113-467: South East Queensland (SEQ) is a bio-geographical , metropolitan , political and administrative region of the state of Queensland in Australia , with a population of approximately 3.8 million people out of the state's population of 5.1 million. The area covered by South East Queensland varies, depending on the definition of the region, though it tends to include Queensland's three largest cities :
226-432: A broader set of definitions to encompass a range of macroecological phenomena. The term bioregion as it relates to bioregionalism is credited to Allen Van Newkirk, a Canadian poet and biogeographer. In this field, the idea of "bioregion" probably goes back much earlier than published material suggests, being floated in early published small press zines by Newkirk, and in conversational dialogue. This can be exemplified by
339-423: A community. Mapping a bioregion is considered a specific type of bioregional map, in which many layers are brought together to map a "whole life place", and is considered an 'optimal zone of interconnection for a species to thrive', i.e. for humans, or a specific species such as salmon, and uses many different layers to see what boundaries "emerge" and make sense as frameworks of stewardship. A good example of this
452-448: A definition of a bioregion. Helping refine this definition, Author Kirkpatrick Sale wrote in 1974 that "A bioregion is a part of the earth's surface whose rough boundaries are determined by natural rather than human dictates, distinguishable from other areas by attributes of flora, fauna, water, climate, soils and landforms, and human settlements and cultures those attributes give rise to. Several other marine biology papers picked up
565-718: A few men to scout a route to the north-east. On Evans' return, the expedition crossed the river that Oxley would name the Castlereagh, went towards the Warrumbungle Mountains, which he named at the time 'Arbuthnot's Range' and easterly through the Gooriananwa Gap From here they moved forward to come upon the rich soil of the Liverpool Plains. On 26 August 1818 they climbed a hill and saw before them rich, fertile land (Peel River), near
678-535: A halt on that river at the Macquarie Marshes in a good season for the marshes as the Macquarie was in flood replenishing these vital wetlands. Oxley tried hard to proceed through them but couldn't do so. He returned to the encampment of the rest of his party now convinced that these westward flowing rivers terminated in an inland sea, and he had been on the swampy edge of it. Through Oxley, the theory of
791-434: A history of 13 biogeographical concepts in "On Biotas and their names". A recent review of scholarly literature finds 20 unique biotic methods to define bioregions -- based on populations of specific plant and animals species or species assemblages. These range from global and continental scales to sub-continental and regional scales to sub-regional and local scales. In addition, 5 abiotic methods have been utilized to inform
904-452: A human and cultural lens to the strictly ecological idea. A year later, in 1975 A. Van Newkirk published a paper entitled "Bioregions: Towards Bioregional Strategy for Human Cultures" in which he advocates for the incorporation of human activity ("occupying populations of the culture-bearing animal") within bioregional definitions. Bioregion as a term comes from the Greek bios (life), and
1017-407: A key role for how a bioregion is defined. A bioregion is defined along watershed and hydrological boundaries, and uses a combination of bioregional layers, beginning with the oldest "hard" lines; geology , topography , tectonics , wind , fracture zones and continental divides , working its way through the "soft" lines: living systems such as soil , ecosystems , climate , marine life, and
1130-467: A lovely infant of four years old, that fell into a well 100 feet deep, close under the Hyde Park Barrack wall, and was drowned before aid could be afforded; to which effect a Verdict was returned. The criminality of suffering a well to be so publicly exposed, calls forth appropriate indignation." In October 1821, Oxley married Emma Norton (1798–1885) at St Philip's Anglican Church . Emma was
1243-515: A passenger Governor William Bligh , who had been deposed in the Rum Rebellion . When Bligh was deposed, Oxley denied he supported Macarthur but his letters showed that he was close to him. In 1810, Oxley returned to England. During this period, Oxley sought the positions of Naval Officer and Surveyor-General. He retired from the Navy in 1811 and was briefly in an engagement to Elizabeth Macarthur
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#17327730697391356-484: A place’s life. Peter Berg defined a bioregion at the Symposium on Biodiversity of Northwestern California, October 28–30, 1991: A bioregion can be determined initially by the use of climatology, physiography, animal and plant geography, natural history and other descriptive natural sciences. The final boundaries of a bioregion are best described by the people who have lived within it, through human recognition of
1469-480: A prospect of success" and that "perhaps a more miserable sterile Country was never traversed by man " . In 1823, Governor Brisbane sent Oxley north by boat in search of a site for an alternative penal settlement for the most difficult convicts. On this journey, he visited the Tweed River and valley and was deeply impressed, recording his impressions as follows: "A deep rich valley clothed with magnificent trees,
1582-463: A risen when the location of jobs in areas such as health and education are at distance from where the majority live. Road transport in Brisbane relies on the car as the dominant form of transport. As of 2014, the population of South East Queensland is estimated to be approximately 3.4 million, meaning that between one in six and one in seven Australians call the region home. The regional population
1695-545: A sense different from the biotic provinces of Raymond Dasmann (1973) or the biogeographical province of Miklos Udvardy. The term refers both to geographical terrain and a terrain of consciousness—to a place and the ideas that have developed about how to live in that place. Within a bioregion, the conditions that influence life are similar, and these, in turn, have influenced human occupancy." This article defined bioregions as distinct from biogeographical and biotic provinces that ecologists and geographers had been developing by adding
1808-502: A short distance they then proceeded in a south-westerly direction through Ungarie and past Weethalle, intending to travel overland to the southern Australian coastline. By the end of May, the party found themselves in a dry scrubby country northeast of Yenda where they ascended several peaks in the Cocoparra National Park. Shortage of water and the death of two horses forced Oxley's return, passing near Rankins Springs to
1921-542: A small hill and named it Mt Harris in honour of John Harris accompanying him. On the same day the mountains in the distance to the east (now known by their Aboriginal name, the Warrumbungles) were named Arbuthnot's Ranges for the Rt Hon C. Arbuthnot of H.M. Treasury. Mt Harris is 54 km N-NW of present-day Warren. They continued by boat and horses until they reached the Macquarie Marshes where it spread out through
2034-580: A substantial town house in Sydney. Oxley was briefly a director of the Bank of New South Wales . He was one of five members of the original 1824 New South Wales Legislative Council , but was not reappointed when the council was reconstituted in 1825. Oxley had three daughters out of wedlock with two women, before he married a third woman. Two of these daughters were with Charlotte Thorpe and born before his inland expeditions: Jeanette b. 1813 who died in 1875 and
2147-494: A survey of damaged lands and unsolved social ills? What underutilized potentials can be put to work to help achieve sustainability? The atlas can become a focus for discussions setting a proactive plan for positive change.” Mapping a Bioregion consists of: Your final map will generally help demarcate a bioregion, or life place. While references to bioregions (or biogeographical regions) have become increasingly common in scholarly literature related to life sciences, "...there
2260-429: A watershed) plus the cultural values that humans have developed for living in harmony with these natural systems. Because it is a cultural idea, the description of a specific bioregion uses information from both the natural sciences and other sources. Each bioregion is a whole “life-place” with unique requirements for human inhabitation so that it will not be disrupted and injured. People are counted as an integral aspect of
2373-403: Is a cultural idea, the description of a specific bioregion is drawn using information from not only the natural sciences but also many other sources. It is a geographic terrain and a terrain of consciousness. Anthropological studies, historical accounts, social developments, customs, traditions, and arts can all play a part. Bioregionalism utilizes them to accomplish three main goals: The latter
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#17327730697392486-412: Is a part of the earth's surface whose rough boundaries are determined by natural and human dictates, distinguishable from other areas by attributes of flora, fauna, water, climate, soils and land-forms, and human settlements and cultures those attributes give rise to. The borders between such areas are usually not rigid – nature works with more flexibility and fluidity than that – but the general contours of
2599-500: Is accomplished through proactive projects, employment and education, as well as by engaging in protests against the destruction of natural elements in a life-place. Bioregional goals play out in a spectrum of different ways for different places. In North America, for example, restoring native prairie grasses is a basic ecosystem-rebuilding activity for reinhabitants of the Kansas Area Watershed Bioregion in
2712-531: Is actually within NSW but is often included in planning processes for SEQ. While not officially part of the Translink public transport network, Kinetic Group run a seamless service across the border that appears to passengers as though it is integrated. A highly effective integrated ticketing system for public transport has averted transport gridlock in the region. The region is a complex, regional hybrid linking
2825-548: Is bioregional mapping. Instructions for how to map a bioregion were first laid out in a book Mapping for Local Empowerment, written by University of British Columbia by Douglas Aberley in 1993, followed by the mapping handbook Giving the Land a Voice in 1994. This grew from the Tsleil-Waututh First Nation , Nisga'a , Tsilhqotʼin , Wetʼsuwetʼen first nations who used Bioregional Mapping to create some of
2938-541: Is buried in the historic cemetery at South Head, and Frances b. 1815 who married William Waugh and is buried in Tenterfield . He had another daughter, Louisa b. 1821, with Elizabeth Marmon. This child drowned (aged 3) in early December 1824 in a well opposite Oxley's house in Macquarie Street, Sydney. The newspaper report was as follows: "An Inquest was held on Saturday last, on the body of Louisa Oxley,
3051-761: Is contiguous as a conurbation with Brisbane/Gold Coast), and 140 kilometres (87 mi) west to Toowoomba (which is simultaneously considered part of the Darling Downs region). It is the third largest urban area in Australia by population. South East Queensland was the first part of Queensland to be settled and explored by Europeans. Settlements initially arose in the Brisbane and Ipswich areas with activity by European immigrants spreading in all directions from there. Various industries such as timber cutting and agriculture quickly developed at locations around
3164-646: Is established in the Lockyer Valley . Timber cutting, mining and a range of agricultural pursuits including dairying were once prominent in South East Queensland. Tourism, in part due to Brisbane serving as major transport and export hub and destinations such as the Gold Coast and the availability of land for industry, has grown in recent decades together with specialised skills in professional services and manufacturing. Car dependency has
3277-498: Is fuelled principally by migration from the southern states and overseas. In 2010, South East Queensland's population grew by an average of about 1,200 new residents each week. Between 1991 and 2016 the population rose from 1.9 million residents to 3.3 million. South East Queensland is expected to be home to 4.4 million by 2031. A 2010 report concluded that the region will reach 5.5 million people by 2051. The population growth rate in SEQ
3390-572: Is heavily urbanised and concentrated along the coast. The three largest population centres of Brisbane , Gold Coast and the Sunshine Coast account for 90 per cent of the region's population. In the year to June 2020, the City of Ipswich was the fastest growing local government area in Queensland. South East Queensland is one of the fastest-growing regions in Australia. Growth in the state
3503-547: Is little agreement on how to best classify and name such regions, with several conceptually related terms being used, often interchangeably." Bioregions can take many forms and operate at many scales – from very small ecosystems or 'biotopes' to ecoregions (which can be nested at different scales) to continent-scale distributions of plants and animals, like biomes or realms. All of them, technically, can be considered types of bioregions sensu lato and are often referred to as such in academic literature. In 2014, J. Marrone documented
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3616-820: Is located in the south of the region. The Cunningham Highway passes southwest to the Darling Downs via Cunninghams Gap . Several highways including the Bruce Highway , Warrego Highway and the Pacific Motorway link to the adjoining regions. The region is mountainous. McPherson Range , Teviot Range , D'Aguilar Range , Little Liverpool Range , Blackall Range as well as the Springbrook Plateau and Tamborine Mountain Plateau . Isolated volcanic peaks are found at Moogerah Peaks and
3729-584: Is otherwise difficult to present is clearly depicted. The community learns about itself in the process of making decisions about its future." Sheila Harrington, in the introduction to Islands of the Salish Sea: A Community Atlas goes one step further, noting that: “The atlas should be used as a jumping off place for decision making about the future. From the holistic image of place that the maps collectively communicate, what actions could be adopted to achieve sustainable prosperity? What priorities emerge from
3842-410: Is presented as a technical process of identifying “biogeographically interpreted culture areas…called bioregions”. Within these territories, resident human populations would “restore plant and animal diversity,” “aid in the conservation and restoration of wild eco-systems,” and “discover regional models for new and relatively non-arbitrary scales of human activity in relation to the biological realities of
3955-782: Is the Cascadia Bioregion , located along the Northwestern rim of North America. The Cascadia bioregion contains 75 distinct ecoregions, and extends for more than 2,500 miles (4,000 km) from the Copper River in Southern Alaska, to Cape Mendocino , approximately 200 miles north of San Francisco , and east as far as the Yellowstone Caldera and continental divide. John Oxley John Joseph William Molesworth Oxley (1784 – 25 May 1828)
4068-714: Is the Salmon Nation bioregion, which is the Pacific Northwest and northwest rim of the Pacific ocean as defined through the historic and current range of the salmon, as well as the people and ecosystem which have evolved over millennia to depend on them. This style of bioregional mapping can also be found in the works of Henry David Thoreau who when hired to make maps by the United States government, chose instead to create maps "that charts and delineates
4181-628: The Bogan River and then across to the Wellington Valley on the upper waters of the Macquarie River , which they followed back to Bathurst (arriving on 29 August 1817). The Wellington Valley would later be made the site of a convict settlement mostly for convict 'specials'. Although disappointed by his Lachlan expedition, in not following the river all the way to its end, John Oxley took up Macquarie's next directive to explore
4294-662: The Broad Gauge Act which encouraged the use of wagons with broad wheels instead of narrow-tired drays in order to cause less wear on public roads; this measure made him unpopular with the farmers and carriers in his electorate and he lost his seat. The younger son, Henry Oxley , also became a Member of the Legislative Assembly, representing the Electoral district of Camden between 1859 and 1860. Oxley suffered with illness throughout his service, caused by
4407-762: The Buffalo and traveled to Van Diemen's Land the following year in charge of the Estramina . He returned to England in 1807 and from there he was appointed first lieutenant of HMS Porpoise , a British sloop of war that was stationed at NSW. To take up this appointment he sailed out again to NSW on the Speke as part of the Transport Board . He arrived in November 1808 with £800 of freight transport . In 1809 Porpoise visited Van Diemen's Land, carrying as
4520-589: The Glass House Mountains . Along the coast are several large islands including Bribie Island , Moreton Island and North Stradbroke Island with many smaller islands in Moreton Bay . Several major water supply and flood mitigation dams have been constructed here. The SEQ Water Grid , Western Corridor Recycled Water Scheme and Gold Coast Desalination Plant were built to counter the effects of drought in South East Queensland. Just over half
4633-737: The Lachlan River in May 1815. Now Macquarie wanted the Lachlan and Macquarie River explored thoroughly. Opening up of the new lands over the mountains had created enthusiasm for further discoveries about them and the Macquarie River. Mysteriously, the Macquarie and the Lachlan flowed westwards to the interior of the country and not easterly towards the coastline. Successively, in 1817 and 1818 Governor Macquarie appointed John Oxley in charge of two expeditions to investigate these rivers. On
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4746-762: The Logan River ; and the Gubbi Gubbi people whose traditional lands were known to exist north of the Pine River , to Burrum River in the north, and west to the Conondale Range . According to history researchers the Aboriginal population declined to around 10,000 over the next 60 years. Early explorers in the area including Matthew Flinders , Allan Cunningham , John Oxley and Patrick Logan . Around 1839, European settlers were able to move into
4859-503: The Smithsonian Institution . Working with Peter Berg , and also contemporary with Allen Van Newkirk, Dasmann was one of the pioneers in developing the definition for the term "Bioregion", as well as conservation concepts of " Eco-development " and " biological diversity ," and identified the crucial importance of recognizing indigenous peoples and their cultures in efforts to conserve natural landscapes. Because it
4972-539: The flora and fauna , and lastly the "human" lines: human geography , energy , transportation , agriculture , food , music , language , history , indigenous cultures , and ways of living within the context set into a place, and it's limits to determine the final edges and boundaries. This is summed up well by David McCloskey, author of the Cascadia Bioregion map: "An bioregion may be analyzed on physical, biological, and cultural levels. First, we map
5085-492: The 1817 Lachlan expedition, Oxley was to come across marshy country and conclude this inland area was uninhabitable. If he had pressed on for two more days he would have reached the Murrumbidgee River . Oxley reported that, in his opinion, the Lachlan flowed into an extensive series of swamps, "which were, perhaps, the margin of a great inland sea." Similarly, the Macquarie expedition the following year in 1818 came to
5198-700: The Australian inland sea was fed and perpetuated, In March 1817 John Oxley was instructed to take charge of an expedition to explore and survey the course of the Lachlan River . He left Sydney on 6 April 1817 with George Evans as second-in-command, and Allan Cunningham as a botanist. The previous year, Evans had accompanied Macquarie over the Blue Mountains to Bathurst on the celebratory completion of Cox's road, where Macquarie had directed him on an exploratory journey which resulted in Evans reaching and naming
5311-662: The Biodiversity of the Klamath-Siskiyou Ecoregion, researchers found that North America contains 116 ecoregions nested within 10 major habitat types. The TEOW framework originally delineated 867 terrestrial ecoregions nested into 14 major biomes, contained with the world's 8 major biogeographical realms. Subsequent regional papers by the co-authors covering Africa, Indo-Pacific, and Latin America differentiate between ecoregions and bioregions, referring to
5424-654: The Brisbane River and, travelling further up, then located the Bremer River . Oxley was a Protestant and subscribed to both the Anglican Church and Presbyterian Church where he was one of the congregation. Governor Lachlan Macquarie granted Oxley 600 acres (240 ha) near Camden in 1810, which he increased to 1,000 acres (400 ha) in 1815. Oxley named this property Kirkham after his birthplace and raised and bred sheep there. He also kept
5537-498: The Brisbane metropolitan area with several surrounding cities. South East Queensland includes the following cities: New developments are currently underway at Springfield , Ecco Ripley , Yarrabilba and Flagstone . Some geographers suggest several more master-planned communities will be needed to cater for the expected population growth rates. The region exports a number of crop products including broccoli, onion, Chinese cabbage, sweet corn and celery. A sizeable vegetable industry
5650-585: The French region (region), itself from the Latin regia (territory) and earlier regere (to rule or govern). Etymologically, bioregion means life territory or place-of-life. Bioregions became a foundational concept within the philosophical system called Bioregionalism . A key difference between an ecoregions and biogeography and the term bioregion, is that while ecoregions are based on general biophysical and ecosystem data, human settlement and cultural patterns play
5763-727: The Human Environment . In the 1970s he worked with UNESCO where he initiated the Man and the Biosphere Programme (MAB), an international research and conservation program. During the same period he was Senior Ecologist for the International Union for Conservation of Nature in Switzerland, initiating global conservation programs which earned him the highest honors awarded by The Wildlife Society , and
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#17327730697395876-604: The Lachlan River west of Bathurst in May 1815. The party also included William Parr as a mineralogist and draftsman . Oxley's party reached Bathurst after a week, where they were briefly detained by bad weather. On 25 April 1817, they reached the Lachlan River Depot which had been prepared for them (with provisions and supplies) in advance by a separate party under the direction of William Cox. From here, they commenced following its course, with part of
5989-455: The Lachlan River. On 23 June the Lachlan River near Merrigal Bridge was reached: "we suddenly came upon the banks of the river… which we had quitted nearly five weeks before". They followed the course of the Lachlan River through Hillston and Booligal for a fortnight. The party encountered much-flooded country and reached a point five kilometres south-west of Booligal which was their last campsite. On 7 July Oxley proceeded another 16 km along
6102-598: The Macquarie River. He departed from Bathurst on 28 May 1818 with an exploration party that comprised Deputy Surveyor General George Evans, Oxley's friend Dr John Harris, a botanist named Charles Frazer, and twelve convict men. The names of the twelve convict men were later recorded by Governor Macquarie in his diary, upon the party's eventual return to Sydney. "The following are their Names: William Warner, Patrick Byrne, James Blake, George Simpson, James Williams, John Williams, Francis Lloyd, Barnard Butler, Thomas Ellis, John Dwyer, Richard Watts, Henry Shippey." He also noted that
6215-680: The Midwest, whereas bringing back salmon runs has a high priority for Shasta Bioregion in northern California. Using geothermal and wind as a renewable energy source fits Cascadia Bioregion in the rainy Pacific Northwest. Less cloudy skies in the Southwest's sparsely vegetated Sonoran Desert Bioregion make direct solar energy a more plentiful alternative there. Education about local natural characteristics and conditions varies diversely from place to place, along with bioregionally significant social and political issues. An important part of bioregionalism
6328-485: The NSW coast and the site of present-day Port Macquarie. These European sightings delivered a real boost to the NSW colony. On 12 June 1818 Oxley was near the site that would become Dubbo. He wrote that he had passed that day 'over a very beautiful country, thinly wooded and apparently safe from the highest floods...'. they continued to follow the Macquarie River through land that became increasingly flat. On 27 June they spotted
6441-626: The Planet Drum foundation, and become a leading proponent of "bioregions" learned of the term in 1971 while Judy Goldhaft and Peter Berg were staying with Allen Van Newkirk, before Berg attended the first United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm during June 1972. Berg would go on to found the Planet Drum Foundation in 1973, and they published their first Bioregional Bundle in that year, that also included
6554-499: The Scenic Rim were added to the biosecurity zone as part of a national fire ant eradication program. Bioregion A bioregion is a geographical area, on land or at sea, defined not by administrative boundaries but by distinct characteristics such as plant and animal species, ecological systems, soils and landforms, human settlements and cultures those attributes give rise to, and topographic features such as watersheds. The idea of bioregions were adopted and popularized in
6667-418: The United nations World Charter for Nature, and historian of the Hudson River Valley was also deeply rooted in the bioregional movement, and helping bioregionalism spread to the east coast of North America. He defined a Bioregion as: A bioregion is simply an indenfidable geographic area whose life systems are self-contained, self- sustaining and self renewing. A bioregion you might say, is a basic unit within
6780-399: The animal is threatened by mining and land development. Numbers in Redland City have seen a dramatic decline in recent years. The state government launched the Koala Conservation Plan in 2006. The plan involved the rehabilitation of cleared areas, domestic dogs containment and koala signage. Another initiative was launched in 2010 to protect and rehabilitate koala habitats by tree planting and
6893-445: The beautiful uniformity of which was only interrupted by the turns and windings of the river, which here and there appeared like small lakes. The background was Mt. Warning. The view was altogether beautiful beyond description. The scenery here exceeded anything I have previously seen in Australia." As Surveyor General, Oxley made a close examination of the Tweed River and Port Curtis , and sources connected that investigation, principally
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#17327730697397006-412: The capital city Brisbane ; the Gold Coast ; and the Sunshine Coast . Its most common use is for political purposes, and covers 35,248 square kilometres (13,609 sq mi) and incorporates 11 local government areas , extending 240 kilometres (150 mi) from Noosa in the north to the Gold Coast and New South Wales border in the south (some sources include Tweed Heads, New South Wales which
7119-415: The coast by sea to the Shoalhaven . Meehan went overland, starting from the Minnamurra River and meeting Oxley at the Shoalhaven. Oxley's report of good soils in the area increased interest in agricultural settlement around Gerringong and the Shoalhaven. Oxley's report of the western shore of Jervis Bay , was far less favourable. He stated, " We saw no place on which even a Cabbage might be planted with
7232-474: The construction of koala friendly fencing. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change SEQ is one of Australia's regions most vulnerable to climate change . After many years of water restrictions due to severe drought , the Government of Queensland lifted restrictions across the whole of South East Queensland on 1 January 2013. A fire ant outbreak is underway in South East Queensland. In 2022, 60 new suburbs around Brisbane, Moreton Bay, and
7345-625: The context of bioregionalism, bioregions can be socially constructed by modern-day communities for the purposes of better understanding a place "... with the aim to live in that place sustainably and respectfully." Bioregions have practical applications in the study of Biology , Biocultural Anthropology , Biogeography , Biodiversity , Bioeconomics , Bioregionalism , Bioregional Financing Facilities , Bioregional Mapping , Community Health , Ecology , Environmental history , Environmental science , Foodsheds , Geography , Natural Resource Management , Urban Ecology, Urban Planning . References to
7458-437: The continental-scale and ultimately the biosphere. Within the life sciences, there are numerous methods used to define the physical limits of a bioregion based on the spatial extent of mapped ecological phenomena -- from Species Distributions and hydrological systems (i.e. Watersheds ) to topographic features (e.g. Landforms ) and climate zones (e.g. Köppen Classification ). Bioregions also provide an effective framework in
7571-410: The convict settlement, which became Moreton Bay, and later the city of Brisbane . A monument was built at North Quay in 1924 to commemorate the site of his landing in Brisbane. He then travelled further north to explore Port Curtis (the site of Gladstone ) and continued to explore the region, which is now known as South East Queensland . In 1824 Oxley, accompanied by Allan Cunningham returned to
7684-405: The culture-bearing animal (aka humans)....Towards this end a group of projects relating to bioregions or themes of applied human biogeography is envisaged. . For Newkirk, the term Bioregion was a way to combine human culture with earlier work done on Biotic Provinces, and were seen "to be distinguished from biotic provinces", and instead he called this new field "regional human biogeography" and
7797-403: The definition of bioregion., Peter Berg and Judy Goldhaft founded the Planet Drum foundation in 1973, located in San Francisco and which just celebrated its 50th anniversary in 2023. Planet Drum, from their website, defines a bioregion as: A bioregion is a geographical area with coherent and interconnected plant and animal communities, and other natural characteristics (often defined by
7910-665: The delineation of biogeographical extents. Ecoregions are one of the primary building blocks of bioregions, which are made up of "clusters of biotically related ecoregions". An Ecoregion ( ecological region ) is an ecologically and geographically defined area that is smaller than a bioregion, which in turn is smaller than a biogeographic realm . Ecoregions cover relatively large areas of land or water, and contain characteristic, geographically distinct assemblages of natural communities and species . They can include geology physiography, vegetation, climate, hydrology, terrestrial and aquatic fanua, and soils, and may or may not include
8023-411: The fact that Newkirk had met Peter Berg (another early scholar on Bioregionalism) in San Francisco in 1969 and again in Nova Scotia in 1971 where he shared the idea with Berg. He would go on to found the Institute for Bioregional Research and issued a series of short papers using the term bioregion as early as 1970, which would start to circulate the idea of "bioregion". Peter Berg, who would go on to found
8136-611: The federal and state levels. As Queensland has no upper house, there are no Legislative Council provinces or regions to bear the name either. South Eastern Queensland , as an interim Australian bioregion , comprises 7,804,921 hectares (19,286,380 acres) and includes the Moreton Basin , South Burnett , and the Scenic Rim along with ten other biogeographic subregions. It extends as far north as Gladstone , and south into north-eastern New South Wales . South East Queensland
8249-464: The field of Environmental history , which seeks to use "river systems, ecozones, or mountain ranges as the basis for understanding the place of human history within a clearly delineated environmental context". A bioregion can also have a distinct cultural identity defined, for example, by Indigenous Peoples whose historical, mythological and biocultural connections to their lands and waters shape an understanding of place and territorial extent. Within
8362-620: The first bioregional atlases as part of court cases to defend their sovereignty in the 1980's and 1990's, one such example being the Tsilhqotʼin Nation v British Columbia . In these resources, there are two types of maps: Bioregional Maps and maps of Bioregions, which both include physical, ecological and human lines. A bioregional map can be any scale, and is a community and participatory process to map what people care about. Bioregional maps and atlases can be considered tools and jumping off points for helping guide regenerative activities of
8475-666: The first five men listed had also been with Oxley on the previous year's 1817 exploratory journey to the Lachlan. They also took boats with them and nearly two dozen horses. The party would get upriver to the Macquarie Marshes, turn north-east to the Warrumbungle mountains crossing the Castlereagh River in the process, view the rich Liverpool Plains, come across the Peel River and the Hastings River to reach
8588-449: The first two levels. " A bioregion is defined as the largest physical boundaries where connections based on that place will make sense. The basic units of a bioregion are watersheds and hydrological basins, and a bioregion will always maintain the natural continuity and full extent of a watershed. While a bioregion may stretch across many watersheds, it will never divide or separate a water basin. As conceived by Van Newkirk, bioregionalism
8701-407: The flooded river and recorded that "it was with infinite regret and pain that I was forced to conclude, that the interior of this vast country is a marsh and uninhabitable". Oxley resolved to turn back and after resting for two days the exploring party began to retrace their steps along the Lachlan River. They left the Lachlan at Kiacatoo up-stream of the present site of Lake Cargelligo and crossed to
8814-661: The following year. In 1812, Oxley travelled to Sydney as Surveyor-General of the Minstrel . Oxley's appointment was at the time of Lachlan Macquarie 's Governorship. Macquarie encouraged exploration – he had sent George Evans to confirm the exploratory work of Wentworth, Blaxland and Lawson over the Blue Mountains, instigated the building of the road over the Blue Mountains in 1814–1815, and had travelled to Bathurst immediately William Cox had completed it. From there he had sent George Evans on an expedition of exploration up
8927-705: The goals of the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), in particular the goal of ecosystem representation in Protected Area networks, the most widely used bioregional delineations include the Resolve Ecoregions and the IUCN Global Ecosystem Typology. In bioregionalism, an ecoregion can also use geography, ecology, and culture as part of its definition. One example of a bioregion
9040-415: The impacts of human activity (e.g. land use patterns, vegetation changes etc). The biodiversity of flora , fauna and ecosystems that characterize an ecoregion tends to be distinct from that of other ecoregions. The phrase "ecological region" was widely used throughout the 20th century by biologists and zoologists to define specific geographic areas in research. In the early 1970s the term 'ecoregion'
9153-561: The land is used for grazing. South East Queensland is flood-prone. South East Queensland includes 12 adjoining local government areas (LGAs). Generally, the agglomeration/region consists of the metropolis of Brisbane (2.5 million inhabitants) and the Gold Coast (0.6 million inhabitants), Sunshine Coast (0.33 million inhabitants), Toowoomba (0.18 million inhabitants) and the Shire of Noosa (0.06 million inhabitants): The Tweed Shire
9266-401: The landforms, geology, climate, and hydrology, and how these environmental factors work together to create a common template for life in that particular place. Second, we map the flora and fauna, especially the characteristic vegetative communities, and link them to their habitats. Third, we look at native peoples, western settlement, and current land-use patterns and problems, in interaction with
9379-497: The latter as "geographic clusters of ecoregions that may span several habitat types, but have strong biogeographic affinities, particularly at taxonomic levels higher than the species level (genus, family)". In 2007, a comparable set of Marine Ecoregions of the World (MEOW) was published, led by M. Spalding, and in 2008 a set of Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (FEOW) was published, led by R. Abell. In 2017, an updated version of
9492-552: The legendary wildlife biologist Aldo Leopold , and earned his Ph.D. in zoology in 1954. He began his academic career at Humboldt State University, where he was a professor of natural resources from 1954 until 1965. During the 1960s, he worked at the Conservation Foundation in Washington, D.C., as Director of International Programs and was also a consultant on the development of the 1972 Stockholm Conference on
9605-467: The local ecology and its natural history as well as its intersection with a human community". This type of mapping is consistent with, and aligns with an indigenous and western worldview. This is put well by Douglas Aberley and chief Michael George noting that: "Once the bioregional map atlas is completed it becomes the common foundation of knowledge from which planning scenarios can be prepared, and decisions ultimately made. Complex information that
9718-574: The manuscript journal kept by Oxley, and the published Narrative of John Uniack, who accompanied Oxley. Oxley sailed northwards from the Tweed Area in the Mermaid . Rounding Moreton Island, he came across two escaped convicts who had been living with the Aboriginal people there. With their assistance, he was shown, and named, the Brisbane River . He recommend this place for the site of
9831-416: The mid-1970s by a school of philosophy called Bioregionalism , which includes the concept that human culture, in practice, can influence bioregional definitions. Bioregions are part of a nested series of ecological scales, generally starting with local watersheds, growing into larger river systems, then Level III or IV Ecoregions (or regional ecosystems), bioregions, then biogeographical Realm , followed by
9944-681: The natural landscape”. His first published article in a mainstream magazine was in 1975 in his article Bioregions: Towards Bioregional Strategy in Environmental Conservation . In the article, Allen Van Newkirk defines a bioregion as: “Bioregions are tentatively defined as biologically significant areas of the Earth’s surface which can be mapped and discussed as distinct existing patterns of plant, animal, and habitat distributions as related to range patterns and… deformations, attributed to one or more successive occupying populations of
10057-459: The natural system of earth. Another way to define a bioregion is in terms of watersheds. Bioregions must develop human populations that accord with their natural context. The human is not exempt from being part of the basic inventory in a bioregion. Kirkpatrick Sale another early pioneer of the idea of bioregions, defined it in his book Dwellers in the Land: A bioregional vision that: A bioregion
10170-413: The period from 2009–2031 and focuses on slowing development along the coast, in order to prevent creating a 200 km city , and instead aim for growth in the west, in particular around Springfield and Beaudesert . Infrastructure planning in South East Queensland is almost exclusively designed to facilitate trans-metropolitan travel and reduce traffic congestion. The region's big picture planning document
10283-747: The present site of Tamworth . Continuing further east they crossed the Great Dividing Range passing by the Apsley Falls on 13 September 1818 which Oxley named the Bathurst Falls. He described it as "one of the most magnificent waterfalls we have seen". Upon reaching the Hastings River the exploring party followed it to its mouth, discovering that it flowed into the sea at a spot which Oxley named Port Macquarie . In his diary of 27 November 1818, Governor Macquarie listed
10396-461: The realities of living-in-place. All life on the planet is interconnected in a few obvious ways, and in many more that remain barely explored. But there is a distinct resonance among living things and the factors which influence them that occurs specifically within each separate place on the planet. Discovering and describing that resonance is a way to describe a bioregion. Thomas Berry , an educator, environmentalist, activist and priest, who authored
10509-540: The reeds and Oxley was unable to locate the course of the river any further downstream. He wrote: "But if an opinion may be permitted to be hazarded from actual appearances, mine is decidedly in favour of our being in the immediate vicinity of an inland sea, or lake, most probably a shoal one, and gradually filling up by numerous depositions from the high lands, left by waters which flow into it." From here he retraced steps to Mt Harris, NW of present-day Warren, and camped from early July while he sent George Evans forward with
10622-499: The region from the 1840s onwards. Transport links have been shaped by the range of terrain found in South East Queensland. The economy of South East Queensland supports and relies on a wide diversity of agricultural manufacturing industries, commerce and tourism. The region has an integrated public transport system, Translink . The gross domestic product is $ 170 billion. The term South East Queensland has no equivalent political representation. The area covers many lower house seats at
10735-474: The region's southern border ranges, an area known as the Scenic Rim , such as Lamington National Park and Main Range National Park . Within the region, the koala is listed as vulnerable. In South East Queensland the koala is threatened by habitat loss , disease such as chlamydiosis and increased mortality due to domestic animals and motor vehicles. The Australian Koala Foundation says
10848-473: The region. Logging was the first industry to develop. The first railway built in Queensland linked Grandchester to Ipswich in 1865 along a narrow 1067 mm gauge . South East Queensland became the scene of war against the coalition of Aboriginal tribes from 1843 to 1855. Major floods were experienced in 1893 , 1974 , 2011 and 2022 . In 2005, the region suffered its worst drought in recorded history. Queensland's fifth highest peak, Mount Superbus ,
10961-400: The regions themselves are not hard to identify, and indeed will probably be felt, understood, sensed or in some way known to many inhabitants, and particularly those still rooted in the land. One of the other early proponents of bioregionalism, and who helped define what a bioregion is, was American biologist and environmental scientist Raymond F. Dasmann . Dasmann studied at UC Berkeley under
11074-418: The stores being conveyed in boats. As the exploring party travelled westward the country surrounding the rising river was found to be increasingly inundated. On 12 May, west of the present township of Forbes, they found their progress impeded by an extensive marsh. They travelled down a northern branch of the river to Mount Mulguthery where they were forced to return up the river. After retracing their route for
11187-402: The term "bioregion" in academic literature was by E. Jarowski in a 1971, a marine biologist studying the blue crab populations of Louisiana. The author used the term sensu stricto to refer to a "biological region" -- the area within which a crab can be provided with all the resources needed throughout its entire life cycle. The term was quickly adopted by other biologists, but eventually took on
11300-433: The term "bioregion" in scholarly literature have grown exponentially since the introduction of the term -- from a single research paper in 1971 to approximately 65,000 journal articles and books published to date. Governments and multilateral institutions have utilized bioregions in mapping Ecosystem Services and tracking progress towards conservation objectives, such as ecosystem representation. The first confirmed use of
11413-499: The term bioregion in a strictly ecological sense, which separated humans from the ecosystems they lived in, specifically naming that Biotic Provinces of the World Map, was not a map of bioregions. Peter Berg and ecologist Raymond Dasmann said in their 1977 article "Reinhabiting California": "Reinhabitation involves developing a bioregional identity, something most North Americans have lost or have never possessed. We define bioregion in
11526-632: The term, and in 1974 the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) published its first global-scale biogeogpraphical map entitled ‘Biotic Provinces of the World’. However, director of the IUCN and founder of the Man and Biosphere project Raymond Dasmann in an article in 1977 named "Reinhabiting California", with Peter Berg pushed back against these global bodies that were attempting to use
11639-542: The terrestrial ecoregions dataset was released in the paper "An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm" led by E. Dinerstein with 48 co-authors. Using recent advances in satellite imagery the ecoregion perimeters were refined and the total number reduced to 846 (and later 844), which can be explored on a web application developed by Resolve and Google Earth Engine. For conservation practitioners and organizations monitoring progress towards
11752-591: The twelve men who accompanied Oxley and Evans on this expedition (see above). He wrote: "I inspected and spoke to the 12 Men who Accompanied Mr. Oxley on his last Expedition – and in his own presence returned them my thanks for their steady good and obedient Conduct on the Expedition; and being all Convicts I have promised to give them Conditional Pardons as a reward for their good behaviour." Oxley and Assistant Surveyor-General James Meehan led two separate but concurrent expeditions, in late 1819. Oxley proceeded down
11865-782: The two approaches are related, the Bailey ecoregions (nested in four levels) give more importance to ecological criteria and climate zones, while the WWF ecoregions give more importance to biogeography, that is, the distribution of distinct species assemblages. Ecoregions can change gradually, and have soft transition areas known as ecotones. Because of this, there can be some variation in how ecoregions are defined. The US Environmental Protection Agency has four ranking systems they use, which lists there being 12 type one ecoregions, and 187 type III ecoregions in North America while another study on
11978-507: The youngest sister of the solicitor James Norton and had followed him out to New South Wales from Sussex after he had established himself as an attorney in the colony. Oxley and Emma Norton had a daughter and two sons. The elder, John Norton Oxley became a Member of the Legislative Assembly, representing the Western Division of Camden , in the first Parliament after the establishment of responsible government in 1856. He sponsored
12091-672: Was an English explorer and surveyor of Australia in the early period of British colonisation. He served as Surveyor General of New South Wales and is perhaps best known for his two expeditions into the interior of New South Wales and his exploration of the Tweed River and the Brisbane River in what is now the state of Queensland . John Oxley was born in 1784 at Kirkham Abbey near Westow in Yorkshire , England, and baptised at Bulmer in St Martin's Church on 6 July 1784. He
12204-874: Was home to around 20,000 Aboriginals prior to British occupation. The local tribes of the area were the Yugarapul of the Central Brisbane area; the Yugambeh people whose traditional lands ranged from South of the Logan River, down to the Tweed River and west to the McPherson Ranges; the Quandamooka people whose traditional lands encompassed the Moreton Bay Islands to the mouth of the Brisbane River to Tingalpa and south to
12317-458: Was introduced (short for ecological region), and R.G. Bailey published the first comprehensive map of U.S. ecoregions in 1976. The term was used widely in scholarly literature in the 1980s and 1990s, and in 2001 scientists at the U.S. conservation organization World Wildlife Fund (WWF) codified and published the first global-scale map of Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World (TEOW), led by D. Olsen, E. Dinerstein, E. Wikramanayake, and N. Burgess. While
12430-533: Was more than twice the rate of the rest of Queensland over the past 2 decades. More than 80% of population growth in the state between 1999-2019 occurred in SEQ. Population growth was putting pressure on schools and hospitals in the region in 2021. South East Queensland's future development will be heavily based on the South East Queensland Regional Plan , released by the Queensland state government in 2005. The regional plan covers
12543-686: Was the eldest of eight children of John and Arabella Oxley and was a Protestant . In 1799 (aged 15), he entered the Royal Navy as a midshipman on the Venerable (1784) . He travelled to Australia in October 1802 as master's mate of the naval vessel Buffalo , which carried out coastal surveying (including the survey of Western Port ), and this first stay in the Colonies would last for five years. In 1805, Oxley became acting lieutenant of
12656-400: Was the first to use terms such as "bioregional strategies" and "bioregional framework" for adapting human cultures into a place. This idea was carried forward and developed by ecologist Raymond Dasmann and Peter Berg in article they co-authored called Reinhabiting California in 1977, which rebuked earlier ecologist efforts to only use biotic provinces, and biogeography which excluded humans from
12769-468: Was updated for the third time in 2017 with the release of South East Queensland Regional Plan, Shaping SEQ. Shaping SEQ was reviewed in 2023 because of rapid population growth in South East Queensland. Predominantly rural landscapes lie to the west of the urbanised coastal centres. The Lockyer Valley , a major agricultural area referred to as "South East Queensland's Salad Bowl", lies outside Brisbane. Many World Heritage listed rainforests are located along
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