Charles Bierer Wrightsman (June 13, 1895 – May 27, 1986) was an American oil executive and arts patron. His second wife, Jayne was also an arts patron.
60-399: Wrightsman is an English surname. Notable people with the surname include: Charles Bierer Wrightsman (1895–1986), American oil executive and art collector Jayne Wrightsman (1919–2019), American philanthropist and art collector Stan Wrightsman (1910–1975), American jazz pianist [REDACTED] Surname list This page lists people with
120-538: A fast, non-stop game. This form of polo lacked the aggressive methods and required fewer equestrian skills. From the 1800s to the 1910s, a host of teams representing Indian principalities dominated the international polo scene. The game had reached Samoa by the 1890's. The World Champions Polo League was launched in Jaipur in 2016. It is a new version of polo, similar to the Twenty20 format of cricket. The pitch
180-576: A fatal injury during a game. After the Muslim conquests to the Ayyubid and Mameluke dynasties of Egypt and the Levant , their elites favoured it above all other sports. Notable sultans such as Saladin and Baybars were known to play it and encourage it in their courts. Saladin was known for being a skilled polo player, which contributed to his cavalry training. Polo sticks were featured as one of
240-400: A free "knock-in" from the place where the ball crossed the goal line, thus getting ball back into play. Arena polo has rules similar to the field version, and is less strenuous for the player. It is played in a 300 by 150 feet (91 by 46 m) enclosed arena, much like those used for other equestrian sports; the minimum size is 150 by 75 feet (46 by 23 m). There are many arena clubs in
300-865: A match. The challenge was published 2 June 1876, in The Galveston Daily News . By the time the article came out on 2 June, the Denison Club had already received a letter from Bennett indicating the challenge was offered before the "first" games in New York. There is an urban legend that the first game of polo in America was played in Boerne, Texas , at retired British officer Captain Glynn Turquand's famous Balcones Ranch. The Boerne, Texas, legend also has plenty of evidence pointing to
360-627: A period of rest and maintenance. This seasonal flow highlights Mar del Plata’s dual role as a sports hub and a seaside retreat. Polo has found popularity throughout the rest of the Americas, including Brazil , Chile , Mexico , and the United States of America . Even with the global spread of the sport Argentina has remained the largest producer of the highest quality horses and players. The country's fertile farmland around Buenos Aires and its long standing tradition of polo has made Argentina
420-410: A pony with their mallet. Unsafe hooking is a foul that will result in a penalty shot being awarded. For example, it is a foul for a player to reach over an opponent's mount in an attempt to hook. The other basic defensive play is called the bump or ride-off. It's similar to a body check in ice hockey . In a ride-off, a player rides their pony alongside an opponent's mount to move an opponent away from
480-416: A small hard ball through the opposing team's goal . Each team has four mounted riders, and the game usually lasts one to two hours, divided into periods called chukkas or chukkers. Polo has been called "the sport of kings", and has become a spectator sport for equestrians and high society , often supported by sponsorship . The progenitor of polo and its variants existed from the 6th century BC to
540-409: A stoppage in play, whichever comes first. There is a four-minute interval between chukkas and a ten-minute halftime. Play is continuous and is only stopped for rule infractions (fouls), broken tack (equipment) or injury to horse or player. The object is to score goals by hitting the ball between the goal posts, no matter how high in the air. If the ball goes wide of the goal, the defending team is allowed
600-412: A traditional field sport and one of the world's oldest known team sports . It originated in ancient Persia (modern-day Iran ), dating back over 2,000 years. Initially played by Persian nobility as a training exercise for cavalry units, polo eventually spread to other parts of the world. The game is played by two opposing teams with the objective of scoring using a long-handled wooden mallet to hit
660-457: Is an indoor or semi-outdoor variant with similar rules, and is played with three riders per team. The playing field is smaller, enclosed and usually of compacted sand or fine aggregate , and often indoors. Arena polo has more maneuvering due to space limitations, and uses an air-inflated ball slightly larger than the hard solid ball used in field polo. Standard mallets are used, though slightly larger-head arena mallets are an option. The game
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#1732772377862720-463: Is arena polo; in the United Kingdom, collegiate polo is both. Some of the most important arena polo tournaments held are: All tournaments and levels of play and players are organized within and between polo clubs, including membership, rules, safety, fields and arenas. The rules of polo are written to include the safety of both players and horses. Games are monitored by umpires. A whistle
780-441: Is blown when an infraction occurs, and penalties are awarded. Strategic plays in polo are based on the "line of the ball", an imaginary line that extends through the ball in the line of travel. This line traces the ball's path and extends past the ball along that trajectory. The line of the ball defines rules for players to approach the ball safely. The "line of the ball" changes each time the ball changes direction. The player who hits
840-477: Is different from Wikidata All set index articles Charles Bierer Wrightsman Charles Bierer Wrightsman was born on June 13, 1895, in Pawnee, Oklahoma . He was the son of Charles John Wrightsman (1868–1959), an Oklahoma oilman and lawyer, and Edna ( née Wrightsman) Wrightsman (1872–1950). He attended Phillips Exeter Academy , Stanford University , then transferred to Columbia University , joining
900-587: Is located on Club Road in the heart of Silchar city in Assam. In 1862, the oldest polo club still in existence, Calcutta Polo Club , was established by two British soldiers, Sherer and Captain Robert Stewart. Later they spread the game to their peers in England. Polo was first played in England by the 10th Hussars in 1869. The British are credited with spreading polo worldwide in the late 19th century and
960-611: Is originally invented by Iranians and its Persian name is " Chovgan " ( čowgān ). The game's English name derives from the Balti language , from its word for 'ball', polo . It is cognate with the Standard Tibetan pulu , also meaning 'ball'. Many scholars suggest it most likely began as a simple game played by the Iranian people . An archaic variation of polo, regionally referred to as buzkashi or kokpar ,
1020-530: Is still played in parts of Central Asia. It was developed and formalised in Ancient Iran ( Persia ) as " chovgan " ( čowgān ), becoming a national sport played extensively by the nobility. Women played as well as men. During the period of the Parthian Empire (247 BC to AD 224), the sport had great patronage under the kings and noblemen. According to The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity ,
1080-426: Is traditionally played with seven players to a side. The players are mounted on the indigenous Manipuri Pony , which stands less than 13 hands (52 inches, 132 cm). There are no goal posts, and a player scores simply by hitting the ball out of either end of the field. Players strike the ball with the long side of the mallet head, not the end. Players are not permitted to carry the ball, although blocking
1140-460: The manung kangjei bung ( lit. ' inner polo ground ' ). Public games were held, as they still are today, at the mapan kangjei bung ( lit. ' outer polo ground ' ), a polo ground just outside the Kangla. Weekly games called hapta kangjei ( lit. ' weekly polo ' ) were also played in a polo ground outside the current palace. The oldest polo ground in
1200-498: The 1st century AD , as an equestrian game played by the Iranian . In Persia , where the sport evolved and developed, it was at first a training game for cavalry units, usually the royal guard or other elite troops. It is now popular around the world, with well over 100 member countries in the Federation of International Polo , played professionally in 16 countries, and was an Olympic sport from 1900 to 1936. Arena polo
1260-620: The Jerome Park Racetrack in Westchester County (now Bronx County ) was the site of the "first" American outdoor polo match. H. L. Herbert, James Gordon Bennett and August Belmont Jr. financed the original New York Polo Grounds . Herbert stated in a 1913 article that they formed the Westchester Club after the "first" outdoor game was played on 13 May 1876. This contradicts the historical record of
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#17327723778621320-653: The Metropolitan Museum of Art , most notably donating Gerard David 's Virgin and Child with Four Angels and Vermeer's Portrait of a Young Woman , along with works by El Greco , Giovanni Battista Tiepolo , Georges de La Tour , Rubens and Jacques-Louis David . He also funded the Museum's eight Wrightsman Rooms, furnished and decorated in the 18th century French style, and three further galleries for objets-d'art and furniture from that period. In 1961 he successfully bid $ 392,000 for Goya 's Portrait of
1380-648: The Middle Ages . The game also spread south to Arabia and to India and Tibet. Abbasid Baghdad had a large polo ground outside its walls, and one of the city's early 13th century gates, the Bab al Halba, was named after these nearby polo grounds. The game continued to be supported by Mongol rulers of Persia in the 13th century, as well as under the Safavid dynasty. In the 17th century, Naqsh-i Jahan Square in Isfahan
1440-450: The surname Wrightsman . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name (s) to the link. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wrightsman&oldid=1041929030 " Categories : Surnames English-language surnames Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description
1500-417: The withers , and weigh 900 to 1,100 pounds (410 to 500 kg). The polo pony is selected carefully for quick bursts of speed, stamina, agility and manoeuvrability. Temperament is critical; the horse must remain responsive under pressure and not become excited or difficult to control. Many are Thoroughbreds or Thoroughbred crosses. They are trained to be handled with one hand on the reins , and to respond to
1560-618: The 16th centuries. Qutubuddin Aibak ( r. 1206–1210 ), originally a Turkic slave who later founded the Mamluk dynasty (1206–1290) Delhi Sultanate , was accidentally killed during a game of polo when his horse fell and he was impaled on the pommel of his saddle. Polo likely travelled via the Silk Road to China where it was popular in the Tang dynasty capital of Chang'an , where it
1620-535: The Argentine pampas started practising polo during their free time, and eventually some of them began to put together games. Among them, David Shennan is credited with having organised the first formal polo game of the country in 1875, at Estancia El Negrete, located in Buenos Aires Province . The sport spread quickly among the skillful gauchos , and several clubs opened in the following years in
1680-624: The Duke of Wellington . However, the UK government blocked the purchase and the painting was instead sold to the National Gallery in London to enable it to stay in the United Kingdom. In the 1930s, Wrightsman was known as a tournament polo player and the owner of championship polo ponies. Polo Polo or Chovgan ( Persian : چوگان) is a ball game that is played on horseback ,
1740-583: The Persian ball game was an important pastime in the court of the Sasanian Empire (224–651). It was also part of the royal education for the Sasanian ruling class. Emperor Shapur II learnt to play polo at age seven in 316 AD. Valuable for training cavalry, the game was played from Constantinople , where Emperor Theodosius II constructed a polo ground early in the 5th century, to Japan by
1800-569: The United States, and most major polo clubs, including the Santa Barbara Polo and Racquet Club , have active arena programmes. The major differences between the outdoor and indoor games are: speed (outdoor being faster), physicality/roughness (indoor/arena is more physical), ball size (indoor is larger), goal size (because the arena is smaller the goal is smaller), and some penalties. In the United States and Canada, collegiate polo
1860-470: The ability to play until they are 18 to 20 years of age. Each player must have more than one horse, to allow for tired mounts to be replaced by fresh ones between or even during chukkas. A player's "string" of polo ponies may number two or three in Low Goal matches (with ponies being rested for at least a chukka before reuse), four or more for Medium Goal matches (at least one per chukka), and even more for
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1920-401: The ball generally has the right of way, and other players cannot cross the line of the ball in front of that player. As players approach the ball, they ride on either side of the line of the ball giving each access to the ball. A player can cross the line of the ball when it does not create a dangerous situation. Most infractions and penalties are related to players improperly crossing the line of
1980-487: The ball or the right of way. When a player has the line of the ball on their right, they have the right of way. A "ride-off" is when a player moves another player off the line of the ball by making shoulder-to-shoulder contact with the other players' horses. The mounts used are called 'polo ponies', although the term pony is purely traditional and the mount is actually a full-sized horse. They range from 14.2 to 16 hands (58 to 64 inches, 147 to 163 cm) high at
2040-472: The ball or to take them out of a play. It must be executed properly so that it does not endanger the horses or the players. The angle of contact must be safe and can not knock the horses off balance, or harm the horses in any way. Two players following the line of the ball and riding one another off have the right of way over a single man coming from any direction. Like in hockey , ice hockey, or basketball , fouls are potentially dangerous plays that infringe on
2100-495: The ball safely. The "line of the ball" changes each time the ball changes direction. The player who hits the ball generally has the right of way, and other players cannot cross the line of the ball in front of that player. As players approach the ball, they ride on either side of the line of the ball giving each access to the ball. A player can cross the line of the ball when it does not create a dangerous situation. Most infractions and penalties are related to players improperly crossing
2160-427: The ball with any part of the body except the open hand is permitted. The sticks are made of cane , and the balls are made from the roots of bamboo . Players protected their legs by attaching leather shields to their saddles and girths . In Manipur, the game was played even by commoners who owned a pony. The kings of Manipur had a royal polo ground within the ramparts of their Kangla Fort . Here they played on
2220-592: The center of the polo world. Every major polo tournament in the world is filled with players and horses hailing from Argentina. James Gordon Bennett Jr. on 16 May 1876 organised what was billed as the first polo match in the United States at Dickel's Riding Academy at 39th Street and Fifth Avenue in New York City. The historical record states that James Gordon Bennett established the Westchester Polo Club on 6 May 1876, and on 13 May 1876,
2280-776: The class of 1918. He became president of Standard Oil of Kansas. He married twice, first to Irene Dill Stafford (1896–1960), with whom he had two daughters: Irene Wrightsman and Charlene Stafford Wrightsman (1927–1963) the latter of whom, like her father, would also marry twice, first to actor Helmut Dantine and second to newspaper columnist Igor Cassini . Wrightsman's second wife was the above-noted Jayne Kirkman Larkin (1919–2019). Wrightsman had homes in London and Palm Beach at which he frequently hosted John F. Kennedy . Wrightsman died at his home on Fifth Avenue in Manhattan on May 27, 1986. On retirement, he used his money to buy artworks for his private collection and for
2340-547: The club being established before the Jerome Park game. There is ample evidence that the first to play polo in America were actually the English Texans. The Galveston News reported on 2 May 1876 that Denison, Texas had a polo club which was before James Gordon Bennett established his Westchester Club or attempted to play the "first" game. The Denison team sent a letter to James Gordon Bennett challenging him to
2400-493: The early 20th century at the height of its empire . Military officers imported the game to Britain in the 1860s. The establishment of polo clubs throughout England and western Europe followed after the formal codification of rules. The 10th Hussars at Aldershot , Hants, introduced polo to England in 1834. The game's governing body in the United Kingdom is the Hurlingham Polo Association , which drew up
2460-457: The fact that polo was played in Boerne before James Gordon Bennett Jr. ever picked up a polo mallet. During the early part of the 20th century, under the leadership of Harry Payne Whitney , polo changed to become a high-speed sport in the United States, differing from the game in England, where it involved short passes to move the ball towards the opposition's goal. Whitney and his teammates used
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2520-504: The fast break, sending long passes downfield to riders who had broken away from the pack at a full gallop. In 1909 a United States team defeated an English team with ease. In the late 1950s, champion polo player and Director of the Long Island Polo Association, Walter Scanlon, introduced the "short form", or "European" style, four period match, to the game of polo. The rules of polo are written to include
2580-455: The first set of formal British rules in 1874, many of which are still in existence. This version of polo played in the 19th century was different from the faster form that was played in Manipur. The game was slow and methodical, with little passing between players and few set plays that required specific movements by participants without the ball. Neither players nor horses were trained to play
2640-517: The game's Tibetic names, polo or pulu , referring to the wooden ball, and it was these terms, anglicised, which were adopted for the sport's name in its slow spread to the west. A European polo club was established in the town of Silchar in Assam , India, in 1859, the English tea planters having learnt it from Manipuri incomers. Sagol kangjei was one of three forms of hockey in Manipur,
2700-402: The historical records of Manipur. Later, according to Cheitharol Kumbaba , a royal chronicle of King Kangba, who ruled Manipur much earlier than Nongda Lairen Pakhangba (33 CE ) introduced sagol kangjei ( 'kangjei on horseback'). Further regular playing of this game commenced in 1605, during the reign of King Khagemba under newly framed rules of the game. In Manipur, polo
2760-403: The line of the ball or the right of way. When a player has the line of the ball on their right, they have the right of way. A "ride-off" is when a player moves another player off the line of the ball by making shoulder-to-shoulder contact with the other players' horses. The defending player has a variety of opportunities for their team to gain possession of the ball. They can push the opponent off
2820-440: The line or steal the ball from the opponent. Another common defensive play is called "hooking." While a player is taking a swing at the ball, their opponent can block the swing by using their mallet to hook the mallet of the player swinging at the ball. A player may hook only if they are on the side where the swing is being made or directly behind an opponent. A player may not purposely touch another player, another player's tack , or
2880-1491: The nation's Olympic history. The title was defended at the 1936 Berlin Games with players Manuel Andrada , Andrés Gazzotti , Roberto Cavanagh , Luis Duggan , Juan Nelson, Diego Cavanagh , and Enrique Alberdi. The game spread across the country, and Argentina is often credited as the capital of polo; Argentina is also noted for having the largest contingent of 10 handicap players out of any other country. Five teams were able to gather four 10 handicap players each, to make 40 handicap teams: Coronel Suárez , 1975, 1977–1979 (Alberto Heguy, Juan Carlos Harriott Jr. , Alfredo Harriot and Horacio Heguy); La Espadaña, 1989–1990 (Carlos Gracida, Gonzalo Pieres, Alfonso Pieres y Ernesto Trotz Jr.); Indios Chapaleufú , 1992–1993 (Bautista Heguy, Gonzalo Heguy, Horacio Heguy Jr. and Marcos Heguy); La Dolfina , 2009–2010 ( Adolfo Cambiaso Jr., Lucas Monteverde , Mariano Aguerre y Bartolomé Castagnola ); Ellerstina, 2009 ( Facundo Pieres , Gonzalo Pieres Jr. , Pablo Mac Donough and Juan Martín Nero). The three major polo tournaments in Argentina, known as "Triple Corona" ("Triple Crown"), are Hurlingham Polo Open , Tortugas Polo Open and Palermo Polo Open . Polo season usually lasts from October to December. High season vs. Low season Argentina Polo School in Mar del Plata reflects
2940-523: The other ones being field hockey (called khong kangjei ) and wrestling-hockey (called mukna kangjei ). Local rituals such as those connected to the Ibudhou Marjing , the winged-pony god of polo and the creation-ritual episodes of the Lai Haraoba festival enacting the life of his son, Khoriphaba , the polo-playing god of sports. These may indicate an origin earlier than
3000-441: The rhythms of the region’s climate and tourism. The high season typically aligns with the Argentine summer, from November to March, when the weather is warm and ideal for outdoor events. During this time, polo tournaments and social gatherings attract players and enthusiasts, creating a vibrant atmosphere. Conversely, the low season falls in the cooler months, from May to September, when activities slow down, allowing fields and players
3060-515: The rider's leg and weight cues for moving forward, turning and stopping. A well trained horse will carry its rider smoothly and swiftly to the ball and can account for 60 to 75 percent of the player's skill and net worth to their team. Polo pony training generally begins at age 3 and lasts from about 6 months to 2 years. Most horses reach full physical maturity at about age 5, and ponies are at their peak of athleticism and training at around age 6 or 7. However, without any accidents, polo ponies may have
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#17327723778623120-500: The rules of the game. To the novice spectator, fouls may be difficult to discern. There are degrees of dangerous and unfair play and penalty shots are awarded depending based on the severity of the foul and where the foul was committed on the polo field. White lines on the polo field indicate where the mid-field, sixty, forty, and thirty yard penalties are taken. The official set of rules and rules interpretations are reviewed and published annually by each country's polo association. Most of
3180-416: The safety of both players and horses. Games are monitored by umpires. A whistle is blown when an infraction occurs, and penalties are awarded. Strategic plays in polo are based on the "line of the ball", an imaginary line that extends through the ball in the line of travel. This line traces the ball's path and extends past the ball along that trajectory. The line of the ball defines rules for players to approach
3240-534: The smaller associations follow the rules of the Hurlingham Polo Association , the national governing body of the sport of polo in the United Kingdom, and the United States Polo Association . Outdoor or field polo lasts about one and a half to two hours and consists of four to eight seven-minute chukkas, between or during which players change mounts. At the end of each seven-minute chukka, play continues for an additional 30 seconds or until
3300-401: The suits on the Mamluk precursor to modern-day playing cards . Europeans transformed the polo stick suit into the "clubs" of the "Latin" decks , as polo was little known to them at that time. The game spread to South Asia where it has had a strong presence in the northwestern areas of present-day Pakistan (including Gilgit , Chitral , Hunza , and Baltistan ) since at least the 15th to
3360-530: The towns of Venado Tuerto , Cañada de Gómez , Quilmes , Flores and later (1888) Hurlingham . In 1892 The River Plate Polo Association was founded and constituted the basis for the current Asociación Argentina de Polo . In the Olympic Games held in Paris in 1924 a team composed of Juan Miles , Enrique Padilla , Juan Nelson , Arturo Kenny , G. Brooke Naylor and A. Peña achieved the first gold medal in
3420-710: The world is the Imphal Polo Ground in Manipur State . The history of this polo ground is contained in the royal chronicle Cheitharol Kumbaba starting from 33 CE . Lieutenant (later Major General) Joseph Ford Sherer, the father of modern polo, visited the state and played on this polo ground in the 1850s. Lord Curzon , the Viceroy of India visited the state in 1901 and measured the polo ground as "225 yards long and 110 yards wide" (206 m × 101 m). The Cachar Club , established in 1859,
3480-635: Was built as a polo field by King Abbas I . The game was also learnt by the neighbouring Byzantine Empire at an early date. A tzykanisterion (stadium for playing tzykanion , the Byzantine name for polo) was built by Emperor Theodosius II ( r. 408–450 ) inside the Great Palace of Constantinople . Emperor Basil I ( r. 867–886 ) excelled at it; Emperor Alexander ( r. 912–913 ) died from exhaustion while playing Polo. John I of Trebizond ( r. 1235–1238 ) died from
3540-546: Was made smaller and accommodated a large audience. The first event of the World Champions Polo League took place in Bhavnagar , Gujarat, with six teams and room for 10,000 spectators. The rules were changed and the duration of matches made shorter. Polo was brought to many parts of the Americas, but in Argentina, it took off like nowhere else. Irish , Scottish , Welsh , and English immigrants in
3600-514: Was played by women, who had to wear a male dress to do so; many Tang dynasty tomb figures of female players survive. According to The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity , the popularity of polo in Tang China was "bolstered, no doubt, by the presence of the Sasanian court in exile". A "polo-obsessed" noblewoman was buried with her donkeys on 6 October 878 in Xi’an , China. In use in Manipur were
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