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66-686: There are over 1,700 wineries in the North Bay (according to Alcoholic Beverage Control of California), mostly located in the area's valleys, including Napa Valley in Napa County , and the Sonoma Valley , Alexander Valley , Dry Creek Valley , Bennett Valley , and Russian River Valley in Sonoma County . Wine grapes are also grown at higher elevations, such as Atlas Peak and Mount Veeder AVAs . Cities and towns associated with

132-674: A captive-breeding program at UC Davis and in a fish hatchery operated by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service near Shasta Dam . The decline of the delta smelt is caused of many environmental challenges, both from nature and human. The transformation of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta into a network of levees and channels changed the natural hydrology of the region. This has resulted in the loss of important tidal wetlands and shallow water habitats that are essential for delta smelt spawning, feeding, and rearing. Agricultural and urban developments have dramatically reduced

198-475: A central role in delta smelt conservation. Ongoing scientific research helps scientists understand delta smelt’s life history, genetic diversity, and environmental needs. Researchers have conducted extensive studies on the impact of environmental factors such as temperature, salinity, and turbidity on delta smelt behavior, growth, and survival. Recent studies have highlighted how climate change, including rising water temperatures and altered precipitation patterns,

264-572: A direct impact on the species’ behavior, as delta smelt exhibit increased swimming speeds and altered group structures in warmer waters, which makes them more susceptible to predation. Studies have shown that delta smelt's anti-predator responses weaken in higher temperatures, which increases their vulnerability to predators like largemouth bass. These predator-prey dynamics become especially pronounced in mixed-species shoals, where temperature increases shift interspecies interactions and further impact delta smelt survival. Additionally, climate change can alter

330-457: A high wastewater output. To a lesser degree, wastewater is produced if boilers or water conditioning equipment is used. Delta smelt The delta smelt ( Hypomesus transpacificus ) is an endangered slender-bodied smelt , about 5 to 7 cm (2.0 to 2.8 in) long, in the family Osmeridae . Endemic to the upper Sacramento-San Joaquin Estuary of California , it mainly inhabits

396-661: A relatively large scale, if not evidence of actual wineries, has been found in the Middle East . In 2011 a team of archaeologists discovered a 6000 year old wine press in a cave in the Areni region of Armenia , and identified the site as a small winery. Previously, in the northern Zagros Mountains in Iran , jars over 7000 years old were discovered to contain tartaric acid crystals (a chemical marker of wine), providing evidence of winemaking in that region. Archaeological excavations in

462-547: A slender body averaging 5–7 cm in length, with a translucent appearance and a faint, blue lateral line. It primarily inhabits low-salinity waters and is critically endangered due to habitat loss and water management practices. In contrast, the longfin smelt is slightly larger, typically reaching up to 15 cm, and is distinguished by its long pectoral fins that extend beyond the base of the pelvic fins. H. olidus H. nipponensis H. japonicus H. pretiosus H. transpacificus The delta smelt

528-420: A small farm vineyard is a small wine producer or may not have its own vineyard , and instead sources its grape product from outside suppliers. The concept is similar to a microbrewery , in that small batches of product are made primarily for local consumption. The concept of the micro-winery is not as easily accepted as that of the microbrewery, however, as the general public has been conditioned to associate

594-475: A special permit to open a satellite store in a tourist area. New York's passing of the Farm Winery Act of 1976 set an example for other states to pass similar laws. Farm wineries usually operate at a smaller scale than commercial wineries. Farm wineries are a form of value added marketing, known as agritourism, for farmers who may otherwise struggle to show a profit. A micro-winery can either be at

660-477: A variety of strategies aimed at preventing the extinction of this critically endangered species. Since 2008, the delta smelt has been bred in captivity as part of a conservation hatchery program at UC Davis. The Fish Conservation and Culture Laboratory in Byron, California, has successfully developed techniques to raise delta smelt under controlled conditions, with a focus on maximizing genetic diversity and preserving

726-452: A wider range of wines; as it is not tied to the grapes it grows. New York State provides a specific micro-winery license that requires the microwinery to purchase local ingredients. The urban winery is a recent phenomenon whereby a wine producer chooses to locate their winemaking facility in an urban setting within a city rather than in the traditional rural setting near the vineyards . With advances in technology and transportation, it

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792-420: A winery as having a vineyard. A winery uses similar wine-making equipment as a major commercial winery, just on a smaller scale. Glass carboys and sanitary plastic pails are often seen in the facilities of a micro-winery. Typically, each batch of wine yields 23 Liters (6 US gallons). One of the primary differences of a micro-winery as compared to a typical winery is that a micro-winery is typically able to offer

858-443: Is a pelagic (lives in the open water column away from the bottom) and euryhaline species (tolerant of a wide salinity range). It has been collected from estuarine waters with salinities up to 14 parts per thousand.Delta smelt populations tend to aggregate in areas with moderate turbidity, which enhances their ability to feed and avoid predators. Historically, delta smelt were distributed from San Pablo Bay upstream to Sacramento on

924-441: Is a building or property that produces wine , or a business involved in the cultivation and production of wine, such as a wine company . Some wine companies own many wineries. Besides wine making equipment, larger wineries may also feature warehouses , bottling lines , laboratories , and large expanses of tanks known as tank farms. Wineries may have existed as long as 8,000 years ago. The earliest known evidence of winemaking at

990-522: Is an emerging threat to the delta smelt. Rising water temperatures, changes in precipitation patterns, and increased frequency of droughts are expected to further reduce the availability of suitable habitat for delta smelt. Higher water temperatures have a direct impact on the species’ reproductive success and survival, as delta smelt are sensitive to temperature fluctuations. Warmer waters can accelerate metabolic rates, leading to increased oxygen demand and heightened stress levels. Higher water temperatures have

1056-547: Is generally regarded as the combined counties of Napa, Sonoma, Mendocino, Lake, Solano, and western parts of Yolo County. These counties contain the following American Viticultural Areas (AVAs): The six-county North Coast AVA overlaps with the Wine Country as defined here and also includes Marin County. In addition, the names of the counties themselves are legal for use as appellation names. The earliest prehistory of

1122-465: Is not a problem for an urban winery to grow their grapes in a remote location and then transport them to the urban facility for crushing, fermentation and aging. Urban wineries have been opened in cities across the United States including San Francisco; Sacramento; Portland, Oregon; Seattle; Frederick, Maryland; New York; Cincinnati; San Diego; and Los Angeles to name a few. Wilridge Winery was

1188-446: Is one of five currently recognized species within the genus Hypomesus , which is part of the larger smelt family, Osmeridae. The genus has been subject to many revisions since it was first classified by Gill in 1863. The first major revision occurred in 1963, when the family Osmeridae was re-examined by Canadian ichthyologist Donald Evan McAllister . Expanding on Japanese researcher Hamada's earlier determination that H. olidus

1254-503: Is prevalent on the Wine Country valley floors. The Wine Country has undergone a boom in tourism. In 1975 there were only 25 Napa Valley wineries; today there are well over 800 wineries in Napa and Sonoma Counties. Tourists come to the region not only for wine tasting , but also for hiking , bicycling , hot air ballooning , and historic sites, as well as the extensive culinary choices. Numerous notable chefs and restaurateurs are present in

1320-551: Is very susceptible to changes in the environmental conditions of its native habitat. It is listed as a federally threatened species under the Endangered Species Act of 1973 . Efforts to protect the fish from further decline and extinction have focused on limiting or modifying the large-scale pumping activities of state and federal water projects at the southern end of the estuary, thereby limiting water available to farming. However, these efforts have not prevented

1386-732: The Barossa Valley in Australia or the legendary wine regions of France ( Bordeaux , Burgundy , Champagne ) and Italy , wineries can be found nearly everywhere. The east coast of the United States also has winemaking regions like New York's Finger Lakes region, Aquidneck Island , RI and Long Island, NY and Cape May, NJ. Wineries do not have to be located adjacent to vineyards; grapes can be shipped anywhere. In addition, people make wine out of other fruits and plants (dandelion wine, apple wine, strawberry wine, honey wine, passion fruit wine), so these specialty wineries tend to pop up where

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1452-514: The Napa River as well as in the Laguna de Santa Rosa - not only in the mainstems, but in many of the tributaries. These investigations have demonstrated a historical decline in spawning and habitat value for these species, primarily due to sedimentation and secondarily to removal of riparian vegetation since the 19th century. A variety of salamanders , snakes and frogs are also present in

1518-487: The fermentation of fruit, as well as blending and aging of the juice. The grapes may be from vineyards owned by the winery or may be brought in from other locations. Many wineries also give tours and have cellar doors or tasting rooms where customers can taste wines before they make a purchase. While some associate wineries with large winemaking regions such as Napa Valley and Sonoma Valley in California,

1584-727: The Biden administration, which signaled a return to stronger protections for endangered species, including the delta smelt. In 2021, federal agencies began revisiting the rollback of these water and species protections, but debates between agricultural interests and conservation groups remain ongoing. Efforts to conserve and restore the delta smelt (Hypomesus transpacificus) population have been ongoing for decades, as this species continues to face significant threats from habitat degradation, climate change, and water management practices. Multiple state and federal agencies, in partnership with universities and conservation organizations, have implemented

1650-585: The FWS BioOp was arbitrary and capricious and, again, ordered the FWS to complete a new one. In 2014, a divided panel of the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals reversed Judge Wanger. While the new biological opinion was "a ponderous, chaotic document, overwhelming in size", it was found not arbitrary and capricious. The Ninth Circuit affirmed that the water projects were jeopardizing the existence of

1716-546: The Sacramento River and Mossdale on the San Joaquin River, which varied seasonally and with freshwater outflow. Today, large areas of historic delta smelt habitat and designated critical habitat have become unsuitable for some life history stages of the species, though key environmental characteristics (e.g. temperature, salinity, water depth) of these areas have not changed. Delta smelt disappeared from

1782-406: The Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta and Suisun Marsh.Restoration efforts focus on recreating tidal wetlands and improving water quality, which are essential for the delta smelt’s life cycle. These restored habitats aim to provide the delta smelt with improved spawning grounds, adequate food resources, and reduced predation pressures. However, the success of these restoration efforts is often challenged by

1848-507: The Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. Historically, delta smelt were relatively abundant in the upper Sacramento-San Joaquin Estuary, with populations declining dramatically in the 1980s. They were listed as threatened by both federal and state governments in 1993, and sustained record-low abundance indices, prompted their listing as endangered under the California Endangered Species Act in 2010. Critical habitat

1914-570: The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) issued a biological opinion that the Central Valley Project and the California State Water Project were not having an adverse effect on the recovery of the delta smelt. The Natural Resources Defense Council sued, and in 2007, Fresno U.S. District Court Judge Oliver Wanger found the biological opinion was arbitrary and capricious and ordered protections for

1980-559: The United States, and has contributed greatly to Northern California’s growth and establishment as a wine producing region. A diversity of aquatic and terrestrial organisms populate the Wine Country and its riparian zones . Winter-run Chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tsawytscha ), Delta smelt ( Hypomesus transpacificus ) and steelhead ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) are the most prominent fishes . Researchers have studied anadromous fish-movements extensively in Sonoma Creek and in

2046-604: The Wine Country include Santa Rosa , Healdsburg , Sonoma , Kenwood , Petaluma , Sebastopol , Guerneville , Windsor , Geyserville , and Cloverdale in Sonoma County; Napa , Yountville , Rutherford , St. Helena and Calistoga in Napa County; and Hopland and Ukiah in Mendocino County. Wine is also an important part of the economy in nearby Lake , Solano , and Yolo counties. Wine Country

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2112-550: The Wine Country involves habitation by several Native American tribes from approximately 8000 BC. The principal tribes living in this region included the Pomo , Coast Miwok , Wappo and Patwin , whose early peoples practiced certain forms of agriculture , but probably not involving the cultivation of grapes. During the Mexican Colonial period and after, European settlers brought in more intensive agriculture to

2178-575: The Wine Country, including Thomas Keller , John Ash , and Sondra Bernstein. Besides the obvious winery attractions, the Wine Country is known for the Sonoma County coastline along the Pacific Ocean , the Russian River valley, redwoods , hot spring baths, petrified forests and other natural areas. The Wine Country tourism boom has its downside, exemplified by traffic congestion on State Route 29 , particularly on summer weekends, when

2244-510: The Wine Country, including growing grapes and wine production. Some of the historical events that led to the establishment of California as a state transpired in the Wine Country. In particular, the town of Sonoma is known as the birthplace of American California. Agoston Haraszthy is credited as one of the forefathers of the California wine industry in Sonoma by his planting of grapes in

2310-726: The Wine Country. The federally listed as threatened California red-legged frog is present in the northern reach draining the south slopes of Annadel State Park . Several endangered species (mostly associated with the Napa Sonoma Marsh ) present include Ridgway's rail ( Rallus obsoletus ), California black rail ( Laterallus jamaicensis ), California brown pelican ( Pelicanus occudentalis ), California freshwater shrimp ( Syncaris pacifica ), salt marsh harvest mouse ( Reithrodontomys raviventris ), Suisun shrew ( Sorex ornatus sinuosus ), Sacramento splittail ( Pogonichtys macrolepidotus ). The above are endangered species with

2376-635: The available natural habitat for the species, pushing delta smelt into fragmented and degraded environments. Water diversion projects, such as the Central Valley Project and the State Water Project, have further reduced the availability of freshwater flows, particularly during dry years. These reduced flows impact not only the quality of delta smelt habitat but also their access to low-salinity areas, which are critical for survival. The introduction of non-native species, such as

2442-644: The delta smelt while the document was redone. In 2008, at the close of the court's deadline, the FWS issued a new biological opinion. This time, the FWS came to the opposite of its earlier conclusion, finding the water projects were jeopardizing the continued existence of the delta smelt. When six new plaintiffs sued, Judge Wanger preliminarily ordered the FWS to give him weekly justifications of delta flow restrictions and appointed four scientists as his own expert witnesses. After haranguing FWS expert witnesses as "zealots", in December 2010 Judge Wanger, again, found

2508-527: The delta smelt with fewer areas of low salinity where they can thrive. Recent studies have highlighted the potential effects of water flow management on the migration and behavior of delta smelt. The timing of freshwater pulses, especially in dry years, is crucial for the species to access key habitats. In some years, water management practices have inadvertently resulted in higher mortality rates due to entrainment at water export facilities, where smelt are sucked into pumps and removed from their habitats. In 2005,

2574-639: The delta smelt, and given TVA v. Hill ' s command that endangered species must be saved "whatever the cost", Circuit Judge Jay Bybee opined that California could only use the smelts' water after receiving an exemption from the God Squad . In January 2015 the U.S. Supreme Court declined review without comment. The smelt is unpopular among farmers, with a common complaint being that 200,000 acres of farmland have been left fallow due to "four buckets of minnows". Although allegations have been made that this protection has hurt California's agricultural sector, with

2640-449: The delta smelt’s habitat protection. Critics argued that the revised rules weakened critical safeguards for species like the delta smelt by prioritizing water deliveries to agriculture over the preservation of essential ecosystems. Environmental groups filed lawsuits challenging these regulatory changes, claiming that the rollback would further endanger the already critically low delta smelt population. The legal back-and-forth continued under

2706-399: The delta, has led to toxic runoff entering the waterways, affecting the smelt’s reproductive success and overall health. Studies have shown that exposure to contaminants like copper and ammonia can impair the smelt's behavior, physiology, and immune response. Histopathological assessments conducted over several year-classes of delta smelt have revealed significant tissue damage, particularly in

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2772-601: The devastation of hundreds of thousands of acres of farmland and the loss of tens of thousands of jobs in the Central Valley , a 2009 UC Davis study estimated that job losses due to smelt protection were closer to 5,000. In more recent developments, the Trump administration’s 2019 rollback of environmental protections, including changes to the Endangered Species Act, led to renewed legal battles over

2838-582: The east and west sides of the Pacific Ocean suggests that their common ancestor had a range that would have crossed the Pacific. Researchers have hypothesized that climatic changes may have reduced the range of the ancestral species during cooling periods, which would have created a reproductive barrier, allowing speciation to occur. Although the low number of species in the genus and high levels of homoplasy have frustrated attempts to determine whether

2904-557: The exception of the splittail, steelhead and black rail, which are federally designated as threatened. Upland ecosystems drained include mixed California oak woodland , chaparral and savannah woodland . In these upland reaches one finds plentiful black-tailed deer , coyote , skunk, raccoon, opossum, wild turkey , turkey vulture , red-tailed hawk and occasionally bobcat and mountain lion . Prominent higher elevation trees include: Coast live oak , Garry oak , Pacific madrone , California buckeye , Douglas fir , whereas valley oak

2970-556: The first urban winery in Seattle. Winery wastewater is primarily generated during the cleaning of winemaking equipment and facilities. The quantity and quality of wastewater shows seasonal variations. Wastewater handling involves collection, possible treatment, then disposal and/or reuse. Peak wastewater generation occurs during the "crush", in other words, when grapes are actively being processed into juice for fermentation. This process requires large amounts of clean water and results in

3036-461: The freshwater flows that are crucial for maintaining the delta smelt’s habitat. Regulatory measures, such as the enforcement of flow restrictions and the establishment of critical habitat areas, have been implemented to ensure that sufficient freshwater reaches key delta smelt habitats, especially during dry years. Despite these efforts, balancing the competing demands for water remains a challenge, and legal battles over water allocation continue to play

3102-599: The freshwater-saltwater mixing zone of the estuary, except during its spawning season, when it migrates upstream to fresh water following winter " first flush " flow events (around March to May). It functions as an indicator species for the overall health of the Delta's ecosystem. Delta Smelt are usually found at temperatures of less than 25°C and prefer temperatures of around 20°C. They are euryhaline but occur mostly at salinities of 0–7 practical salinity units. Because of its one-year lifecycle and relatively low fecundity , it

3168-465: The genus would elevate all of McAllister's subspecies to full species status, based on fin ray counts and the number of chromatophores between their mandibles, a change which genetic analysis has supported. In fact, genetic analysis would conclude that despite their morphological similarities, H. nipponensis and H. transpacificus are actually members of different phylogenetic clades . The abbreviated distribution of Hypomesus species along both

3234-713: The lakes that would have been located in the southern San Joaquin Valley during the Pleistocene epoch . Genetic studies of delta smelt populations in recent years have revealed potential signs of adaptation to environmental changes, such as increased tolerance to warmer water temperatures. These changes are thought to be driven by the increasingly challenging conditions in the San Francisco Estuary, where rapid alterations in water temperature, salinity, and habitat availability have exerted selective pressures on

3300-408: The liver and gills, which is linked to chronic exposure to pollutants such as ammonia and heavy metals. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have also been detected in the delta, which can interfere with the delta smelt’s hormonal systems and reproduction. These contaminants can have long-term, sub-lethal effects that reduce the population's resilience to other environmental stressors. Climate change

3366-599: The lower Arroyo Seco Creek watershed of Sonoma County. In 2017, many portions of California's Wine Country were heavily devastated by wildfires, including the October 2017 Northern California wildfires . Founded in 1880, the UC Davis Department of Viticulture and Enology is the most famous and established school for research and education in winemaking in the Northern California region and

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3432-576: The mixing zone where salt water meets fresh water. The Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers then transport the delta smelt larvae downstream to the mixing zone, normally located in the Suisun Bay. Young delta smelt then feed and grow in the mixing zone before starting their upstream spawning migration in late fall or early winter. The delta smelt is preyed upon by larger fish, especially striped bass and largemouth bass , which are introduced species in

3498-485: The northern Pacific H. olidus or H. nipponensis are the basal species of Hypomesus , the most recent speciation event in Hypomesus is known to have been between the two native east Pacific species, H. pretiosus and H. transpacificus . This is plausibly due to a geographic isolation of a widespread eastern Pacific ancestor, of which some members were isolated in a freshwater basin in western California, possibly in

3564-410: The number of tourists often exceeds the carrying capacity of the road. The Napa Valley is also experiencing pressures for increased urbanization and roadway upgrades. There have also been issues related to regulating home sharing. After a boom in residents renting rooms in private homes, the city government of Napa was forced to require any Napa Airbnb properties to register. Winery A winery

3630-475: The ongoing presence of invasive species, such as the overbite clam (Potamocorbula amurensis) and the Mississippi silverside (Menidia audens), which compete with delta smelt for food and further reduce their chances of survival. The management of water resources in California has long been at odds with the conservation of delta smelt. Water diversions for agricultural and urban uses have significantly reduced

3696-458: The other substances are grown. For example, a winery in Hawaii produces pineapple wine. A class of winery license known as the farm winery allows farms to produce and sell wines on site. Farm wineries differ from commercial wineries in that the fruit which is the source of the wine is usually produced on the farm, and the final product is also sold on the farm. States such as New York have given

3762-513: The overbite clam(Potamocorbula amurensis) and Mississippi silverside (Menidia audens), has greatly affected delta smelt survival. These invasive species compete with delta smelt for food resources, particularly zooplankton, which is crucial for their diet. Invasive predators, such as striped bass and largemouth bass, also pose a significant threat by preying on delta smelt, further reducing their already dwindling populations.Invasive aquatic plants, like water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), have altered

3828-417: The southern Georgian region of Kvemo Kartli uncovered evidence of wine-making equipment (containers called qvevri ) dating back 8000 years. In 2017 the remnants of an 8000-year-old facility for large-scale production was found 20 miles south of Tbilisi , Georgia . Wineries typically employ winemakers to produce various wines from grapes by following the winemaking process. This process involves

3894-471: The southern portion of their historic habitat in the late 1970s, which coincides with substantial increases in the amounts of water exported from the delta. Water export operations likely have a great effect on the distribution, abundance, and genetic diversity of delta smelt. The delta smelt is semelparous , living one year and dying after its first spawning. Their spawning occurs in spring in river channels and tidally influenced backwater sloughs upstream of

3960-481: The species from becoming functionally extinct in the wild. Delta smelt is easily to be confused with longfin smelt. They are both small, pelagic fish species native to the estuarine and coastal waters of the Pacific coast, but they exhibit distinct ecological, morphological, and behavioral characteristics. The delta smelt, a key indicator species, is endemic to the San Francisco Bay-Delta and has

4026-664: The species. Evidence of genetic differentiation between wild and hatchery populations has also been observed, raising concerns about the long-term viability of hatchery supplementation programs designed to conserve the species. The delta smelt is endemic to the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta in California, where it is distributed from the Suisun Bay upstream through the delta in Contra Costa, Sacramento, San Joaquin, and Solano Counties. The delta smelt

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4092-572: The species’ genetic integrity. Recent research has highlighted the importance of maintaining genetic diversity in hatchery populations to ensure their resilience and adaptability when reintroduced into the wild. These hatchery programs have become critical as wild populations continue to decline. However, concerns remain about the ability of hatchery-reared delta smelt to adapt to the natural environment and survive long-term without genetic degradation. In response to habitat loss and degradation, large-scale habitat restoration projects have been initiated in

4158-438: The structure of the delta ecosystem by creating dense mats of vegetation. These mats limit water movement and light penetration, reducing water quality and making the delta less hospitable for delta smelt and other native species. The delta smelt’s habitat contains a variety of pollutants, including agricultural runoff, pesticides, heavy metals, and urban contaminants. Pesticide use, particularly in agricultural areas surrounding

4224-454: The timing and quantity of freshwater flows, pushing the delta smelt into more saline environments, which are less suitable for their survival. Water diversion projects have altered the natural flow of freshwater into the delta, reducing the amount of water available for delta smelt habitats, especially during critical spawning and rearing periods. The diversion of freshwater for agriculture, combined with increasing urban water demands, has left

4290-482: Was listed for delta smelt on December 19, 1994. Delta smelt are threatened with extinction due to anthropogenic alterations to their ecosystem, including urbanization, non-native species, water diversions, contaminants, and the conversion of complex tidal habitats to leveed channels. A survey in April 2015 found only one individual delta smelt. Although the fish is almost extinct in the wild, extant populations remain in

4356-591: Was not a monolithic widespread species, but rather one of three distinct species of Hypomesus , McAllister assigned them new names, and further delineated what he believed were four subspecies. This was the first description of H. transpacificus , named for its supposed occurrence on both sides of the Pacific , and also "to the friendship of Japanese and Canadian ichthyologists." He separated these geographically isolated populations into separate subspecies: H. t. transpacificus and H. t. nipponensis . Modern analysis of

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