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98-578: The Winged Victory of Samothrace , or the Niké of Samothrace , is a votive monument originally discovered on the island of Samothrace , north of the Aegean Sea . It is a masterpiece of Greek sculpture from the Hellenistic era , dating from the beginning of the 2nd century BC (190 BC). It is composed of a statue representing the goddess Niké (Victory), whose head and arms are missing and its base

196-411: A Byzantine construction at the other end of the west hill. Fragments of coloured plaster and some elements of terracotta architectural decoration were found in the enclosure. Two 3D reconstructions have been proposed by B. Wescoat: either low walls forming a peribolos around the open-air monument, or a covered building with columns and pediment of the naiskos type. The excellent state of conservation of

294-467: A bird landing. The art historian H. W. Janson has pointed out that unlike earlier Greek or Near Eastern sculptures, the Nike creates a deliberate relationship to the imaginary space around the goddess. The wind that has carried her and which she is fighting off, straining to keep steady – as mentioned the original mounting had her standing on a ship's prow, just having landed – is the invisible complement of

392-621: A dangerous voyage. In the Spanish-speaking world a milagro is a small metal offering, equivalent to the Orthodox tamata . Many Catholic churches still have areas where such offerings are displayed. Notre-Dame-des-Victoires, Paris , displays over 10,000, with a military specialization and including many military decorations given by their recipients. The Votive Church, Vienna is a late example of many churches which are themselves votive offerings, in this case built to give thanks for

490-409: A god or goddess. The offerings were in certain cases created by a separate person due to the gifter having an injury or other circumstances, which was allowed. Some Greek offerings, such as bronze tripods at Delphi , were apparently displayed for a period and then buried in groups. At Olympia many small figurines, mostly of animals, were thrown onto the huge pile of ashes from animal sacrifices at

588-745: A huge golden grape vine artifact outside of the holy site of the Temple in Jerusalem before its destruction by the Romans. The tradition of votive offerings has been carried into Christianity in both the East and the West. The particular type of the votive crown , originally Byzantine, was also adopted in the West. According to Sacred Tradition , after Constantine the Great 's conversion and subsequent victory at

686-458: A large female statue in white marble accompanied by numerous fragments of drapery and feathers. He recognised this as the goddess Niké, Victory, traditionally represented in Greek antiquity as a winged woman. In the same place was a jumble of about fifteen large grey marble blocks whose form or function was unclear: he concluded it was a funerary monument. He decided to send the statue and fragments to

784-462: A long time by Greek sculptors for the protruding parts of statues, was used in Hellenistic times for the body itself, thus making it possible to use smaller pieces of marble, therefore less rare and less expensive. In the case of Victory, the sculptor optimized this technique by tilting the joint surfaces that connect the wings to the body by 20° forward, which ensured their cantilevered support in

882-771: A more rare and expensive tablet was made from metal. Historically, votive tablets can be found in Asian Buddhist lands, from Japan, India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, China, Indonesia and Malaysia. In Thailand, votive tablets are known as Thai Buddha amulets , a kind of Thai Buddhist blessed item used to raise temple funds by producing the amulets. Ayagapata is a type of votive slab associated with worship in Jainism . Numerous such stone tablets were discovered during excavations at ancient Jain sites like Kankali Tila near Mathura in India. Some of them date back to

980-492: A narrow escape from assassination by Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria in 1853. Medieval examples include: Especially in the Latin world, there is a tradition of votive paintings, typically depicting a dangerous incident which the offeror survived. The votive paintings of Mexico are paralleled in other countries. In Italy, where more than 15,000 ex-voto paintings are thought to survive from before 1600, these began to appear in

1078-512: A quadrireme (4 files of rowers) or a quinquereme (5 files of rowers). These ships were widespread in all Hellenistic war fleets, including the Rhodian fleet. The Victory statue, about 1.6 times life size, is not cut from a single block of marble, but composed of six blocks worked separately: the body, the bust with the head, the two arms and the two wings. These blocks were assembled together by metal braces (bronze or iron). This technique, used for

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1176-464: A rectangular base. The seventeenth block, which remained in Samothrace, completed the void at the back of the upper assembly, just under the statue. Its weight allowed the cantilever of the blocks of the protruding oar boxes to hold on the sides. The baseboard of the statue was embedded in a basin dug on this block. Its contours, fully visible during the 2014 restoration, made it possible to determine

1274-661: A representation of Victory landing on a ship's bow can be interpreted as an offering to thank the Great Gods following an important naval victory. Several major naval offerings were known in the 3rd century BC. In the Greek world, such as the "bull monument" in Delos , the naval monument of the agora in Cyrene and Samothrace itself, the Neorion (No. 6 on the map), which housed a ship about twenty meters long. In Rhodes, an offering of

1372-646: A staircase was built to lead directly into the Salon Carré on the upper level, dubbed Escalier de l'Infante after Mariana Victoria. Following the ending of the engagement and her return to Spain after just three years, the Salon Carré became the venue for the yearly art show of the Académie des Beaux-Arts - thus the word Salon for such shows. Visitors would use the Escalier de l'Infante to access

1470-784: A vow. cf Leviticus 22.23 where the Hebrew root letters for a freewill offering are נדב (nadab), but for a votive offering are נדר (nadar). In this verse a clear differentiation is made between the two. See Strongs numbers H5068 where the Hitpael is to volunteer, or make a free will offering and H5087 where the Qal is to vow a vow. When Solomon built the first temple he provided a number of furnishings above and beyond what had been commanded to Moses on Mount Sinai (see Temple of Solomon ). Oral tradition in Rabbinic Judaism also speaks of

1568-409: A warship. The Nike is dressed in a long tunic ( χιτών , chitôn ) in a very fine fabric, with a folded flap and belted under the chest. It was attached to the shoulders by two thin straps (the restoration is not accurate). The lower body is partially covered by a thick mantle ( ἱμάτιον , himation ) rolled up at the waist and untied when uncovering the entire left leg; one end slides between

1666-582: Is a small sheet of tin or lead on which a message wishing misfortune upon someone else was inscribed. Usually found rolled up and deliberately deposited, there are five main reasons for dedicating a curse tablet: 1 – Litigation, 2 – Competition, 3 – Trade, 4 – Erotic Ambition, 5 – Theft Of those in Britain the vast majority are of type 5. The two largest concentrations are from the sacred springs at Aquae Sulis , where 130 examples are recorded, and at Uley, where over 140 examples are visible. The use of

1764-513: Is in the shape of a ship's bow. The total height of the monument is 5.57 metres (18 ft 3 in) including the socle ; the statue alone measures 2.75 metres (9 ft 0 in). The sculpture is one of a small number of major Hellenistic statues surviving in the original, rather than Roman copies . Winged Victory has been exhibited at the Louvre Museum in Paris, at the top of

1862-467: Is much more elaborate on this side than on the other. Large natural rocks are visible in the front part of the space. The foundation walls have been restored and the place of the monument artificially indicated. The reconstructed whole has given rise to various interpretations. K. Lehmann hypothesized that the monument was placed in the basin of an open-air fountain, with water effects on the large rocks arranged for this purpose. But they could not be part of

1960-401: Is no clue to reconstructing the position of the left arm, probably lowered, very slightly bent; the goddess may have held a stylis (a naval standard) on this side, a kind of mast taken as a trophy on the enemy ship, as seen on coins. The statue is designed to be seen three quarters left (right for the spectator), from where the lines of the composition are very clear: a vertical from the neck to

2058-637: Is one of the largest and most iconic interior spaces of the Louvre Palace in Paris , and of the Louvre Museum within it. Named after Pierre, Count Daru , a minister of Napoleon , and initially designed in the 1850s by Hector-Martin Lefuel as part of Napoleon III's Louvre expansion , it received its current Stripped Classicism appearance in the early 1930s. Since 1883, its focal point has been

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2156-465: Is seeing his adversary Goliath and his awareness of the moment – but it is rare in ancient art. These are carved from grey marble veined with white, identified as that of the quarries of Lartos , in Rhodes. The base has the shape of the bow of a Greek Hellenistic warship: long and narrow, it is covered at the front by a combat deck on which the statue is located. It has reinforced, projecting oar boxes on

2254-588: Is still a large void at the top aft. The statue was placed directly on the base. The entire monument was then placed from the front, on the upper landing of the Daru staircase , the main staircase of the museum. Champoiseau returned to Samothrace a third time in 1891 to try to obtain the Victory's head, but without success. He did however bring back debris from the drapery and base, a small fragment with an inscription and fragments of coloured plaster. The presentation of

2352-704: The Escalier de l'Infante , opened on the ground floor on the Cour de la Reine that was intended to become the entrance of the museum, and led to what is now the Salle Duchâtel on the upper floor, immediately to the north of the Salon Carré in Le Vau's wing doubling the Petite Galerie to the west. Following the first opening of the Louvre Museum in 1793 and its reorganization under Napoleon in

2450-494: The Pavillon Denon . From there, two monumental galleries led west and east and were to end with monumental staircases. At the western end, that was a new staircase named, like the gallery that led to it and the pavilion in which it stood, after Nicolas François, Count Mollien , another of Napoleon's ministers. At the eastern end, Lefuel initially wanted to keep Percier & Fontaine's staircase for its aesthetic value, but

2548-540: The Rotonde de Mars and led straight to the Salon Carré. The structural work was completed in 1807, but the lavish decoration designed by Percier and Fontaine took many more years and was only completed under their supervision during the Bourbon Restoration . In the context of Napoleon III's Louvre expansion , Lefuel created a new entrance for the museum, west of the earlier one, on the ground floor of

2646-586: The Winged Victory of Samothrace , one of the highlights of the Louvre's collections. The Escalier Daru is the last in a series of increasingly monumental staircases built to serve this area of the Louvre building. In 1722, as the old Queen Mother's apartment on the ground floor of the Petite Galerie was being prepared to be the residence of Mariana Victoria of Spain the betrothed of Louis XV ,

2744-482: The Athenian Treasury and Siphnian Treasury ) were buildings by the various Greek city-states to hold their own votive offerings in money and precious metal. The sites also contained large quantities of votive sculptures, although these were clearly intended to glorify each city in view of its rivals as well as to give thanks to the gods. Votive offerings were also used as atonement for sins committed against

2842-585: The Battle of Salamis at Cyprus in 306 BC. According to Benndorf, the Victory of Samothrace therefore dates from the last years of the fourth century BC. and may have been sculpted by a student of sculptor Scopas . The construction of the monument was then related to the Battle of Cos (around 262–255 BC), during which the King of Macedonia Antigonus II Gonatas defeated the Lagids, allied with Athens and Sparta during

2940-551: The Battle of the Milvian Bridge , he donated one of the crosses he carried in battle to the Church. This cross is reputed to be preserved on Mount Athos . One of the most famous Orthodox votive offerings is that by Saint John of Damascus . According to tradition , while he was serving as Vizier to Caliph Al-Walid I , he was falsely accused of treachery and his hand was cut off. Upon praying in front of an icon of

3038-572: The Chremonidean War . Antigonus Gonatas is also credited with the dedication, at the same time, of his flagship in the Neorium in Delos. The material of the base of the Victory of Samothrace was identified as early as 1905 as marble from the quarries of Lartos in Rhodes. The same is true of the small fragment found in 1891 by Champoiseau within the walls of the monument to Samothrace, bearing

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3136-612: The Church of Sweden , continued after the Reformation. In Buddhism , votive offerings usually take the form of a small clay or terracotta tablet bearing Buddhist images, usually Buddharupa and contain text. These tablets are left in sacred Buddhist sites by devotees as an offering during their pilgrimage. An example are Buddhist Tibetan votive tablets made for a pilgrimage to Bodhgaya . Votive tablets served both as meritorious offerings and as souvenirs. Most were made of clay, while

3234-521: The Elgin Marbles , illegally plundered and wants it repatriated to Greece. "If the French and the Louvre have a problem, we are ready to preserve and accentuate the Victory of Samothrace, if they return it to us", Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs Akis Gerondopoulos said in 2013. The statue, in white Parian marble, depicts a winged woman, the goddess of Victory (Niké), alighting on the bow of

3332-535: The Laocoon group or Sperlonga sculptures attributed or signed by Rhodian sculptors. The base blocks and the sculpture of the statue are not by the same hand. The two parts of the monument were designed together, but produced by two different workshops. The marble base of Lartos was certainly made in Rhodes, where there are parallels. Moreover, the Rhodian sculpture in large marble is of high quality, without being exceptional for its time, but there are no parallels for

3430-625: The Neolithic , with polished axe hoards , reaching a peak in the late Bronze Age . High status artifacts such as armor and weaponry (mostly shields , swords , spears and arrows), fertility and cult symbols, coins, various treasures and animal statuettes (often dogs, oxen and in later periods horses) were common offerings in antiquity. The votive offerings were sacrificed and buried or more commonly cast into bodies of water or peat bogs , whence they could not possibly have been recovered. In certain cases entire ships have been sacrificed, as in

3528-464: The Theotokos his hand was miraculously restored. In thanksgiving, he had a silver replica of his hand fashioned and attached it to the icon ( see image at right ). This icon, now called " Trojeručica " (The Three-handed) is preserved at Hilandar Monastery on Mount Athos . Orthodox Christians continue to make votive offerings to this day, often in the form of tamata , metal plaques symbolizing

3626-480: The 1490s, probably modelled on the small predella panels below altarpieces . These are a form of folk art , typically painted on tin plates salvaged from packaging. Other examples may be large and grand paintings, such as Titian 's Jacopo Pesaro being presented by Pope Alexander VI to Saint Peter , given in thanks for a naval victory. The practice of votive offerings in Lutheran Churches , such as

3724-439: The 1st century. These slabs are decorated with objects and designs central to Jain worship such as the stupa , dharmacakra and triratna . A large number of ayagapata (tablet of homage) votive tablets for offerings and the worship of tirthankara were found at Mathura . These stone tablets bear a resemblance to the earlier Shilapatas , stone tablets that were placed under trees to worship Yakshas . However, this

3822-732: The 2nd and 3rd centuries BC naval battles to dominate the Aegean Sea were very numerous, first pitting the Antigonids and their Seleucid allies against the Lagids , then the Seleucids to the Rhodians and Pergamon . Austrian archaeologists first considered that the monument of Samothrace is the one represented on the tetradrachma of Demetrios Poliorcetes. They conclude that, like the coin, he celebrated his victory against Ptolemy I at

3920-535: The 5th century BC. These votive offerings give evidence to the presence of literacy in Spartan culture. Placing greater emphasis on inscriptions which seem to have been made by the individual making the offering, archaeologists can interpret that, of the early dedicators, there were very few in number and that most, if not all, were from the upper classes. One piece of pottery was found that may have had measurement signs on it. This would indicate an everyday literacy among

4018-503: The Danish bog Nydam Mose . Often all the objects in a ritual hoard are broken, possibly 'killing' the objects to put them even further beyond utilitarian use before deposition. The purposeful discarding of valuable items such as swords and spearheads is thought to have had ritual overtones. The items have since been discovered in rivers, lakes and present or former wetlands by construction workers, peat diggers, metal-detectorists, members of

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4116-458: The Louvre Museum, and to leave the large blocks of grey marble on site. Departing Samothrace at the beginning of May 1863, the statue arrived in Toulon at the end of August and in Paris on May 11, 1864. A first restoration was undertaken by Adrien Prévost de Longpérier , then curator of Antiquities at the Louvre, between 1864 and 1866. The main part of the body (2.14 m from the upper belly to

4214-616: The Rhodian sculpture school. This made it possible to put an end to previous doubts about the style of the statue. In 1955 Margarete Bieber made him a major figure in the "Rhodian school" and the "Hellenic Baroque", next to the frieze of the Gigantomachy of the Great Altar of Pergamon , characterized by the strength of attitudes, the virtuosity of the draperies and the expressiveness of the figures. This style lasted in Rhodes until Roman times in complex and monumental creations such as

4312-594: The Roman statues first in the Caryatid Room, then briefly in the Tiber Room. From 1875, Austrian archaeologists who, under the direction of Alexander Conze , had been excavating the buildings of the Samothrace sanctuary since 1870, studied the location where Champoiseau had found the Victory. Architect Aloïs Hauser drew the grey marble blocks left on-site and apprehended that, once properly assembled, they form

4410-606: The Salon from the Cour de la Reine , later known as Cour du Sphinx and covered with a glass ceiling in 1934. Shortly before his death in 1780, Louvre architect Jacques-Germain Soufflot designed a new staircase in the context of intensive planning for the creation of a public museum in the Louvre's Grande Galerie . Soufflot's design was implemented from 1781 by his successor Maximilien Brébion  [ fr ] . The new staircase or Escalier du Salon , which replaced

4508-601: The Spartans if this is true. Unfortunately, scholars have not recovered any other piece of pottery with a similar inscription to support that single find. The 13 Ancient Votive Stones of Pesaro were unearthed in 1737 on a local Pesaro farm in the Province of Pesaro e Urbino , Italy , and date to pre-Etruscan times. They are inscribed with the names of various Roman gods such as APOLLO , MAT[ER]-MATVTA , SALVS , FIDE , and IVNONII ( Juno ). A curse tablet or defixio

4606-516: The Victory base to the Louvre. He abandoned on the island the largest block of the base, unsculpted. Two months later, the blocks reached the Louvre Museum, where in December an assembly test was carried out in a courtyard. The curator of the Department of Antiquities, Félix Ravaisson-Mollien , then decided to reconstruct the monument, in accordance with the model of Austrian archaeologists. On

4704-511: The Victory was modified in 1934 as part of a general redevelopment of the Daru museum and staircase, whose steps were widened and redecorated. The monument was staged to constitute the crowning of the staircase: it was advanced on the landing to be more visible from the bottom of the steps, and was put on a modern 45 cm-high block of stone, supposed to evoke a combat bridge at the bow of the ship. This presentation remained unchanged until 2013. At

4802-605: The altar outside the Temple of Zeus . Much of our knowledge of ancient Greek art in base metal comes from these and other excavated deposits of offerings. Arms and armour, especially helmets, were also given after a victory. In Mesoamerica , votive deposits have been recovered from the Olmec site of El Manati (dated to 1600–1200 BC) and the Maya Sacred Cenote at Chichen Itza (850–1550 AD). Archaeologists have recovered some votive offerings in ancient Sparta from

4900-520: The back. He thus gave the statue of Samothrace a dynamic that brings it closer to the figures the Gigantomachy of the altar of Pergamon, conceived shortly after in the same spirit. Votive offering While some offerings were apparently made in anticipation of the achievement of a particular wish, in Western cultures from which documentary evidence survives it was more typical to wait until

4998-400: The back. To the body-block were added smaller projecting pieces: the end of the flying mantle at the back and the end of the fold falling to the ground in front of the left leg have been reattached; the right foot, the back of the left leg with the foot and a drapery fold in front of the legs are lost. The ship is composed of 16 blocks divided into three increasingly wide assizes aft, placed on

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5096-487: The base. A cast of the large ship block left in Samothrace was replaced by a metal base on a cylinder ensuring the proper balance of the statue. Once in place on the base, the colour contrast of the marbles of the two elements becomes obvious again. The whole is reassembled on a modern base, a little removed on the landing to facilitate the movement of visitors. The Greek government considers the Winged Victory, like

5194-415: The body of the statue, between 1880 and 1883 he restored the belt area in plaster, placed the right part of the marble bust, recreated the left part in plaster, attached the left marble wing with a metal frame, and replaced the entire right wing with a plaster model. But he did not reconstruct the head, arms or feet. The ship-shaped base is rebuilt and completed, except for the broken bow of the keel, and there

5292-768: The curse-tablet in seeking restoration of stolen property is strong evidence of invoking divine power through a non-traditional religious ceremony, often involving some form of water-deposition. The usual form of divine invocation was through prayer, sacrifice and altar dedication so access to this information provides useful insights into Roman provincial culture. Many unrecovered ancient votive offerings are threatened in today's world, especially those submerged in wetlands or other bodies of water. Wetlands and other aquatic sites often protect and preserve materials for thousands of years, because of their natural occurring anaerobic environments. However, many seabeds have been disturbed, rivers and streams have been stretched out or re-routed in

5390-796: The declaration of the Second World War in September 1939, the Victory statue was moved along with other artefacts to the Château de Valençay (Indre) until the Liberation, and was replaced at the top of the stairs without damage in July 1945. American excavators from New York University , under the direction of Karl Lehmann , resumed exploration of the sanctuary of the Great Gods in Samothrace in 1938. In July 1950, they associated Louvre curator Jean Charbonneaux with their work, who discovered

5488-442: The early 1800s, the museum's main entrance was established further north, through the Rotonde de Mars on what is now the southeastern corner of the Cour Napoléon. To suitably lead visitors from there to the highlights of the museum's collection in the Grande Galerie , Napoleon's architects Charles Percier and Pierre Fontaine designed a monumental staircase, soon dubbed the Escalier Percier et Fontaine , that started next to

5586-452: The east. To the west was a very long portico to house pilgrims (the stoa) and important offerings. The Victory Monument was located at the south end of the portico terrace, in a rectangular space dug into the hillside, and set back and raised from the theatre; facing north, it overlooks the entire sanctuary. In 1863 Champoiseau described and drew the monument surrounded on three sides by a limestone wall. All that remains of this enclosure now are

5684-469: The end of an engraved name: [...]Σ ΡΟΔΙΟΣ . In 1931, Hermann Thiersch restored the name of the sculptor " Pythokritos son of Timocharis of Rhodes ", active around 210–165 BC. He was convinced that the fragment belongs to the ship-shaped base: he therefore made this sculptor the author of the Victory of Samothrace. According to him, the monument was commissioned by the Rhodians, allies in the kingdom of Pergamos against Antiochus III , after their victory at

5782-423: The feet) is erected on a stone base, and largely completed by fragments of drapery, including the fold of himation that flares behind the legs on the Nike. The remaining fragments – the right part of the bust and a large part of the left wing – too incomplete to be placed on the statue, are stored. Given the exceptional quality of the sculpture, Longpérier decided to present the body alone, exhibited until 1880 among

5880-467: The figure and the viewer is made to imagine it. At the same time, this expanded space heightens the symbolic force of the work; the wind and the sea are suggested as metaphors of struggle, destiny and divine help or grace. This kind of interplay between a statue and the space conjured up would become a common device in baroque and romantic art, about two thousand years later. It is present in Michelangelo's sculpture of David: David's gaze and pose show where he

5978-416: The first-floor rooms that are now between the Escalier Daru and the Salon Carré, now known as the Salle Percier et Fontaine . The Escalier Daru was still unfinished at the end of the Second Empire . Its current focal point, the Winged Victory of Samothrace , was only placed at its center after Lefuel's death in 1880. The sculpture had been found in Samothrace in 1863, and shipped to Paris in 1879. It

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6076-417: The foundations of the walls, surrounded at the bottom and sides by walls supporting the lands of the hill. The enclosure itself is 13.40 m wide by 9.55 m long, and we know from the surveys made by Hauser in 1876 that the Victory was arranged obliquely 14.5° from the back wall. This arrangement highlights the left side of the statue for the observer from the terrace, which explains why the sculpture work

6174-406: The fragments kept in reserve at the Louvre, and restored the statue blowing into a trumpet that she raises with her right arm, as on the coin. The two men thus managed to make a model of the Samothrace monument as a whole. Champoiseau, informed of this research, undertook a second mission to Samothrace from August 15 to 29, 1879, for the sole purpose of sending the blocks of the base and the slabs of

6272-410: The historical link between the Victory of Samothrace and the battles of Myonnesus and Magnesia , and makes it the dedication of King Eumene II . Based on the same arguments, Nathan Badoud in 2018 favoured the conflict that earlier pitted the Rhodians and the King of Pergamon against King Philip V of Macedonia . The Rhodians were first defeated at the naval Battle of Lade in 201 BC. Then Philip V

6370-714: The landscape, and many wetlands have been fully or partially drained or landfilled for various reasons in the last 100–200 years. Therefore, many remaining objects are in danger of oxidation and eventual rapid deterioration. The leading causes of the disturbances are dredging , bottom trawling fishing boats, agricultural activities, peat cutting, groundwater extraction by water wells and establishments of larger infrastructural facilities like expressways, water treatment plants, and in some instances, large-scale nature re-establishment projects. The Torah makes provision for "free-will offerings" which may be made by any individual. These are different from votive offerings which are linked to

6468-418: The legs to the ground, and the other, much shorter, flies freely in the back. The mantle is falling, and only the force of the wind holds it on her right leg. The sculptor has multiplied the effects of draperies, between places where the fabric is plated against the body by revealing its shapes, especially on the belly, and those where it accumulates in folds deeply hollowed out casting a strong shadow, as between

6566-411: The legs. This extreme virtuosity concerns the left side and front of the statue. On the right side, the layout of the drapery is reduced to the main lines of the clothes, in a much less elaborate work. The goddess advances, leaning on her right leg. The two feet that were bare have not been found. The right touched the ground, the heel still slightly raised; the left foot, the leg strongly stretched back,

6664-404: The location of the statue very precisely. The statue and base are inseparable to ensure the balance of the monument, designed as a whole. The sanctuary of the Great Gods of Samothrace is located in a very narrow river valley. The buildings reserved for the Mysteries ceremonies occupied the entire bottom of the valley. From the 3rd century BC, the entrance to the site was a monumental propylaia to

6762-403: The main staircase, since 1884. Greece is seeking the return of the sculpture. In 1863, Charles Champoiseau (1830–1909), acting chief of the Consulate of France in Adrianopolis (now Edirne in Turkey), undertook from March 6 to May 7 the exploration of the ruins of the sanctuary of the Great Gods on the island of Samothrace . On April 13, 1863, he discovered part of the bust and the body of

6860-471: The mantle. The blocks of the base were disassembled one by one to be drawn and studied. The 19th-century restoration of the statue is preserved with a few details (thinning of the neck and attachment of the left arm), fragments preserved in reserve at the Louvre are added (feather at the top of the left wing, a fold at the back of the chitôn), the metal vice behind the left leg is removed. Castings of small joint fragments preserved in Samothrace are integrated into

6958-406: The momentum and gaze of the statue were directed at the northeast corner of the Anaktoron, seat of the Little Mysteries, where initiation was given. This angle was thus the most sacred of the building. In the sanctuary of the Great Gods of Samothrace, as in all the great pan-Hellenic shrines, the faithful offered their ex-votos, from the most modest to the most sumptuous according to their wealth. It

7056-401: The museum in 1952. These were studied in 1996 by Ira Mark and Marianne Hamiaux , who concluded that these pieces, jointed, constitute the block of the base abandoned by Champoiseau in 1879. An American team led by James R. McCredie digitized the entire sanctuary to allow its 3D reconstruction between 2008 and 2014. B. D. Wescoat led the resumption of the study of the Victory enclosure and

7154-492: The naval battles of Side and Myonnesos , on the Ionian coast, in 190 BC. Excavations revealed that the sculpture was positioned alighting on a flagship, that was set in the ground in a way that it looked as it was floating. The definitive victory against the Seleucids came in 189 BC. at the Battle of Sipyla Magnesia . The monument was therefore reportedly erected in Samothrace shortly after that date. Jean Charbonneaux also admits

7252-444: The original layout since the palm of the right hand was found under one of them: Charbonneau thought they came from a later natural landslide. The fountain hypothesis has been abandoned since the excavations of J. McCredie and B. Wescoat demonstrated that there was no water supply to the enclosure. Recent research has not determined the exact nature of the Victory's architectural setting, more than 500 blocks of which have been reused in

7350-606: The palm of the statue's right hand in the Victory site. Two fingers preserved at the Kunsthistorische Museum in Vienna since the Austrian excavations of 1875 were reattached to the palm. The palm and fingers were then deposited in the Louvre Museum, and displayed with the statue in 1954. Two pieces of grey marble that were used to moor fishing boats on the beach below the sanctuary were retrieved and reassembled at

7448-486: The present day—for example, in traditional Catholic culture and, arguably, in the modern-day practice of tossing coins into a wishing well or fountain. The modern construction practice of topping out can be considered an example of a votive practice with ancient roots. In archaeology , votive deposits differ from hoards ; although they may contain similar items, votive deposits were not intended to be recovered. In Europe , votive deposits are known from as early as

7546-542: The public and archaeologists. A saying by Diogenes of Sinope as quoted by Diogenes Laërtius , indicates the high level of votive offering in Ancient Greece: When some one expressed astonishment at the votive offerings in Samothrace , his ( Diogenes ) comment was, 'There would have been far more, if those who were not saved had set up offerings.' The Treasuries at Olympia and Delphi (including

7644-468: The right foot, and an oblique starting from the neck diagonally along the left leg. "The whole body is inscribed in a rectangular triangle, a simple but very solid geometric figure: it was necessary to support both the fulfilled shapes of the goddess, the accumulation of draperies, and the energy of movement". Most recently the Alula feather was restored to the left wing in a flared position, as it would be for

7742-482: The same type as the base of Samothrace, but smaller, was found in the sanctuary of Athena at the top of the acropolis of Lindos . The dedication inscription of the Victory Monument has not been found. Archaeologists are reduced to hypothesizing to define the historical context and to determine the naval victory justifying the erection of such an important ex voto . The difficulty lies in the fact that in

7840-431: The sculpture's surface suggests that it did not stay in the open air for long. The overall reconstruction of the sanctuary in 3D also highlighted that the statue of Victory was oriented along the axis of the river, which was the only unobstructed perspective of the sanctuary: the monument was thus clearly visible from the bottom of the valley. Another hypothesis was proposed by Jean Richer (archaeologist) who observed that

7938-485: The ship on which the statue is placed represents the constellation of the Argo : the ship's bow and the statue had been deliberately placed at an angle, within the important Sanctuary of the Great Gods of Samothrace, so that Victory looked northward: according to Richer, this direction shows the path that leads to the gate of the gods identified at Mount Hemos , and thus alludes to a spiritual victory; for, in this orientation,

8036-507: The sides that supported two rows of staggered oars (the oval oar slots are also depicted). The keel is rounded. At the bottom of the bow, at the waterline, a large triple-pronged spur would have been sculpted, and a little higher up, a smaller two-bladed ram that would have been used to smash the hull of the enemy ship would have been shown. The top of the bow was crowned by a high and curved bow ornament (the acrostolion ). These missing elements have not been reconstructed, which greatly reduces

8134-400: The small basic fragments preserved in reserve. In Paris, the Louvre Museum restored the entire monument with two objectives: to clean all the surfaces and improve the general presentation. The statue came down from its base to undergo scientific examination (UV, infrared, x-rays, microspectrography, marble analysis): traces of blue paint are detected on the wings and on a strip at the bottom of

8232-488: The subject of their prayers . Other offerings include candles , prosphora , wine, oil, or incense . In addition, many will leave something of personal value, such as jewelry, a pectoral cross or military decoration as a sign of devotion. In the Roman Catholic Church , offerings were made either to fulfill a vow made to God for deliverance, or a thing left to a Church in gratitude for some favor that

8330-408: The tapered bow of a warship, and that, placed on a base of slabs, they served as the basis for the statue. Tetradrachmas of Demetrios Poliorcetes struck between 301 and 292 BC. representing a Victory on the bow of a ship, wings outstretched, give a good idea of this type of monument. For his part, the specialist in ancient sculpture Otto Benndorf is responsible for studying the body of the statue and

8428-529: The third phase of the Grand Louvre project, the Escalier Daru was extended downwards to serve the newly opened gallery of Archaic Greece , in what had formerly been part of the Louvre's extensive complex of mid-19th-century horse stables. In the early 2010s, as the Winged Victory was temporarily removed for restoration, the option of uncovering the late-19th-century mosaics was considered. But it

8526-516: The vessel's warlike appearance. Epigraphist Christian Blinkenberg thought that this bow was that of a trihēmiolia , a type of warship often named in Rhodes inscriptions: the island's shipyards were renowned, and its war fleet important. But specialists in ancient naval architecture do not agree on the ascription of the trihemolia. It can only be said that the Samothrace bow has boxes of oars and two benches of superimposed oars. Each oar being operated by several rowers, this can also be suitable for

8624-405: The victory of the Romans at Pydna in 168 BC. over Perseus , or a consecration of the kingdom of Pergamon at the same time, or the victory of Pergamon and Rhodes against Prusias II of Bithynia in 154 BC. Although the supposed dedication inscription of the name of a Rhodian found at the Victory's base was very quickly contested because of its small size, the entire monument remained attributed to

8722-531: The virtuosity of the Nike, which remains unusual. The sculptor could also come from elsewhere, as was common in the ancient Greek world for great artists. The Victory of Samothrace is a grandiose adaptation of the moving statue of the Athena-Niké of the Cyrene monument: the sculptor added wings, stretched out the front leg to express the flight, and modified the arrangement of the mantle with the floating panel at

8820-628: The wish had been fulfilled before making the offering, for which the more specific term ex-voto may be used. Other offerings were very likely regarded just as gifts to the deity, not linked to any particular need. In Buddhism, votive offering such as construction of stupas was a prevalent practice in Ancient India, an example of which can be observed in the ruins of the ancient Vikramshila University and other contemporary structures. Votive offerings have been described in historical Roman era and Greek sources, although similar acts continue into

8918-511: Was a way to honour the gods and thank them for their benefits. In addition to a promise of a better spiritual life, the Cabeiri gods, including the Dioscuri , were reputed to ensure their protection to those who were initiated into their Mysteries if they were in danger at sea and in combat. Summoning them allowed their initiates to be saved from shipwreck and to obtain victory. In this context,

9016-635: Was defeated at sea by the two allies at the Battle of Chios in 201 BC. Rhodes and Pergamon called on the Roman Republic for reinforcements, and Titus Quinctius Flamininus crushed the Macedonian army in Thessaly with the Battle of Cynoscephalae . The Rhodians reportedly dedicated the Victory Monument after that date, for their victory in Chios. Other researchers have considered later occasions:

9114-483: Was designed by Louvre architect Camille Lefèvre  [ fr ] and his successor from 1930 Albert Ferran, in the Art Deco style of the times, and executed in 1932-1934 as part of a broader museum modernization effort led by Louvre Director Henri Verne . Ferran covered the mosaics with stone-patterned wallpaper, broadened the stairs, and brought forward the Winged Victory to make it more prominent. In 1997, in

9212-403: Was done by indigenous folk communities before Jainism originated, suggesting that both have commonalities in rituals. A scholar on Jain art wrote about an Ayagapata discovered around Kankali Tila: "The technical name of such a tablet was Ayagapata meaning homage panel." Escalier Daru The Escalier Daru (Daru Staircase), also referred to as Escalier de la Victoire de Samothrace ,

9310-402: Was granted. Today, votives can be lit votive candles , offered flowers, statues, vestments and monetary donations. Traditional special forms of votive offering ex votos include small silver models of the afflicted part of the body, inscribed stone tablets, folk art paintings of an incident of danger such as the votive paintings of Mexico and model ships donated by sailors who have survived

9408-472: Was installed in the Daru Staircase in 1883. In 1882, Lefuel's successor Edmond Guillaume  [ fr ] started making plans for the completion of the staircase. A team of Italian specialists created colorful mosaics for the vaulted ceilings, representing Victories holding palms and portraits of illustrious figures, on a design by painter Jules-Eugène Lenepveu . The final completion

9506-426: Was overruled by Napoleon III or by his State Minister Achille Fould , who insisted on a new staircase aligned with the new composition. Lefuel had presented eight successive projects to preserve Percier and Fontaine's ensemble, but eventually gave up and dismantled most of it in 1865 to give way to the new one. Even so, he was able to preserve some of the ceilings and columns of Percier and Fontaine's upper level, in

9604-415: Was still carried in the air. The goddess is not walking, she is finishing her flight, her large wings still spread out backwards. The arms were also not found, but the right shoulder raised indicates that the right arm was raised to the side. With her elbow bent, the goddess made a victorious gesture of salvation with her hand: this hand with outstretched fingers held nothing (neither trumpet nor crown). There

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