Misplaced Pages

#571428

57-637: Norman Tindale estimated their territorial extension to range around 800 square miles (2,100 km). They were a coastal people, whose inland borders stopped in the highlands. They were present around Cape Bernier, as far southeast lower Lyne River and Vancouver Point. Their neighbours were the Miriwung on their east and southeastern flank, the Arnga , south and southwest, and the Yeidji directly west of their northern boundary. The Wirngir, like other peoples in

114-453: A basis for the maps included in his Encyclopaedia of Aboriginal Australia: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander History, Society and Culture (1994) and the separate map published in 1996. The prevailing criticism of Tindale's influential overview of Australian tribes stresses the dangers in his guiding premise that there is an overlap between the language spoken by a group, and its tribal domains. In short, Tindale thought that speakers of

171-814: A doctorate by the Australian National University in 1980. During 1993 Tindale received unofficial confirmation of his appointment as an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO); this was presented posthumously, to his widow Muriel. Also in 1993, the South Australian Museum board named a public gallery in his honour. The editor of Tindale's paper on Groote Eylandt in 1925, Edgar Waite, changed his drawn boundaries as dotted lines, obtrusively insisting that Aboriginal people were nomadic, and not place-bound. When Tindale finally managed to print, unaltered, his own map, he represented

228-417: A later essay, argues that Tindale's map of Australian territories had not only achieved "iconic status", but had begun to exercise a deleterious impact on native title judgements made in suits that have been brought to court by Indigenous peoples following the landmark Mabo decision of 1992 , and negatively affect their rights to land tenure in a number of cases. In evaluating claims, there is, Burke argues,

285-443: A major work of reference even into the 21st century. He dedicated the book to German Pallottine missionary, linguist, and anthropologist Ernest Ailred Worms , with these words "To the memory of Father Ernest A. Worms whose active encouragement, beginning in the year 1952, led to the preparation of this work in its present form". The Adelaide Board for Anthropological Research began a programme for filming Aboriginal life in 1926, and

342-497: A particular study of the primitive Hepialidae or ghost moth family of the order Lepidoptera . In the 1920s he began to revise understanding of the Australian Mantidae ( Archimantis mantids ) and mole crickets . A point of departure was a meticulous analysis of the male genitalia of each species, as a guide to more precise classification, and, starting in 1932, over three decades he wrote several papers reordering

399-565: A position as a library cadet at the Adelaide Public Library , together with another cadet, the future physicist, Mark Oliphant . In 1919, he began work as an entomologist at the South Australian Museum . From his early years, he had acquired the habit of taking notes on everything he observed, and cross-indexing them before going to sleep, a practice which he continued throughout his life, and which lay at

456-454: A tendency to exaggerate the value of the earliest ethnographic reports of anthropologists like A. R. Radcliffe-Brown, A. P. Elkin , Tindale and others, and privilege it over more recent scholarship, although the accuracy of many of these "classic" texts and papers has, over time, often come to be viewed sceptically by modern anthropologists. Specifically, Burke noted that in his magnum opus , Tindale had recognised and mapped in

513-857: A vice-president. The treasurer was Henry Thornton and the founding secretary was Thomas Scott , a biblical commentator. Many of the founders were also involved in creating the Sierra Leone Company and the Society for the Education of Africans . The first missionaries went out in 1804. They came from the Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Württemberg and had trained at the Berlin Seminary . The name Church Missionary Society began to be used and in 1812

570-567: A year, accompanying the missionary Hubert E. Warren to sound out the area for an appropriate site for an Anglican mission, which as the Emerald River Mission , was subsequently established on west coast of Groote Eylandt . He followed this up with a further 9 months nearby on the mainland around the Roper River . Tindale wrote up his observations for the South Australian Museum in two continuous reports, which constitute

627-552: Is a key research tool for Australian Aboriginal people to discover evidence of their family lineage and connection with community. On the outbreak of World War 2, Tindale tried to enlist, but was rejected because of his poor eyesight. When Japan precipitated war with the United States however, Tindale's knowledge of Japanese, rare in Australia at the time, made him an asset for military intelligence. In 1942 Tindale joined

SECTION 10

#1732791691572

684-844: Is accredited by Durham University as part of the Church of England's Common Awards . In 2015 there were 70 students on the course, studying at certificate, diploma and MA level. In October 2012, Philip Mounstephen became the Executive Leader of the Church Mission Society. On 31 January 2016 Church Mission Society had 151 mission partners in 30 countries and 62 local partners in 26 countries (this programme supports local mission leaders in Asia, Africa and South America in "pioneer settings" ) serving in Africa, Asia, Europe and

741-438: Is best remembered for his work mapping the various tribal groupings of Aboriginal Australians at the time of European settlement, shown in his map published in 1940. This map provided the basis of a map published by David Horton in 1996 and widely used in its online form today. Tindale's major work was Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits and Proper Names (1974). Tindale

798-491: Is best remembered for his work mapping the various tribal groupings of Aboriginal Australians at the time of European settlement, which he based on his fieldwork and other sources, leading to the publication of his Map showing the distribution of the Aboriginal tribes of Australia in 1940. This interest began with a research trip to Groote Eylandt where Tindale's helper and interpreter, a Ngandi man, impressed him with

855-531: Is suspect, since there is evidence he disregarded the in situ observations of reliable earlier ethnographers in favour of material he later gathered from informants among the remnants in places like Palm Island . Margaret Sharpe has found problems with Tindale's mapping in South East Queensland , since he generally located other groups where Sharpe puts the Yugambeh people . When Tindale

912-653: The Cape Barren Island Aboriginal reserve said that this contributed to their decision to advocate assimilation ("absorption") as a solution to "the half-caste problem". Tindale's vast collection, held at the South Australian Museum , is made up of genealogical information about Aboriginal communities throughout Australia, journals, papers, sound and film recordings, drawings, maps, photographs, vocabularies and personal correspondence. Each State Library in Australia holds copies of Tindale material pertaining to their respective state; for example,

969-521: The Church Missionary Society , is a British Anglican mission society working with Christians around the world. Founded in 1799, CMS has attracted over nine thousand men and women to serve as mission partners during its 200-year history. The society has also given its name "CMS" to a number of daughter organisations around the world, including Australia and New Zealand, which have now become independent. The original proposal for

1026-581: The Eclectic Society , supported by members of the Clapham Sect , a group of activist Anglicans who met under the guidance of John Venn , the Rector of Clapham . Their number included Charles Simeon , Basil Woodd , Henry Thornton , Thomas Babington and William Wilberforce . Wilberforce was asked to be the first president of the society, but he declined to take on this role and became

1083-658: The Royal Australian Air Force and, assigned the rank of wing commander , he was transferred to The Pentagon , where he worked with the Strategic Bombing Survey as an analyst for estimating the impact of bombing on the military and civilian population of Japan. In 1942 an Air Technical Intelligence Unit was established under Captain Frank T. McCoy at Hangar 7, Eagle Farm airfield just outside Brisbane, and on Tindale's initiative it

1140-564: The State Library of New South Wales has copies of genealogical charts and photographs from the communities of Boggabilla , Brewarrina , Cummeragunja , Kempsey , Menindee , Pilliga , Walgett , Wallaga Lake and Woodenbong . while the State Library of Queensland has genealogical sheets for the communities of Bentinck Island , Cherbourg , Doomadgee , Mona Mona Mission , Mornington Island , Palm Island , Woodenbong , Woorabinda and Yarrabah . Tindale's genealogical collection

1197-399: The episcopate , serving as bishops. The CMS published The Church Missionary Gleaner , from April 1841 to September 1857. From 1813 to 1855 the society published The Missionary Register , "containing an abstract of the principal missionary and bible societies throughout the world". From 1816, "containing the principal transactions of the various institutions for propagating the gospel with

SECTION 20

#1732791691572

1254-434: The Aboriginal peoples as filling every nook and cranny of what became colonial Australia, avowing their former presence, much to the unease of many cartographers, everywhere. In doing so he placed a disappearing people back "on the map", much to the later discontent of mining corporations, which fund research that would revise Tindale's approach and restrict Aboriginal territoriality. David Horton later used Tindale's map as

1311-882: The Australian ghost moths. Tindale was awarded the Verco Medal of the Royal Society of South Australia during 1956, the Australian Natural History Medallion during 1968 and the John Lewis Medal of the Royal Geographical Society of Australasia during 1980. In 1967, at the age of sixty-six, he received an honorary doctorate from the University of Colorado. He was eventually honoured with

1368-558: The CMS, Diana Reader Harris (serving 1969–1982), was instrumental in persuading the society to back the 1980 Brandt Report on bridging the North-South divide . In the 1990s CMS appointed its first non-British general secretary, Michael Nazir-Ali , who later became Bishop of Rochester in the Church of England , and its first women general secretary, Diana Witts . Gillian Joynson-Hicks

1425-595: The CMS. As of 1894, in addition to the missionary work, the CMS operated about 2,016 schools, with about 84,725 students. In the first 25 years of the CMS nearly half the missionaries were Germans trained in Berlin and later from the Basel Seminary. The Church Missionary Society College, Islington opened in 1825 and trained about 600 missionaries; about 300 joined the CMS from universities and about 300 came from other sources. 30 CMS missionaries were appointed to

1482-518: The Church Missionary Society in 1891. Elizabeth Mary Wells took over the presidency in 1918 of Kennaway Hall. During the early 20th century, the society's theology moved in a more liberal direction under the leadership of Eugene Stock . There was considerable debate over the possible introduction of a doctrinal test for missionaries, which advocates claimed would restore the society's original evangelical theology. In 1922,

1539-599: The Church of England. It currently has approximately 2,800 members who commit to seven promises, aspiring to live a lifestyle shaped by mission. In 2010 CMS integrated with the South American Mission Society (SAMS). In 2010 Church Mission Society launched the Pioneer Mission Leadership Training programme, providing leadership training for both lay people and those preparing for ordination as pioneer ministers. It

1596-462: The Japan military was beginning to suffer shortfalls in. Tindale also played a major intelligence role in putting a halt to Japan's balloon bombing assault on the western coast of the United States. His team's forensic analysis of the debris enabled the U.S. Air Force to identify and bomb the production facilities in Japan. Jones adds two other key contributions by Tindale to the war effort: He

1653-569: The Middle East. In addition, 127 mission associates (affiliated to Church Mission Society but not employed or financially supported through CMS) and 16 short-termers. In 2015–16, Church Mission Society had a budget of £6.8 million, drawn primarily from donations by individuals and parishes, supplemented by historic investments. The Church Mission Society Archive is housed at the University of Birmingham Special Collections. In Australia ,

1710-600: The area, were deeply affected by the Forrest River massacre , which accounted for the disarray of their social organizations, according to the anthropologist Phyllis Kaberry when she visited with the Lyne River peoples to study them in the mid-1930s. Source: Tindale 1974 , p. 261 Norman Tindale Norman Barnett Tindale AO (12 October 1900 – 19 November 1993) was an Australian anthropologist , archaeologist , entomologist and ethnologist . He

1767-494: The authority of early ethnographers for the "extinction" of tribes and for their putative territorial boundaries weighs more heavily than modern anthropological studies of their descendants. If, for example, there are no "Jadira", but their ostensible land was mapped by Tindale, the actual tribes in that area face immense difficulties in proving their links to what is conventionally accepted to be "Jadira" territory. Ray Wood argues that Tindale's mapping of Cape York Peninsula tribes

Wirngir - Misplaced Pages Continue

1824-510: The basis of the vast archive of notes he left to posterity: he was observed writing by lamplight far into the night long after others had gone to bed, during an expedition to the Pinacate . Shortly after this, Tindale lost the sight in one eye in an acetylene gas explosion which occurred while assisting his father with photographic processing . In January 1919, he secured a position at the South Australian Museum as Entomologist's Assistant to

1881-432: The beginning of the organisation until 1894 the total number of CMS missionaries amounted to 1,335 (men) and 317 (women). During this period the indigenous clergy ordained by the branch missions totalled 496 and about 5,000 lay teachers had been trained by the branch missions. In 1894 the active members of the CMS totalled: 344 ordained missionaries, 304 indigenous clergy (ordained by the branch missions) and 93 lay members of

1938-538: The ethnographic aspect being almost an accidental sideline that developed, as his curiosity was stimulated, into close observation of the indigenous people he encountered from the Cobourg Peninsula to the Gulf of Carpentaria . Tindale's family background had qualified him to be taken on by the Church Missionary Society of Australia and Tasmania which was interested in proselytizing in the north. He spent half

1995-540: The first detailed account of the Warnindhilyagwa people on that island. In 1938–39, Tindale teamed up with Joseph Birdsell , an anthropological graduate student, who was under Earnest Hooton of Harvard University , after meeting the pair on a 1936 visit to the US. They were to undertake an extensive anthropological survey of Aboriginal reserves and missions across Australia, and the relationship forged between

2052-454: The formidable Arthur Mills Lea . He had already published thirty-one papers on entomological , ornithological and anthropological subjects before receiving his Bachelor of Science degree at the University of Adelaide in March 1933. Tindale's first ethnographic expedition took place over 1921–1922. His principal aim was to gather entomological specimens for the South Australian Museum,

2109-448: The importance of knowing with precision tribal boundaries. This led Tindale to question the official orthodoxy of the time, which was that Aboriginal people were purely nomadic and had no connection to any specific region. While Tindale's methodology and his notion of the "dialectal tribe" have been superseded, this basic premise has been proved correct. His salvage ethnography also involved collecting by trade objects for his museum. He

2166-490: The land of a Djukan people , despite the fact that it was absent from the map of the area prepared by Ernest Wurms . Tindale simply drew on Elkin's authority to do so. Again, Tindale conjured up, or made a separate entry for, a tribe, the Jadira , on the basis of very scant evidence, but there is almost no independent testimony that would allow the inference. Inaccuracies of this type compromise modern native title claims, since

2223-561: The last major eugenic research project to be undertaken in Australia". One critic of Tindale's work on Aboriginal people wrote in 2018 that it "contributed to a larger landscape of objectification and categorisation of racialised ideas about Aboriginal people and was part of a global movement of analysis using the ideologies of eugenics, concerned with racial purity , blood quantum and hierarchies of race, and phrenology ". With Harold Arthur Lindsay : Church Mission Society The Church Mission Society ( CMS ), formerly known as

2280-529: The mission came from Charles Grant and George Udny of the East India Company and David Brown , of Calcutta , who sent a proposal in 1787 to William Wilberforce , then a young member of parliament , and Charles Simeon , a young clergyman at Cambridge University . The Society for Missions to Africa and the East (as the society was first called) was founded on 12 April 1799 at a meeting of

2337-500: The proceedings at large of the Church Missionary Society". During the late 19th and early 20th century, the CMS maintained a training program for women at Kennaway Hall at the former "Willows" estate where the training program started. Kennaway Hall was the Church Missionary Society training center for female missionaries. The training center was called "The Willows", under the Mildmay Trustees, until having been bought by

Wirngir - Misplaced Pages Continue

2394-631: The same language constituted a unified territorial group identity. It has been argued that Tindale's early familiarity with Japanese affected his hearing and transliteration of words in a number of Aboriginal languages, such as Ngarrindjeri . Japanese is written syllabically reflecting its phonetic consonant+vowel structure, and in writing down words like tloperi (ibis), throkeri (seagull) and pargi (wallaby) he perceived and transcribed them as toloperi , torokeri and paragi respectively. Aboriginal Legal Aid lawyer and land council lawyer Paul Burke, first in his book Law's Anthropology, and in

2451-518: The same time, these collections were often made using mere lollies or tobacco as barter goods for precious items, and at times exploited the dire conditions of undernourishment suffered by Aboriginal people. After one successful expedition at Flinders Island he wrote: "The Flinders Island people are hungry and in exchange for flour etc have been scouring the camp for specimens. We have pretty well cleaned them up, & nothing of much interest remains". In historical context, Tindale's firm insistence on

2508-499: The society split, with the liberal evangelicals remaining in control of CMS headquarters, whilst conservative evangelicals established the Bible Churchmen's Missionary Society (BCMS, now Crosslinks ). In 1957 the Church of England Zenana Missionary Society was absorbed into the CMS. Notable general secretaries of the society later in the 20th century were Max Warren and John Vernon Taylor . The first woman president of

2565-453: The society was renamed The Church Missionary Society . In 1829, the CMS began to send medical personnel as missionaries. Initially to care for the mission staff, these missionaries could also care for the physical well-being of local populations. Dr. Henry Graham was the first CMS Medical missionary when he was sent to Sierra Leone and shifted the focus from care of the mission staff to assistance for local people. In 1802 Josiah Pratt

2622-562: The test of time. In particular Tindale's notion of a fixed tribal territory proved inadequate at least as regards the nomadic realities of the Western Desert cultural bloc , as Ronald Berndt and Catherine Berndt implicitly argued as early as 1942, and in more detail almost two decades later by Ronald Berndt. His major work was published in 1974, Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits and Proper Names , which has found its place as

2679-491: The two developed into a half century of collaboration. Tindale would study the genealogies , while Birdsell undertook the measuring, and with government support the pair travelled across south-east Australia, parts of Queensland , Western Australia , and Tasmania . In May 1938, the two men and their wives visited Cummeragunja Aboriginal reserve in New South Wales . A later study looking at their 1939 expedition to

2736-412: The unit of a tribe, with its set territory and fixed boundaries, flew in the face of A. R. Radcliffe-Brown 's dismissal of the idea of a higher integrating reality like the tribe, as opposed to the assemblies of hordes . Tribes did not hold land, each of their respective "hordes" did, and clan-attachment of land was Radcliffe-Brown's basic sociological unit for Australian groups. Neither notion has stood

2793-540: Was appointed secretary, a position he held until 1824, becoming an early driving force in the CMS. The principal missions, the founding missionaries, and the dates of the establishment of the missions are: Up to 1886 the Society had entered 103 women, unmarried or widows, on its list, and the Annual Report for 1886–87 showed twenty-two then on its staff, the majority being widows or daughters of missionaries. From

2850-766: Was born on 12 October 1900 in Perth , Western Australia . His family moved to Tokyo and lived there from 1907 to 1915, where his father worked as an accountant at the Salvation Army mission in Japan . Norman attended the American School in Japan , where his closest friend was Gordon Bowles, a Quaker who, like him, later became an anthropologist. The family returned to Perth in August 1917, and soon after moved to Adelaide , South Australia , where Tindale took up

2907-618: Was instrumental in bringing together a number of Anglican and, later, some Protestant mission agencies to form Faith2Share, an international network of mission agencies. In June 2007, CMS in Britain moved the administrative office out of London for the first time. It is now based in east Oxford. In 2008, CMS was acknowledged as a mission community by the Advisory Council on the Relations of Bishops and Religious Communities of

SECTION 50

#1732791691572

2964-645: Was instrumental in cracking the Japanese aircraft production code system, which gave the Allies reliable information as to Japanese air power. More importantly, he and his unit deciphered the Japanese master naval code. On retirement after 49 years service with the South Australian Museum, Tindale took up a teaching position at the University of Colorado and remained in the United States until his death, aged 93, in Palo Alto, California on 19 November 1993. Tindale

3021-634: Was its president from 1998 to 2007. In 1995 the name was changed to the Church Mission Society . At the end of the 20th century there was a significant swing back to the Evangelical position, probably in part due to a review in 1999 at the anniversary and also due to the re-integration of Mid Africa Ministry (formerly the Ruanda Mission ). The position of CMS is now that of an ecumenical Evangelical society. In 2004 CMS

3078-525: Was meticulous in making notes on the provenance of each object purchased. Philip Jones writes: one of Tindale's key tasks was to record the names and sociological details of each of the Aboriginal people participating in the fortnight-long intensive survey. This had a crucial outcome in that each object, drawing, photograph, sound recording or even film record subsequently collected by Tindale during these expeditions could be keyed, not only to place and tribal group, but to their individual makers or owners.' At

3135-469: Was tasked with examining parts recovered from the wreckage of Japanese airplanes that had been shot down, working out whatever intelligence could be gathered from the manufacturing markings, and reassembling them where possible. Jones states that Tindale's unit's meticulous analysis of the metallurgical debris and serial numbers enabled them to arrive at the companies responsible for producing the components, deduce production figures and infer what crucial alloys

3192-411: Was the first to systematically do so. Over an 11-year period they produced over 10 hours of footage concerning many aspects of Aboriginal life, from material culture to hunting and gathering practices, cooking, love-making, and even ceremonies of circumcision observed during their field expeditions. Tindale produced the film while the camera-work was undertaken by E. O. Stocker. Tindale made

3249-678: Was writing up his work on Aboriginal people at the University of Virginia in the 1930s, he worked alongside eugenics scientists who supported a proposed law on involuntary sterilisation of women with disabilities or mental illness, and who influenced the Nazi program in Germany. He also wrote of his attendance at a Nazi rally in Munich , writing of Hitler as an "impressive figure". A 2007 article looking at Tindale and Birdsell's 1939 expedition to Cape Barren Island reserve argues that this "was

#571428