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101-429: A wink is a facial expression made by briefly closing one eye . A wink is an informal mode of non-verbal communication usually signaling shared hidden knowledge or intent. However, it is ambiguous by itself and highly dependent upon additional context, without which a wink could become misinterpreted or even nonsensical. For example, in some regions of the world, a wink may be considered rude or offensive. Depending on

202-676: A sportscaster for KTUU-TV and KTVA-TV in Anchorage and as a sports reporter for the Mat-Su Valley Frontiersman , fulfilling an early ambition. Palin has been a Republican since 1982. Palin was elected to the Wasilla City Council in 1992, winning by a margin of 530 votes to 310. Concerned that revenue from a new Wasilla sales tax would not be spent wisely, Palin ran for mayor of Wasilla in 1996, defeating incumbent mayor John Stein by

303-406: A 2003 Alaska Department of Fish and Game policy allowing the hunting of wolves from the air as part of a predator control program intended to increase moose and caribou populations for subsistence-food gatherers and other hunters. In March 2007, the department offered a bounty of $ 150 per wolf would be paid to the 180 volunteer pilots and gunners in five areas of Alaska to offset fuel costs. In

404-406: A 651–440 margin. Her biographer described her campaign as targeting wasteful spending and high taxes; her opponent, Stein, said that Palin introduced abortion, gun rights , and term limits as campaign issues. The election was nonpartisan, though the state Republican Party ran advertisements for Palin. She ran for reelection against Stein in 1999 and won, 909 votes to 292. In 2002, she completed

505-566: A career as a television personality. From 2010 to 2015, she provided political commentary for Fox News . She hosted TLC 's Sarah Palin's Alaska in 2010–11 and Amazing America with Sarah Palin on the Sportsman Channel in 2014–15. From 2014 to 2015, she oversaw a short-lived subscriber-based online TV channel , the Sarah Palin Channel , via TAPP TV . Her personal memoir, Going Rogue , written following

606-440: A child's cognitive ability to detect facial expression is being exposed to it from the time of birth. The more an infant is exposed to different faces and expressions, the more able they are to recognize these emotions and then mimic them for themselves. Infants are exposed to an array of emotional expressions from birth, and evidence indicates that they imitate some facial expressions and gestures (e.g., tongue protrusion) as early as

707-500: A cortical route in the brain. Conversely, involuntary facial expressions are believed to be innate and follow a subcortical route in the brain. Facial recognition can be an emotional experience for the brain and the amygdala is highly involved in the recognition process. Beyond the accessory nature of facial expressions in spoken communication between people, they play a significant role in communication with sign language . Many phrases in sign language include facial expressions. There

808-553: A few months old, the family moved to Skagway, Alaska , where her father had been hired to teach. They relocated to Eagle River, Anchorage in 1969, and settled in Wasilla, Alaska , in 1972. Palin played flute in the junior high band. She attended Wasilla High School , where she was head of the Fellowship of Christian Athletes and a member of the girls' basketball and cross-country running teams. During her senior year, she

909-456: A full two-year term. Palin was born in Sandpoint, Idaho , the third of four children (three daughters and one son) of Sarah "Sally" Heath (née Sheeran; 1940–2021), a school secretary, and Charles R. "Chuck" Heath (born 1938), a science teacher and track-and-field coach. Palin's siblings are Chuck Jr., Heather, and Molly. Palin is of English, Irish, and German ancestry. When Palin was

1010-401: A good idea.'" Palin said there was "absolutely no pressure ever put on Commissioner Monegan to hire or fire anybody, at any time. I did not abuse my office powers. And I don't know how to be more blunt and candid and honest, but to tell you that truth. To tell you that no pressure was ever put on anybody to fire anybody." Todd Palin gave a similar account. On August 13, she acknowledged that

1111-404: A joke. It is also possible for person A to use winking in order to secretly imply to person B that the words or actions of some third party should not be taken seriously (for example, because the third party is joking or lying). A wink could also be used as a somewhat humorous way to express sympathy, solidarity, and encouragement, especially when the winker is trying to put the receiver at ease in

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1212-467: A lie. Person B will "bat their eyelash" at person C, letting person C know that they think what person A said was foolish, lazy, obvious, etc. Winking in Western culture can be used as a way of letting someone else know that the winker or some other person is joking or lying (e.g., a parent tells their child a story about a fairy princess, and then winks at the child's older sibling, the sibling thus knows

1313-605: A number of Asian countries during the 2008 vice presidential debate , where she winked several times while debating Joe Biden . When Frederick Spencer Chapman was training Chinese guerillas in Malaya to shoot rifles, he found that a large proportion of them were unable to close only one eye at a time. However, winking in the Indian subcontinent often has similar connotations as in the West. It can be used to signal an "inside" joke,

1414-532: A pipeline to transport natural gas from the Alaska North Slope to the continental United States through Canada. The governor also pledged $ 500 million in seed money to support the project. It was estimated that the project would cost $ 26 billion. Newsweek described the project as "the principal achievement of Sarah Palin's term as Alaska's governor." The pipeline also faces legal challenges from Canadian First Nations . In 2007, Palin supported

1515-550: A political one, and ordered Stambaugh to pay Palin's legal fees. During her second term as mayor, Palin proposed and promoted the construction of a municipal sports center to be financed by a 0.5% sales tax increase and a $ 14.7 million bond issue. Voters approved the measure by a 20-vote margin, and the Wasilla Multi-Use Sports Complex (later named the Curtis D. Menard Memorial Sports Center )

1616-459: A private investigator to gather information, seeking to have Wooten officially disciplined. Monegan stated that he learned an internal investigation had found all but two of the allegations to be unsubstantiated, and Wooten had been disciplined for the others – an illegal moose killing and the tasering of his 11-year-old stepson, who had reportedly asked to be tasered. He told the Palins that there

1717-404: A single wink but more emphatic, two winks in a row may be used by the sender as a subtle way to imply that something said by the sender, immediately beforehand, was "sneaky", "tricky", "misleading", or "untrue" to the receiver. In English-speaking countries, this has also given rise to the expression of vocally saying "wink wink" while winking—or sometimes while not even winking at all, in which case

1818-420: A situation where they might feel nervous or uncomfortable. In such cases a wink has a meaning very similar to that of a " thumbs up ". In some cultures it is often a sexual interest, or flirtatious manner, during momentary eye contact. This is often followed by a smile and usually a smile from the receiver if it is accepted or approved by them, sometimes combined with blushing if they are embarrassed. A smile from

1919-428: A sly gesture shared between two people privately, unbeknownst to those around them, as in a social gathering. It can also be a naughty "come on" towards the attractive sex. In Netherlands and Indonesia , winking at strangers will generally be perceived as offensive or even as a sexual advance and is unlikely to be appreciated. West African parents may wink to signal children to leave the room, especially when there

2020-770: A small amount to the inflation, combined, they can produce exaggerated scores. The three main factors are the following: Darwin argued that the expression of emotions has evolved in humans from animal ancestors, who would have used similar methods of expression. Darwin believed that expressions were unlearned and innate in human nature and were therefore evolutionarily significant for survival. He compiled supporting evidence from his research on different cultures, on infants, and in other animal species. Ekman found that people from different cultures recognized certain facial expressions despite vast cultural differences, and his findings tended to confirm Darwin's initial hypothesis. Cross-cultural studies had shown that there are similarities in

2121-431: A sweet or suggestive look with the eyes, often with the head tilted or at an angle in combination with the shoulders, is known as to "bat an eyelash", "bat/batting eyelashes", or "flutter/fluttering eyelashes". This is done as a way of flirting, showing interest, or in an attempt to persuade the receiver. Depending on the context, it may also be used ironically. For instance, if person A says something outrageous, or obviously

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2222-458: A variety of purposes. It regulates conversations, shows interest or involvement, and establishes a connection with others. But different cultures have different rules for eye contact . Certain Asian cultures can perceive direct eye contact as a way to signal competitiveness, which in many situations may prove to be inappropriate. Others lower their eyes to signal respect, and similarly, eye contact

2323-532: A youth shelter, $ 1.9 million for a transportation hub, and $ 900,000 for sewer repairs. In 2008, Wasilla's current mayor credited Palin's 75 percent property tax cuts and infrastructure improvements with bringing " big-box stores " and 50,000 shoppers per day to Wasilla. In 2002, Palin ran for the Republican nomination for lieutenant governor , coming in second to Loren Leman in a five-way Republican primary. Following her defeat, she campaigned throughout

2424-466: Is a guest, or another adult coming in. It is considered rude for children to stay in a room where adults or elders want to have a conversation, and so winking is used as a more discreet way to tell the children to leave the room. Parents also try not to embarrass themselves in front of guests, because their children do not understand immediately when it is time to leave the room. Not all humans are able to wink voluntarily, and some can only wink one (usually

2525-518: Is a large increase in the activity of the amygdala. The amygdala receives visual information from the thalamus via the subcortical pathways. The amygdala may also have a significant role in the recognition of fear and negative emotions. It is believed that the emotion disgust is recognized through activation of the insula and basal ganglia. The recognition of emotion may also utilize the occipitotemporal neocortex, orbitofrontal cortex and right frontoparietal cortices. More than anything though, what shapes

2626-427: Is an American politician, commentator, author, and reality television personality who served as the ninth governor of Alaska from 2006 until her resignation in 2009. She was the 2008 Republican vice presidential nominee under U.S. Senator John McCain . Palin was elected to the Wasilla city council in 1992 and became mayor of Wasilla in 1996. In 2003, after an unsuccessful run for lieutenant governor , she

2727-489: Is avoided in Nigeria; however, in western cultures this could be misinterpreted as lacking self-confidence . Even beyond the idea of eye contact, eyes communicate more data than a person even consciously expresses. Pupil dilation is a significant cue to a level of excitement, pleasure, or attraction. Dilated pupils indicate greater affection or attraction, while constricted pupils send a colder signal. Facial expression

2828-444: Is controversy surrounding the question of whether facial expressions are a worldwide and universal display among humans. Facial expressions are vital to social communication between humans. They are caused by the movement of muscles that connect to the skin and fascia in the face. These muscles move the skin, creating lines and folds and causing the movement of facial features, such as the mouth and eyebrows. These muscles develop from

2929-401: Is the assumption that certain facial expressions and face-related acts or events are signals of specific emotions (happiness with laughter and smiling, sadness with tears, anger with a clenched jaw, fear with a grimace, or gurn , surprise with raised eyebrows and wide eyes along with a slight retraction of the ears, and disgust with a wrinkled nose and squinted eyes—emotions which frequently lack

3030-460: Is used in sign languages to convey specific meanings. In American Sign Language (ASL), for instance, raised eyebrows combined with a slightly forward head tilt to indicate that what is being signed is a yes–no question . Lowered eyebrows are used for wh-word questions. Facial expression is also used in sign languages to show adverbs and adjectives such as distance or size: an open mouth, squinted eyes and tilted back head indicate something far while

3131-479: The Anchorage Daily News that she had decided not to run for the U.S. Senate that year against the Republican incumbent, Lisa Murkowski , because her teenage son opposed it. Palin said, "How could I be the team mom if I was a U.S. Senator?" In 2006, running on a clean-government platform, Palin defeated incumbent Governor Frank Murkowski in the Republican gubernatorial primary . Her running mate

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3232-626: The Alaska National Guard . On her return journey she visited injured soldiers in Germany. In June 2007, Palin signed a record $ 6.6 billion operating budget into law. At the same time, she used her veto power to make the second-largest cuts of the capital budget in state history. The $ 237 million in cuts represented over 300 local projects and reduced the capital budget to $ 1.6 billion. In 2008, Palin vetoed $ 286 million, cutting or reducing funding for 350 projects from

3333-626: The FY 09 capital budget. Palin followed through on a campaign promise to sell the Westwind II jet, a purchase made by the Murkowski administration for $ 2.7 million in 2005 against the wishes of the legislature. In August 2007, the jet was listed on eBay , but the sale fell through, and the plane later sold for $ 2.1 million through a private brokerage firm. Palin lived in Juneau during

3434-452: The pyramidal tract , specifically the corticobulbar projections . The cortex is associated with display rules in emotion, which are social precepts that influence and modify expressions. Cortically related expressions are made consciously. The second type of expression is emotional. These expressions originate from the extrapyramidal motor system , which involves subcortical nuclei. For this reason, genuine emotions are not associated with

3535-458: The "knit brow" during concentration, raised eyebrows when listening attentively, and short "punctuation" expressions to add emphasis during speech. People can be unaware that they are producing these expressions. The lower portions of the face are controlled by the opposite cerebral hemisphere , causing asymmetric facial expression. Because the right hemisphere is more specialised for emotional expression , emotions are more strongly expressed on

3636-487: The 2008 election, sold more than one million copies. In 2022, Palin ran in the special election for Alaska's at-large congressional seat that was vacated after the death of Representative Don Young , but lost to Democrat Mary Peltola , who completed Young's unfinished term. Palin faced Peltola and others again in the November general election for the same seat, and again lost to Peltola, who won re-election to serve

3737-533: The 50 miles one way to her home in Wasilla. She did not use the former governor's private chef. Both Republicans and Democrats criticized Palin for taking the per diem, as well as an additional $ 43,490 in travel expenses on occasions when her family accompanied her on state business. Palin's staffers responded that these practices were in line with state policy, that her gubernatorial expenses were 80% below those of her predecessor Murkowski, and that "many of

3838-700: The Miss Congeniality award in the Miss Wasilla contest (but this is disputed by another contestant and classmate of Palin's), and a college scholarship. After graduating from high school in 1982, Palin enrolled at the University of Hawaii at Hilo . Shortly after arriving in Hawaii , Palin transferred to Hawaii Pacific University in Honolulu for a semester in the fall of 1982. She returned to

3939-591: The Senate. Governor Murkowski offered other jobs to Palin and, in February 2003, she accepted an appointment to the Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission , which oversees Alaska's oil and gas fields for safety and efficiency. While she had little background in the area, she said she wanted to learn more about the oil industry and was named chair of the commission and ethics supervisor. By November 2003, she

4040-675: The administration of former U.S. senator and then-governor Frank Murkowski . The 2005 Highway Bill provided for $ 223m to build the Gravina Island Bridge . The provisions and earmarks were negotiated by Alaska's Rep. Don Young , who chaired the House Transportation Committee , and were supported by the chair of the Senate Appropriations Committee , Ted Stevens. This bridge, nicknamed "The Bridge to Nowhere" by critics,

4141-526: The capital, Juneau (she chose to have the ceremony in Fairbanks instead). She took office on December 4, 2006. For most of her term, she was very popular with Alaska voters. Polls taken in 2007 showed her with 93% and 89% popularity among all voters. The Anchorage Daily News and The Weekly Standard called her "the most popular governor in America." A poll taken in late September 2008, after Palin

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4242-640: The chimps in evaluating their expressions. Of course, differences between the species' physical facial properties, such as white sclera and everted lips in chimps, would mean that some expressions could not be compared. Similarly, Darwin observed that infants' method of expression for certain emotions was instinctive, as they were able to display emotional expressions they had not themselves yet witnessed. Facial morphology impacts expression recognition in important ways, and therefore, infant facial morphology may also serve some specific communicative function. These similarities in morphology and movement are important for

4343-486: The claim was false and a betrayal of Palin's previous support for their community. Some critics said that her statement was misleading, as she had expressed support for the spending project and kept the federal money after the project was canceled. In August 2008, Palin signed a bill authorizing the State of Alaska to award TransCanada Pipelines —the sole bidder to meet the state's requirements—a license to build and operate

4444-488: The correct interpretation of an emotion. Darwin was particularly interested in the functions of facial expression as evolutionarily important for survival. He looked at the functions of facial expression in terms of the utility of expression in the life of the animal and in terms of specific expressions within species. Darwin deduced that some animals communicated feelings of different emotional states with specific facial expressions. He further concluded that this communication

4545-416: The cortex and are often displayed unconsciously. This is demonstrated in infants before the age of two; they display distress, disgust, interest, anger, contempt, surprise, and fear. Infants' displays of these emotions indicate that they are not cortically related. Similarly, blind children also display emotions, proving that they are subconscious rather than learned. Other subcortical facial expressions include

4646-456: The demise of the bridge proposal, Palin spent $ 26 million in transportation funding for the planned 3-mile access road on Gravina island that ultimately had little use. A spokesman for Alaska's Department of Transportation said that it had been within Palin's power to cancel the road project but noted the state was considering cheaper designs to complete the bridge project, and that in any case

4747-760: The federal investigation into his financial dealings. She promoted the development of oil and natural-gas resources in Alaska, including drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR). Proposals to drill for oil in ANWR have catalyzed national debate . In 2006, Palin obtained a passport. In 2007, she traveled to Kuwait , where she visited the Khabari Alawazem Crossing at the Kuwait–Iraq border and met with members of

4848-427: The ferry service. In 2006, Palin had run for governor with a "build-the-bridge" plank in her platform, saying she would "not allow the spinmeisters to turn this project ... into something that's so negative." Palin criticized the use of the word "nowhere" as insulting to local residents and urged speedy work on building the infrastructure "while our congressional delegation is in a strong position to assist." Despite

4949-540: The first few days of life. In addition, gender affects the tendency to express, perceive, remember, and forget specific emotions. For instance, angry male faces and happy female faces are more recognizable, compared to happy male faces and angry female faces. A 2020 study on "emotion residue" found that even when study participants attempted to make neutral facial expressions, their faces still retained emotion residue from prior expressions, and these prior expressions were able to be detected by observers. A 1988 study on

5050-432: The formation of impressions. This article discusses eyes and facial expressions and the effect they have on interpersonal communication . A person's eyes reveal much about how they are feeling, or what they are thinking. Blink rate can reveal how nervous or at ease a person may be. Research by Boston College professor Joe Tecce suggests that stress levels are revealed by blink rates. He supports his data with statistics on

5151-449: The governor hadn't yet approved. Monegan said that he had resisted persistent pressure from Palin, her husband, and her staff, including state Attorney General Talis J. Colberg , to fire Palin's ex-brother-in-law, Alaska State Trooper Mike Wooten; Wooten was involved in a child custody battle with Palin's sister after a bitter divorce that included an alleged death threat against Palin's father. At one point Sarah and Todd Palin hired

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5252-603: The hundreds of invitations Palin receives include requests for her to bring her family, placing the definition of 'state business' with the party extending the invitation." In February 2009, the State of Alaska, reversing a policy that had treated the payments as legitimate business expenses under the Internal Revenue Code , decided that per diems paid to state employees for stays in their own homes would be treated as taxable income and will be included in employees' gross income on their W-2 forms. Palin had ordered

5353-470: The left side of the face, particularly for negative emotions . Asymmetries in expression can be seen in chimeric faces (facial portraits made by combining the left and right halves of faces with different expressions) and also in portraits which more often show the left, more emotional side of the face than the right. The amygdala plays an important role in facial recognition. Functional imaging studies have found that when shown pictures of faces, there

5454-470: The legislative session, and lived in Wasilla and worked out of offices in Anchorage the rest of the year. Since the office in Anchorage was 565 miles from Juneau, while she worked there, state officials said she was permitted to claim a $ 58 per diem travel allowance and reimbursement for hotel. She filed for per diem, claiming a total of $ 16,951, but rather than stay at a hotel overnight, regularly commuted

5555-458: The looking behaviors of others convey significant information. Infants prefer to look at faces that engage them in mutual gaze and that, from an early age, healthy babies show enhanced neural processing of direct gaze. Eye contact is another major aspect of facial communication. Some have hypothesized that this is due to infancy, as humans are one of the few mammals who maintain regular eye contact with their mother while nursing. Eye contact serves

5656-860: The mainland, enrolling at North Idaho College , a community college in Coeur d'Alene , for the spring and fall semesters of 1983. She transferred and enrolled at the University of Idaho in Moscow, Idaho , for an academic year starting in August 1984. Beginning in the fall of 1985, she attended Matanuska-Susitna College in Alaska. Palin returned to the University of Idaho in January 1986 and received her bachelor's degree in communications with an emphasis in journalism in May 1987. After graduation, Palin worked as

5757-438: The matching facial expression from an array of three faces. The Fore selected the correct face on 64–90% of trials but had difficulty distinguishing the fear face from the surprise face. Children selected from an array of only two faces, and their results were similar to the adults'. Subsequent cross-cultural studies found similar results Both sides of this debate agree that the face expresses emotion. The controversy surrounds

5858-645: The mouth pulled to one side and the cheek held toward the shoulder indicate something close, and puffed cheeks mean very large. It can also show the manner in which something is done, such as carelessly or routinely. Some of these expressions, also called non-manual signs, are used similarly in different sign languages while others are different from one language to another. For example, the expression used for 'carelessly' in ASL means 'boring or unpleasant' in British Sign Language . The universality hypothesis

5959-513: The non- dominant ) eye. Others are far better at winking one eye and find it awkward to wink the other. Animal winks are thought to be just as meaningful as humans'. Dogs are said to wink as a sign of non-aggression due to the fact they see extended eye contact as a challenge for dominance. So, when dogs don’t want to fight, they will wink/blink in submission. Although usually blinking slowly to show affection, cats are also more rarely known to wink to humans and other cats, communicating that it sees

6060-402: The other as trustworthy. This has led some people to refer to this action as a "cat kiss", since the cat is showing love, like human kisses do. Facial expression Humans can adopt a facial expression voluntarily or involuntarily, and the neural mechanisms responsible for controlling the expression differ in each case. Voluntary facial expressions are often socially conditioned and follow

6161-461: The parent is lying to the younger child). It may also be used to communicate sexual intentions, ranging from flirtation to an explicit invitation. In China and reportedly to some extent in India, winking to anyone other than family or a friend who a person wishes to have sex with may be seen as an offensive or at least an impolite gesture. This is demonstrated in the commotion caused by Sarah Palin in

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6262-543: The position of city administrator and reduced her own $ 68,000 salary by 10%. By mid 1998 this action was reversed by the city council. In October 1996, Palin asked library director Mary Ellen Emmons if she would object to the removal of a book from the library if people were picketing to have the book removed. Emmons responded that she would, and others as well. Palin stated that she had not been proposing censorship but had been discussing many issues with her staff that were "both rhetorical and realistic in nature." No attempt

6363-563: The position of museum director. She asked for updated resumes and resignation letters from "city department heads who had been loyal to Stein", although the mayor's office was considered a non-partisan position. These included the city police chief, public works director, finance director, and librarian. Palin stated this request was to find out their intentions and whether they supported her. She temporarily required department heads to get her approval before talking to reporters, saying they needed to learn her administration's policies. She created

6464-574: The preceding four years, 607 wolves had been killed. State biologists wanted 382 to 664 wolves to be killed by the end of the predator-control season in April 2007. Wildlife activists sued the state- A state judge declared the bounty illegal on the basis that a bounty would have to be offered by the Board of Game and not by the Department of Fish and Game. On August 26, 2008, Alaskans voted against ending

6565-419: The project as a "financial mess." A city council member defended the spending increases as being necessitated by the city's growth during that time. Palin also joined with nearby communities in hiring the Anchorage -based lobbying firm of Robertson , Monagle & Eastaugh to lobby for federal funds. The firm secured nearly $ 8 million in earmarks for the Wasilla city government, including $ 500,000 for

6666-503: The race, her public image and experience came under media attention. Although her vice presidential bid alongside McCain was unsuccessful, the 2008 presidential election significantly raised Palin's national profile. Since her resignation as governor in 2009, she has campaigned for the fiscally conservative Tea Party movement . In addition, she has publicly endorsed several candidates in multiple election cycles, including Donald Trump in his 2016 presidential campaign . She has also led

6767-724: The receiver sometimes—but not always—indicates (sexual) interest in the winker. For example, in the Wodaabe tribe in the Niger area, someone who wants to engage in sexual activities can wink at a person. If the person continues to look at them, they will slightly move their lip corner, showing the way to the bush the person is expected to have sex with them in. In particularly difficult or strenuous situations, Person A may wink at Person B to non-verbally communicate that Person B can trust Person C. An extreme example of this could be undercover cops when one does something otherwise questionable. Like

6868-522: The relation between the blink rates of presidential candidates and their success in their races. Tecce claims that the faster blinker in the presidential debates has lost every election since 1980. Though Tecce's data is interesting, it is important to recognize that non-verbal communication is multi-channeled, and focusing on only one aspect is reckless. Nervousness can also be measured by examining each candidates' perspiration, eye contact and stiffness. Within their first year, Infants learn rapidly that

6969-435: The relationship of the people involved, a wink could possibly constitute a sexual gesture. Winking is one of the more subtle gestures, usually involving eye contact between those involved. In most cases it is only meant to be known by the sender and their intended receivers, but in some cases can be more widely intended. A single wink is usually a friendly gesture implying a degree of solidarity or intimacy. A typical use of

7070-627: The review of the tax policy. In December 2008, an Alaska state commission recommended increasing the governor's annual salary from $ 125,000 to $ 150,000. Palin said that she would not accept the pay raise. In response, the commission dropped the recommendation. In her State of the State address on January 17, 2008, Palin declared that the people of Alaska "can and must continue to develop our economy, because we cannot and must not rely so heavily on federal government [funding]." Alaska's federal congressional representatives cut back on pork-barrel project requests during Palin's time as governor. While

7171-656: The road would open up the surrounding lands for development. As governor, Palin canceled the Gravina Island Bridge in September 2007, saying that Congress had "little interest in spending any more money" due to "inaccurate portrayals of the projects." Alaska did not return the $ 442 million in federal transportation funds. In 2008, as a vice-presidential candidate, Palin characterized her position as having told Congress "thanks, but no thanks, on that bridge to nowhere." A number of Ketchikan residents said that

7272-474: The roads and sewers and increased funding to the police department. She oversaw creation of new bike paths and procured funding for storm-water treatment to protect freshwater resources. At the same time, she reduced the budget of the local museum and postponed discussions about a new library and city hall, which some of the council believed was needed. Soon after taking office in October 1996, Palin eliminated

7373-425: The second pharyngeal arch in the embryo. The temporalis , masseter , and internal and external pterygoid muscles , which are mainly used for chewing, have a minor effect on expression as well. These muscles develop from the first pharyngeal arch. There are two brain pathways associated with facial expression; the first is voluntary expression. Voluntary expression travels from the primary motor cortex through

7474-474: The second of the two consecutive three-year terms allowed by the city charter. She was elected president of the Alaska Conference of Mayors in 1999. Using revenue generated by a 2% sales tax, which had been approved by Wasilla voters in October 1992, Palin cut property taxes by 75% and eliminated personal property and business inventory taxes. Using municipal bonds , she made improvements to

7575-417: The sender is not communicating the "trickiness" of their words to a third party, but to the receiver, and is thus signalling that their words should not be taken literally but as a hint or euphemism . To close and open, or "wink", both eyes is usually an involuntary action known as a " blink ". Though if done intentionally, in a particular way (such as once slowly or a few times in a row quickly), while giving

7676-650: The social component of those like shame, pride, jealousy, envy, deference, etc.) and are recognized by people regardless of culture, language, or time. The belief in the evolutionary basis of these kinds of facial expressions can be traced back to Darwin 's The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals . Reviews of the universality hypothesis have been both supportive and critical. Work in 2013 by Nelson and Russell and Jack et al. has been especially critical. Ekman 's work on facial expressions had its starting point in

7777-501: The state for the nominated Republican governor-lieutenant governor ticket of Frank Murkowski and Leman. Murkowski and Leman won and Murkowski resigned from his long-held U.S. Senate seat in December 2002 to assume the governorship. Palin was said to be on the "short list" of possible appointees to Murkowski's U.S. Senate seat, but Murkowski ultimately appointed his daughter, State Representative Lisa Murkowski , as his successor in

7878-574: The state has no sales tax or income tax, royalty revenues from the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field (consisting mostly of state-owned lands) have supported large state budgets since 1980. The exact amounts have depended on the prevailing price of petroleum . As a result, state revenues doubled to $ 10 billion in 2008. Despite this, for the 2009 state budget, Palin gave a list of 31 proposed federal earmarks or requests for funding, totaling $ 197 million, to Alaska's senior U.S. Senator Ted Stevens . This

7979-423: The state's predator control program. Palin dismissed Public Safety Commissioner Walt Monegan on July 11, 2008, citing performance-related issues, such as not being "a team player on budgeting issues" and "egregious rogue behavior." Palin attorney Thomas Van Flein said that the "last straw" was Monegan's planned trip to Washington, D.C. , to seek funding for a new, multimillion-dollar sexual assault initiative

8080-431: The subject of Wooten came up when he invited Palin to a birthday party for his cousin, state senator Lyman Hoffman , in February 2007 during the legislative session in Juneau . "As we were walking down the stairs in the capitol building she wanted to talk to me about her former brother-in-law," Monegan said. "I said, 'Ma'am, I need to keep you at arm's length with this. I can't deal about him with you. She said, 'OK, that's

8181-487: The uncertainty about what specific emotional information is read from a facial expression. Opponents of the universality hypothesis believe that more general information is pieced together with other contextual information in order to determine how a person feels. One argument against the evidence presented in support of the universality hypothesis is that the method typically used to demonstrate universality inflates recognition scores. Although each factor may contribute only

8282-421: The way emotions are expressed across diverse cultures, but studies have even shown that there are similarities between species in how emotions are expressed. Research has shown that chimpanzees are able to communicate many of the same facial expressions as humans through the complex movements of the facial muscles. In fact, the facial cues were so similar that Ekman's Facial Action Coding System could be applied to

8383-453: The wink is to quietly send a message that third parties are not aware of. For example, while person A is lying to person B or deliberately teasing them, they might wink at person C as a means of indicating the fact to C and incorporating them in the "conspiracy". Alternatively, if person A is joking or teasing person B in a friendly way, person A may wink directly at person B as a way to suggest to them that their own (A's) words are to be taken as

8484-570: The work of psychologist Silvan Tomkins . Ekman showed that facial expressions of emotion are not culturally determined, but universal across human cultures. To demonstrate his universality hypothesis, Ekman ran a test on a group of the South Fore people of New Guinea , a pre-industrial culture that was isolated from the West. The experiment participants were told brief stories about emotional events (happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, and disgust). After each story, they were asked to select

8585-505: The “facial feedback” hypothesis found that study participants mood was improved when they smiled. However, this study later failed a large replication attempt. One experiment investigated the influence of gaze direction and facial expression on face memory. Participants were shown a set of unfamiliar faces with either happy or angry facial expressions, which were either gazing straight ahead or had their gaze averted to one side. Memory for faces that were initially shown with angry expressions

8686-468: Was State Senator Sean Parnell . In the November election , Palin was outspent but victorious, defeating former Democratic governor Tony Knowles 48.3% to 41.0%. She became Alaska's first female governor and, at the age of 42, the youngest governor in Alaskan history. She was the state's first governor to have been born after Alaska achieved U.S. statehood , and the first who was not inaugurated in

8787-499: Was a major decrease from earlier years. Palin has said that her decreasing support for federal funding was a source of friction between her and the state's congressional delegation; Palin requested less in federal funding each year than her predecessor Frank Murkowski requested in his last year. In 2002, it was proposed that a for-profit prison corporation, Cornell Corrections , build a prison on Gravina Island . To connect Gravina with nearby Ketchikan , on Revillagigedo Island , it

8888-418: Was appointed chair of the Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission , responsible for overseeing the state's oil and gas fields for safety and efficiency. In 2006 , at age 42, she became the youngest person and the first woman to be elected governor of Alaska. Immense legal fees incurred by both Palin and the state of Alaska from her fights against ethics investigations led to her resignation in 2009. Palin

8989-506: Was built on time and under budget. However, the city spent an additional $ 1.3 million because of an eminent domain lawsuit caused by the city's failure to obtain clear title to the property before beginning construction. The city's long-term debt grew from about $ 1 million to $ 25 million because of expenditures of $ 15 million for the sports complex, $ 5.5 million for street projects, and $ 3 million for water improvement projects. The Wall Street Journal characterized

9090-505: Was co-captain and point guard of the basketball team that won the 1982 Alaska state championship , earning the nickname "Sarah Barracuda" for her competitive streak. In 1984, Palin won the Miss Wasilla beauty pageant ; she finished third (as second runner-up) in the Miss Alaska pageant, where she won the title of "Miss Congeniality". She played the flute in the talent portion of the contest. One author reports that she received

9191-490: Was filing nonpublic ethics complaints with the state attorney general and the governor against a fellow commission member, Randy Ruedrich, a former petroleum engineer and at the time the chair of the state Republican Party . He was forced to resign in November 2003. Palin resigned in January 2004 and put her protests against Ruedrich's "lack of ethics" into the public arena by filing a public complaint against Ruedrich, who

9292-405: Was found to be poorer when these faces had averted as opposed to direct gaze, whereas memory for individuals shown with happy faces was unaffected by gaze direction. It is suggested that memory for another individual's face partly depends on an evaluation of the behavioural intention of that individual. A person's face, especially their eyes, creates the most obvious and immediate cues that lead to

9393-586: Was important for the survival of animals in group-dwelling species; the skill to effectively communicate or interpret another animal's feelings and behaviors would be a principal trait in naturally fit species. However, this suggests that solitary species such as orangutans would not exhibit such expressions. For a discussion of the controversies on these claims, see Fridlund and Russell & Fernandez Dols. Sarah Palin [REDACTED] Sarah Louise Palin ( / ˈ p eɪ l ɪ n / PAY -lin ; née Heath ; born February 11, 1964)

9494-427: Was intended to replace the auto ferry that is currently the only connection between Ketchikan and its airport. While the federal earmark was withdrawn after meeting opposition from Oklahoma Senator Tom Coburn , the state of Alaska still received $ 300 million in transportation funding, with which the state of Alaska continued to study improvements in access to the airport, which conceivably could include improvements to

9595-451: Was made to remove books from the library during Palin's tenure as mayor. Palin said she fired Police Chief Irl Stambaugh because he did not fully support her efforts to govern the city. Stambaugh filed a lawsuit alleging wrongful termination and violation of his free speech rights. The judge dismissed Stambaugh's lawsuit, holding that the police chief served at the discretion of the mayor and could be terminated for nearly any reason, even

9696-525: Was named to the national Republican ticket, showed her popularity in Alaska at 68%. A poll taken in May 2009 indicated Palin's popularity among Alaskans had declined to 54% positive and 41.6% negative. Palin declared that top priorities of her administration would be resource development, education and workforce development, public health and safety, and transportation and infrastructure development. She had championed ethics reform throughout her election campaign. Her first legislative action after taking office

9797-494: Was nominated as John McCain 's vice presidential running mate at the 2008 Republican National Convention . She was the first Republican female vice presidential nominee and the second female vice presidential nominee of a major party , after Geraldine Ferraro in 1984 . The McCain-Palin ticket subsequently lost the 2008 election to the Democratic Party 's then-U.S. Senators Barack Obama and Joe Biden . Throughout

9898-438: Was nothing he could do because the matter was closed. When contacted by the press for comment, Monegan first acknowledged pressure to fire Wooten but said that he could not be certain that his own firing was connected to that issue; he later asserted that the dispute over Wooten was a major reason for his firing. Palin stated on July 17 that Monegan was not pressured to fire Wooten, nor dismissed for not doing so. Monegan said

9999-540: Was originally planned that the federal government spend $ 175 million on building a bridge and another $ 75 million to connect it to the power grid with an electrical intertie. The Ketchikan Borough Assembly turned the proposal down when the administration of Governor Tony Knowles also expressed its disfavor with the idea. Eventually, the corporation's prison plans led to the exposure of the wide-ranging Alaska political corruption probe , which eventually ensnared Alaska's U.S. Senator Ted Stevens . The bridge idea persisted through

10100-564: Was then fined $ 12,000. She joined with Democratic legislator Eric Croft in complaining that Gregg Renkes , then the attorney general of Alaska , had a financial conflict of interest in negotiating a coal exporting trade agreement. Renkes also resigned his post. From 2003 to June 2005, Palin served as one of three directors of " Ted Stevens Excellence in Public Service, Inc.," a 527 group designed to provide political training for Republican women in Alaska. In 2004, Palin told

10201-583: Was to push for a bipartisan ethics reform bill. She signed the resulting legislation in July 2007, calling it a "first step" and declaring that she remained determined to clean up Alaska politics. Palin frequently broke with the Alaskan Republican establishment. For example, she endorsed Parnell's bid to unseat Don Young , the state's longtime at-large U.S. Representative. She publicly challenged then-U.S. Senator Ted Stevens to "come clean" about

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