search, detection and classification in all-weather at short to medium ranges for all surface vessels and at longer ranges for larger vessels, yet

4850-437: The P-8A to be equipped with magnetic anomaly detection (MAD) equipment as a weight reduction measure, improving endurance. A hydrocarbon sensor detects fuel vapors from diesel-powered submarines and ships. The P-8's first flight was on 25 April 2009. The second and third P-8s had flown and were in flight testing in early August 2010. On 11 August 2010, low-rate production of the P-8 was approved. A P-8 released sonobuoys for

4947-485: The P-8A was the preferred aircraft to replace the Royal Australian Air Force fleet of Lockheed AP-3C Orions in conjunction with a then yet-to-be-selected unmanned aerial vehicle. The last AP-3C was scheduled to be retired in 2018, after nearly 30 years of service. In March 2009, Australia's Chief of Air Force stated that the RAAF planned to introduce the P-8A in 2016. In October 2012, Australia formalized its participation, committing A$ 73.9m (US$ 81.1m) in an agreement with

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5044-482: The P-8A, a Telephonics APS-143 OceanEye aft radar and a magnetic anomaly detector (MAD). On 4 January 2009, India's Ministry of Defence signed a US$ 2.1 billion (~$ 2.9 billion in 2023) agreement with Boeing for eight P-8Is to replace the Indian Navy's aging Tupolev Tu-142 M maritime surveillance turboprops. It was Boeing's first military sale to India and the P-8's first international customer. In October 2010, India's Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) approved

5141-407: The P-8I is equipped with a MAD at India's request. Various sensor data are combined via data fusion software to track targets. Following the cancellation of Lockheed Martin's Aerial Common Sensor project, Boeing proposed a signals intelligence variant of the P-8 for the USN's requirement. During the P-8A Increment 2 upgrade in 2016, the Littoral Surveillance Radar System (LSRS) will be replaced by

5238-446: The P-8I. In July 2012, Boeing began P-8I flight testing. On 19 December 2012, the first P-8I was handed over at Boeing's facility in Seattle. It was inducted into the Indian Navy on 15 May 2013. The type is based at INS Rajali , in Tamil Nadu . In 2014, several Indian Navy P-8Is conducted search operations for the missing Malaysia Airlines Flight 370. The Indian Navy inducted the first squadron in November 2015. P-8Is participated in

5335-437: The Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) in mid 2016. On 20 November 2023, a U.S. Navy P-8A assigned to VP-4 overshot the runway while landing in the rain at MCAS Kaneohe Bay and ended up in the water. None of the nine crew on board were injured. The U.S. Navy hopes to repair the aircraft and return it to operational status. The aircraft was floated and pulled from the sea on 2 December 2023. A U.S. Navy P-8A Poseidon flew through

5432-407: The U.S. State Department approved the possible foreign military sale of up to four P-8As with equipment and support, valued at US$ 1.46 billion (~$ 1.79 billion in 2023). In July 2018, the New Zealand government announced the purchase of four P-8As, to begin operations in 2023. Four P-8As were ordered in March 2019. The RNZAF is planning to operate the type for at least 30 years. In September 2020,

5529-495: The UK announced its intention to order nine P-8s in the Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015 , which would be based at RAF Lossiemouth , Scotland to protect the UK's nuclear deterrent and aircraft carriers, as well as perform search-and-rescue and overland reconnaissance missions. On 25 March 2016, the U.S. State Department approved a proposed Foreign Military Sale to the UK for up to nine P-8s and associated support. During an April 2016 tour of US anti-submarine capabilities,

5626-472: The UK defense procurement minister stated that the Royal Air Force would initially operate the P-8 with U.S. weapons, with the option to transition to British weapons later. It was not initially clear whether the UK would have access to future ground-surveillance capabilities developed for the P-8. On 11 July 2016, Boeing announced the signing of a $ 3.87 billion (£3 billion) contract for nine P-8s and support infrastructure, spread across three production lots over

5723-403: The US relegated the Douglas B-18 Bolo to the same role until better aircraft became available. Blimps were widely used by the United States Navy , especially in the warmer and calmer latitudes of the Caribbean Sea , the Bahamas , Bermuda , the Gulf of Mexico , Puerto Rico , Trinidad , and later the Azores . A number of special-purpose aircraft were also used in the conflict, including

5820-613: The US state department stated it supported the sale of 6 P-8s and notified Congress. South Korea ordered six P-8As in March 2019 with aircraft delivered in 2024. Maritime patrol aircraft Among other maritime surveillance resources, such as satellites , ships, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and helicopters , the MPA is an important asset. To perform ASW operations, MPAs typically carry air-deployable sonar buoys as well as torpedoes and are usually capable of extended flight at low altitudes. The first aircraft that would now be identified as maritime patrol aircraft were flown by

5917-431: The USN. In July 2013, Air Marshal Geoff Brown , head of the RAAF, said Australia was considering buying more P-8As and fewer MQ-4C Triton UAVs than earlier planned. On 21 February 2014, Prime Minister Tony Abbott announced the intention to procure eight P-8As plus options for four more; entry into service is planned for 2021. In July 2014, negotiations commenced between Boeing and the US Department of Defense to integrate

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6014-482: The accidents and incidents in the study involved major commercial airlines. Some critics, including William Cohen , a member of the U.S. Senate from Maine , argued that the FAA may have understated the role of unapproved parts of some accidents because the agency did not want to take the responsibility of regulating the aircraft parts industry. James Frisbee, who retired in 1992 as the quality control head of Northwest Airlines , argued that unapproved parts may have been

6111-463: The agency's approval, through Technical Standard Orders (TSOs), and from conforming to recognized specifications from the aviation industry. Parts manufactured without an aviation authority's approval are described as "unapproved"; they may be inferior counterfeits, have been used beyond their time limits, have been previously approved but not properly returned to service, be stolen, come with fraudulent labels, production overruns that were not sold with

6208-441: The agency's permission, and those that are untraceable. The parts are cheaper to buy and more profitable to sell than approved parts. Unapproved parts have been found on both civilian and military aircraft, and faulty ones have caused hundreds of incidents and crashes, some fatal, with about 24 crashes between 2010 and 2016. Many other industries besides aviation are plagued by counterfeit and bogus parts of inferior quality, but

6305-410: The aircraft roll off the assembly line, five operator stations (two naval flight officers plus three enlisted Aviation Warfare Operators/naval aircrewman) are mounted in a sideways row, along the port side of the cabin. Other than one large window on each side of the forward cabin for two observers, none of the other crew stations have windows. A short bomb bay for torpedoes and other stores opens behind

6402-416: The converted Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condor airliner landplane. To finally close the Mid-Atlantic gap , or "Black Gap", a space in which Axis submarines could prey on Allied shipping out of reach of MPAs, the British Royal Air Force , the Royal Canadian Air Force , and the US Army Air Forces introduced the American Consolidated B-24 Liberator bomber , which had a very long range for the era. The B-24

6499-422: The crash site by helicopter. Many of the stolen parts appeared for sale in the Greater Miami area. In response, American Airlines published a 14-page list of the parts missing from the crashed aircraft, including the serial numbers. An FAA study concluded that, from May 1973 to April 1996, unapproved parts contributed to 174 aircraft accidents and minor incidents, causing 39 injuries and 17 fatalities. None of

6596-422: The criminals contacted "potential buyers" at John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City . The "buyers" were actually Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agents performing "Operation Skycrook," a sting operation to deter thieves of commercial aircraft parts. In 1995, after the crash of American Airlines Flight 965 , scavengers took cockpit avionics, engine thrust reversers, and other parts from

6693-519: The elimination of audible warnings during low-altitude operations. In order to power additional onboard electronics, the P-8 has a 180 kVA electric generator on each CFM International CFM56 engine, replacing the 90 kVA generator of civilian 737s; this required the redesigning of the nacelles and their wing mountings. The Navy says that compared to the P-3, the P-8 has a smoother flight experience, subjecting crews to less turbulence and fumes, allowing them to concentrate better on missions. After

6790-446: The first time on 15 October 2010, dropping six in three separate low-altitude passes. In 2011, the ice detection system was found to be defective due to the use of counterfeit components ; allegedly these parts were poorly refurbished and sold to subcontractor BAE Systems as new by a Chinese supplier. On 4 March 2012, the first production P-8A was delivered to the USN, flying to Naval Air Station Jacksonville , Florida, for training with

6887-519: The inaugural Royal New Zealand Air Force crew for the P-8A graduated training at Jacksonville, Florida. This crew is to then qualify as instructors to train the first RNZAF crews back in New Zealand. The first P-8A was delivered in December 2022 with three more aircraft delivered as of July 2023. In 2013, the Defense Acquisition Program Administration (DAPA) commenced a ₩ 1 trillion (equivalent to ₩1.05 trillion or US$ 929.13 million in 2017) procurement program to acquire up to 20 ASW aircraft to replace

6984-476: The installation of counterfeit aircraft parts. Counterfeit bolts, attaching the vertical stabilizer of a Convair CV-580 to the fuselage, wore down excessively, allowing the tail to vibrate to the extent that it eventually broke off. In 1990, US President George H. W. Bush appointed Mary Schiavo as the Inspector General of the U.S. Department of Transportation . Schiavo began campaigns to curb

7081-711: The last of which, the Zeppelin-Lindau Rs.IV , influenced development elsewhere resulting in the replacement of wooden hulls with metal ones, such as on the Short Singapore . The success of long range patrol aircraft led to the development of fighters specifically designed to intercept them, such as the Hansa-Brandenburg W.29 . Many of the Second World War patrol airplanes were converted from either bombers or airliners , such as

7178-757: The late 1940s, the RAF introduced the Avro Shackleton  – a specialised MPA derivative of the Avro Lancaster bomber – in anticipation of a rapid expansion of the Soviet Navy 's submarine force. An improved model of the Shackleton, the MR 3 , was introduced, featuring various structural improvements, along with homing torpedoes and Mk 101 Lulu nuclear depth bombs . During

7275-717: The late 1960s, a jet-powered replacement in the form of the Hawker Siddeley Nimrod , a derivation of the De Havilland Comet airliner, begun to be introduced. During the 2000s, an improved model, the BAE Systems Nimrod MRA4 , was in development, but was cancelled and eventually substituted for by the Boeing P-8 Poseidon . The U.S. Navy flew a mixture of MPAs, including the land-based Lockheed P2V Neptune (P2V) and

7372-506: The late 2020s. Including support facilities, the first group of eight aircraft's total cost is estimated at $ 3.6 billion (AU$ 4 billion). The RAAF accepted its first P-8A on 27 September 2016; it arrived in Australia on 14 November. The RAAF had received 12 P-8As by 13 December 2019. The Australian Government approved ordering two additional aircraft on 30 December 2020. The option to acquire a 15th aircraft may not be taken up. According to

7469-595: The longer ten hour patrols whilst carrying a useful payload while shorter-range patrols were mounted with landplanes such as the Sopwith 1½ Strutter . A number of specialized patrol balloons were built, particularly by the British, including the SS class airship of which 158 were built including subtypes. As the conflict continued, numerous aircraft were developed specifically for the role, including small flying boats such as

7566-586: The missing SS El Faro cargo ship that sank on 1 October in the Category 3 Hurricane Joaquin near Crooked Island in the Bahamas . On 20 February 2018, a P-8 of Patrol Squadron Eight (VP-8) rescued three fishermen whose vessel had been adrift in the South Pacific Ocean for eight days, deploying a search and rescue (SAR) kit containing supplies and communications equipment, the first time that

7663-474: The paint shop for Norway. The first aircraft was delivered on 18 November 2021. It is to be operated by the 133 Air Wing, 333 Squadron at Evenes Air Station . The first P-8 is to be named Viking and the successive four aircraft are to be named for Norse gods: Vingtor, Ulabrand, Hugin and Munin. Boeing publicly identified the Royal New Zealand Air Force as a potential customer in 2008, as a replacement for its P-3 Orions, due for replacement in 2025. In April 2017,

7760-1429: The potential consequences of such failures are far less serious. "Counterfeit parts" are those not made by the manufacturer they claim to be from. They are usually made of inferior materials by inadequate processes and not tested, designed only to bear a close resemblance to genuine parts. The term "bogus parts" can loosely refer to various categories of unapproved parts. "Life-limited" and "time-expired" parts are legitimate parts that have been used beyond their design lifespan. Some parts which are life-limited or of unknown condition are taken from scrapyards, and illegally installed on aircraft. A used part may be legally salvaged, but supporting information must be supplied. Some unapproved parts come from genuine manufacturers' production lines; some of these may simply be airworthy production overruns, but others may be defective samples that failed required testing. Boeing has stated that mechanical parts, electronic parts and materials have been counterfeited. Physical parts include bolts, nuts, and rivets. Electronic parts include resistors, capacitors, and integrated circuits. Materials include composite chemicals, steel, and titanium. In 1996 unapproved parts were found to originate from sources such as counterfeiters, thieves, "strip and dip" operations which hide defects with metal plating, and from production overruns. The crash of Partnair Flight 394 in 1989 resulted from

7857-652: The purchase of four additional P-8Is. contract signature followed in July 2016 with deliveries expected to start from 2020. In 2011, India planned to order twelve more P-8Is at a later date; in 2019, this was cut to eight to ten due to a limited budget. The Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) Data Link II communications allows the P-8I to exchange tactical data between Indian Navy aircraft, ships and shore establishments; it also features an integrated BEL-developed IFF system. India has purchased 21 AGM-84L Harpoon Block II missiles and 32 Mark 54 Lightweight Torpedoes All-Up-Round for

7954-570: The remaining two were delivered on 30 December 2021. In August 2024, it was announced that the Indian Navy's P-8I fleet will be maintained by Air India Engineering Services Limited (AIESL), a subsidiary of Air India , which signed a deal with Boeing for receiving training for its personnel. AIESL has also overhauled the landing gear of the entire aircraft fleet. On 20 July 2007, the Australian Minister for Defence announced that

8051-399: The sale of unapproved parts and led subsequent investigations. By 1996, the investigations resulted in hundreds of criminal convictions, restitution, fines totalling about US$ 47 million, and prison sentences of up to five years. In August 1993, a group of criminals stole a cockpit computer from a Carnival Airlines aircraft at Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport . During the day

8148-503: The small escort carriers of WWII became available to cover the deep oceans, and the land air bases in the Azores became available in mid-1943 from Portugal . As technology progressed the bombs and depth charges were supplemented with Acoustic torpedoes that could detect, follow and then explode against an enemy submarine. The US Navy began fielding the Mark 24 mine in 1943, labelled as

8245-485: The wars the British experimented with equipping their patrol aircraft with the COW 37 mm gun . During World War II, depth charges that could be set to detonate at specific depths, and later when in proximity with large metal objects replaced anti-submarine bombs that detonated on contact. Patrol aircraft also carried defensive armament which was necessary when patrolling areas close to enemy territory such as Allied operations in

8342-593: The wing. The P-8 is to be equipped with the High-Altitude Anti-Submarine Warfare Weapon Capability (HAAWC) Air Launch Accessory (ALA), turning a Mark 54 torpedo into a glide bomb for deploying from up to 30,000 ft (9,100 m). The P-8 features the Raytheon APY-10 multi-mission surface search radar. Unlike the preceding P-3, most versions of the P-8 lack a magnetic anomaly detector (MAD), but

8439-572: Was a pod-mounted radar on the fuselage's lower centerline, positioned so the engine nacelles do not obstruct its line of sight. It reuses the P-8A's Raytheon AN/APY-10 multi-mission surface search radar. Two aft ventral fins increase stability. In 2013, Boeing proposed repackaging some of the P-8's systems in the smaller and less expensive Bombardier Challenger 600 series business jet, as the Boeing Maritime Surveillance Aircraft (MSA). In 2014, Boeing also offered

8536-639: Was a pre-planned regional re-balancing action, but occurred shortly after China's establishment of the East China Sea Air Defense Identification Zone , heightening tensions. During early exercises and the Japanese deployment, the P-8 reportedly suffered radar, sensor integration, and data transfer problems, leading to more testing. In 2012–3, the US government's Director, Operational Test and Evaluation (DOTE) evaluated

8633-596: Was also used at the basis for the PB4Y-2 Privateer , a dedicated MPA variant adopted in large numbers by the US Navy, which saw service late on in the Pacific theatre. During the conflict, there were several developments in air-to-surface-vessel radar and sonobuoys , which enhanced the ability of aircraft to find and destroy submarines, especially at night and in poor weather. Another area of advancement

8730-634: Was delivered on 13 March 2020. The RAF declared the P-8 had reached initial operating capability (IOC) on 1 April 2020. The final ordered aircraft arrived at RAF Lossiemouth in January 2022. In March 2014, Norwegian newspaper Dagbladet reported that the Royal Norwegian Air Force is considering leasing aircraft from Boeing as No. 333 Squadron RNoAF 's six P-3 Orions were becoming increasingly difficult to keep operational. In June 2016, Norwegian newspaper Verdens Gang reported that

8827-544: Was fitted with underwing pylons that could carry a variety of common American weapons, including the AGM-84 Harpoon anti-ship missile, the air-to-ground AGM-65 Maverick , as many as ten of the CBU-100 Cluster Bomb , rocket pods, sea mines, and the standard issue Mark 80 general purpose bombs. The Royal Air Force 's Hawker Siddeley Nimrod was fitted with AIM-9 Sidewinder missiles in 1982 during

8924-630: Was introduced during the 2010s by the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF) as a replacement for the aging P-3C Orion . Both the Royal Australian Air Force and the Royal Australian Navy met their early postwar MPA needs via a stretched-fuselage modification of the Avro Lincoln bomber. However, the type was soon supplemented and eventually replaced by new aircraft, such as the P2V and later

9021-494: Was not effective for Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance mission due to various issues including no high-resolution SAR capability. It did have better range, speed, and reliability than older aircraft. DOTE concluded that it was not deployment ready. Pentagon acquisition undersecretary Frank Kendall said of the report that, although its findings are factual, it ignored future capability upgrades for ASW and surveillance. A second squadron, VP-5 , completed its transition to

9118-406: Was planned to be for at least 108 airframes for the USN. Project value is expected to be worth at least $ 15 billion. Raytheon , Northrop Grumman , Spirit AeroSystems , GE Aviation Systems , Marshall Aerospace and Defence Group , CFM International , BAE Systems, and Marotta are major subcontractors. In July 2004, the USN placed an order for five aircraft, and the first flight-test aircraft

9215-523: Was short-lived, as opposing pilots adapted their tactics. Equipping submarines with radar warning receivers and the snorkel made them harder to find. To counter the German long-range patrol aircraft that targeted merchant convoys, the Royal Navy introduced the " CAM ship ", which was a merchant vessel equipped with a lone fighter plane which could be launched once to engage the enemy planes. Later,

9312-483: Was the adoption of increasingly effective camouflage schemes, which led to the widespread adoption of white paint schemes in the Atlantic to reduce the warning available to surfaced U-boats , while US Navy aircraft transitioned from an upper light blue-gray and lower white to an all-over dark blue due to the increasing threat of Japanese forces at night-time. In the decades following the Second World War,

9409-411: Was to be completed in 2009. On 30 March 2005, it was assigned the P-8A designation. The P-8 is to replace the P-3. Initially, it was equipped with legacy systems with later upgrades to incorporate newer technology. The Government Accountability Office credited the incremental approach with keeping the project on schedule and on budget. The Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR) deleted the requirement for

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