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108-557: After 2015, when the right-wing populist Law and Justice (PiS) party won the Polish parliamentary election , TVP progressively aligned with the speaking points of the PiS government. In the run-up to the 2023 Polish parliamentary election , TVP was designated as a "propaganda arm" of PiS by European media and as "a factory of hate" by the Polish opposition. However, after the electoral victory of

216-642: A Budapest in Warsaw". PiS's 2015 victory prompted creation of a cross-party opposition movement, the Committee for the Defence of Democracy (KOD). Law and Justice has Proposed 2017 judicial reforms, which according to the party were meant to improve efficiency of the justice system, sparked protest as they were seen as undermining judicial independence . While these reforms were initially unexpectedly vetoed by President Duda, he later signed them into law. In 2017,

324-512: A coalition agreement on 10 November, de facto taking over control of the Sejm, and agreed to nominate former prime minister and European Council President Donald Tusk as their candidate. Morawiecki's new cabinet, dubbed "two-week government" and "zombie government" by the media due to its anticipated short-livedness, was sworn in on 27 November 2023. As expected, the Morawiecki's government

432-571: A completely new team of announcers - presenters. At that time, they made their debut in Dwójka, among others Iwona Kubicz, Jolanta Fajkowska or Grażyna Torbicka. More and more interesting programs were broadcast, and the films were always presented in such a way that their broadcasting time did not coincide with the films on TP1. TP2 became TVP2 in 1992, at the time Poland was opening up to capitalism and began adapting international game show formats, such as Koło Fortuny and Familiada . Nowadays, TVP2

540-571: A day. Before 2015, the PiS (then opposition) often criticized TVP of siding with government ( PO – PSL ) or even compared it to communist propaganda In 2015, the government passed a law allowing it to directly appoint the head of TVP. Since then, TVP has displayed bias towards the Law and Justice (PiS) party (then government), and was compared by critics with propaganda of the former Communist regime. TVP has also faced criticism for its portrayal of LGBT people,

648-771: A fully professional army and end conscription by 2012; in August 2008, compulsory military service was abolished in Poland. It is also in favour of participation of Poland in foreign military missions led by the United Nations, NATO and United States, in countries like Afghanistan and Iraq . PiS is eurosceptic, although the party supports integration with the European Union on terms beneficial for Poland. It supports economic integration and tightening cooperation in areas of energy security and military operations, but

756-519: A law that bans most retail trade on Sundays on the premise that workers will supposedly spend more time with their families. The party is anti-abortion and supports further restrictions on Poland's abortion laws which are already one of the most restrictive in Europe. PiS opposes abortion resulting from foetal defects which is currently allowed until specific foetal age. TVP2 TVP2 ( TVP Dwa , Program II Telewizji Polskiej , "Dwójka" )

864-423: A majority coalition government . Although PiS would be unable to govern on its own, the Polish president Andrzej Duda stated his intention to re-appoint the incumbent Mateusz Morawiecki as prime minister due to the existing albeit unofficial convention of nominating a member of the winning party. The four opposition parties criticized Duda's decision as a delay tactic. The opposition parties subsequently signed

972-507: A minister) was Włodzimierz Sokorski (the heads of the radio and television departments had the rank of deputy ministers). On February 1, 1961, the daily broadcast of the television program began. At the turn of the 1950s and 1960s, seven TVP regional centers were established (with their own studios) in: On July 18, 1969, the Radio and Television Center in Warsaw was opened at Woronicza Street. Large financial outlays were incurred to create it, and

1080-477: A more liberal party like PO or .N . Still, PiS receives good support from poor and working class areas in large cities. Based on this voter profile, Law and Justice forms the core of the conservative post-Solidarity bloc, along with the League of Polish Families and Solidarity Electoral Action , as opposed to liberal conservative post-Solidarity bloc of Civic Platform. The most prominent feature of PiS voters

1188-437: A nationalist and 'Catholic-fundamentalist' party. The party then started radicalizing and broadening its program following its victory in the 2005 Polish parliamentary election . In 2006, Chicago Tribune wrote that "President Kaczynski's Law and Justice Party ran on a populist reform platform but veered sharply to the right after its victory". The same year, Polish journalist Krzysztof Bobiński wrote: "When they started out,

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1296-449: A new political group, Poland Comes First ( Polska jest Najważniejsza ). Kamiński said that the Law and Justice party had been taken over by far-right extremists. The breakaway party formed following dissatisfaction with the direction and leadership of Kaczyński. On 4 November 2011, MEPs Zbigniew Ziobro , Jacek Kurski , and Tadeusz Cymański were ejected from the party, after Ziobro urged

1404-502: A parliamentary coalition with the League of Polish Families and Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland between 2005 and the 2007 election . It placed second and they remained in the parliamentary opposition until 2015. It regained the presidency in the 2015 election , and later won a majority of seats in the parliamentary election . They retained the positions following the 2019 and 2020 election , but lost their majority following

1512-987: A question the Bawolek asked to the European Commission in Brussels regarding a controversial judicial reform in Poland. The hate campaign resulted in death threats against the journalist. The European Commission expressed its condemnation of the online hate campaign caused by TVP and the Strasbourg-based Council of Europe issued an alert to the Polish authorities in respect of the hate campaign against Bawolek. The press freedom organization Reporters Without Borders wrote in its 2019 assessment of Polish press freedom that "many blamed state-owned TV broadcaster TVP's 'hate propaganda' for Gdansk mayor Pawel Adamowicz 's murder in January 2019.". Ahead of

1620-422: A right-wing coalition government with the agrarian populist Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland and the nationalist League of Polish Families , headed by Jarosław Kaczyński. Association with these parties, on the margins of Polish politics, severely affected the reputation of PiS. When accusations of corruption and sexual harassment against Andrzej Lepper , the leader of Self-Defence, surfaced, PiS chose to end

1728-661: A still image. Stefan Manczarski called his invention "a method of television transmission of images via wire and radio." Experiments were also conducted by a team of scientists and engineers in 1931 at the Polish Radio station in Katowice . Transmitting and receiving equipment according to the JL Baird system using a Nipkow shield. Both mechanical television transmitting and receiving devices were driven by one common engine, ensuring full synchronization of both units. The signal

1836-557: Is a right-wing populist and national-conservative political party in Poland . Its chairman is Jarosław Kaczyński . It was founded in 2001 by Jarosław and Lech Kaczyński as a direct successor of the Centre Agreement after it split from the Solidarity Electoral Action (AWS). It won the 2005 parliamentary and presidential elections, after which Lech became the president of Poland . It headed

1944-465: Is a Polish public mainstream TV channel operated by TVP . Launched in October 1970, its varied line-up contains a variety of programming (documentary, history, talk-shows, game-shows) although it focuses on entertainment: stand up comedy, comic shows, cabaret, and themed talk shows (for example on travel or foreign cultures). On October 2, 1970, when the second program of Telewizja Polska was broadcast,

2052-646: Is a television channel with a very diverse line-up, however, despite the programming diversity, in recent years, the network was dominated by entertainment, but the line-up also includes various cultural programs. In addition to its SD broadcast, a HD version of TVP2 is also broadcast. Broadcast of TVP2 HD began on 1 June 2012 with the coverage of the UEFA Euro 2012 . SD broadcasting via satellite ( Eutelsat Hot Bird ) stopped on 7 April 2017. All times are CET . All times are CET . NOTE: As of February 2024, Jeopardy! airs at 6:10 and not 6:20 PM. Panorama

2160-519: Is credited with causing the electoral blowout of Samoobrona and LPR in the 2007 Polish parliamentary election . Initially, the party was broadly pro-market, although less so than the Civic Platform . It has adopted the social market economy rhetoric similar to that of western European Christian democratic parties. In the 2005 election , the party shifted to the protectionist left on economics. As prime minister, Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz

2268-409: Is cruder, more primitive, and more aggressive than anything that was broadcast at that time." This contrasts with the testimonies that killer of Pawel Adamowicz was reading Gazeta Wyborcza , Dziennik Bałtycki , Polityka and Wprost and watched TVN , and Polsat but not TVP TVP was heavily criticized in the run-up to the 2020 Polish presidential election , being described as the "mouthpiece" of

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2376-429: Is necessary. It advocates progressive taxation that would redistribute the wealth from the wealthy to the poor, and it supports a large-scale social housing program. The party promised and implemented tax and welfare benefits to married couples and family. It also adheres to the principles of economic nationalism , postulating state control over key sectors of the economy. It seeks to increase healthcare spending to 6% of

2484-426: Is not a Christian democratic party. The party is commonly placed on the right wing to far-right of the political spectrum, although its economic ideology is also classified as left-wing, or left-leaning. The party supports a state-guaranteed minimum social safety net and extensive state intervention in the economy, and argues that a "more socially sensitive and less market-dominated" economic system

2592-478: Is presently connected with does not share European values". It was again cancelled in January 2016 after an amendment of the media law in Poland, which caused fears of a lack of pluralism and independence of TVP. In September 2020, TVP's " Wiadomości " was the most popular news program in Poland, with an average of 2.66 million viewers a day. In February 2021, TVP's " Wiadomości " was second most popular news program in Poland, with an average of 2.41 million viewers

2700-635: Is sceptical about closer political integration. It is against the formation of a European superstate or federation. PiS is in favour of a strong political and military alliance between Poland and the United States. In the European Parliament , it is a member of the European Conservatives and Reformists , a group founded in 2009 to challenge the prevailing pro-federalist ethos of the European Parliament and address

2808-481: Is the southeastern part of the country. Voters without a university degree tend to prefer the party more than college-educated voters do. Regionally, it has more support in regions of Poland that were historically part of western Galicia-Lodomeria and Congress Poland . Since 2015, the borders of support are not as clear as before and party enjoys support in western parts of country, especially these deprived ones. Large cities in all regions are more likely to vote for

2916-543: Is to provide the "common man its fair economic share of societal resources". Law and Justice is highly critical of neoliberalism , describing it as "anti-family" and arguing that neoliberal policies are responsible for social inequality, as well as maximizing profit at the cost of the "ordinary people" and "Catholic values". The party proposes increasing social benefit payments, raising the minimum wage, increasing expenditures on child nutrition and benefits to worse-off families. It also postulates more subsidies and state control of

3024-429: The 2010 Polish Air Force Tu-154 crash . Jarosław Kaczyński became the sole leader of the party. He was the presidential candidate in the 2010 elections . In the 2010 election, Jarosław gathered 46.99% of the vote, losing to Civic Platform candidate Bronislaw Komorowski , who won with 53.01%. The party won the 2015 parliamentary election , this time with an outright majority—something no Polish party had done since

3132-423: The 2023 Polish parliamentary election . During its foundation, it sought to position itself as a centrist Christian democratic party, although shortly after, it adopted more culturally and socially conservative views and began their shift to the right . Under Kaczyński's national-conservative and law and order agenda, PiS embraced economic interventionism . It has also pursued close relations with

3240-629: The Catholic Church , although in 2011, the Catholic-nationalist faction split off to form United Poland . During the 2010s, it also adopted right-wing populist positions. After regaining power, PiS gained popularity with transfer payments to families with children. It is a member of the European Conservatives and Reformists , and on national-level, it heads the United Right coalition. It currently holds 190 seats in

3348-470: The Christian right . PiS has been described to hold right-wing populist views. The party strongly promotes itself as a pro-family party and encourages married couples to have more children. Prior to 2005 elections, it promised to build three million inexpensive housing units as a way to help young couples start a family. Once in government, it passed legislation lengthening parental leaves . In 2017,

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3456-626: The Euro currency. In its campaigns, it emphasises that the European Union should "benefit Poland and not the other way around". It is a member of the anti-federalist European Conservatives and Reformists Party , having previously been a part of the Alliance for Europe of the Nations and, before that, the European People's Party . Although it has some elements of Christian democracy , it

3564-566: The Immigration and Nationality Directorate led by the UK government described Law and Justice as "basically a law and order party". In 2003, German political scientist Nikolaus Werz classified Law and Justice as a centrist, law-and-order party that "advocates a strong state, the fight against corruption and the tightening of criminal law". Werz contrasted the moderation of PiS with the radicalism of League of Polish Families , which he described as

3672-659: The Ministry of National Education . On November 19, 2020, the TVP Dokument channel began broadcasting, on March 8, 2021 - TVP Kobieta, and in 2022 - TVP Nauka. On 19 December 2023, the Sejm passed a resolution on "restoring the legal order and the impartiality and integrity of the public media and the Polish Press Agency " with 244 votes in favor. There were 84 votes against and 16 abstentions. The same day, Minister of Culture Bartłomiej Sienkiewicz dismissed

3780-657: The Sejm and 34 in the Senate . It has attracted widespread international criticism and domestic protest movements for allegedly dismantling liberal-democratic checks and balances . The party was created on a wave of popularity gained by Lech Kaczyński while heading the Polish Ministry of Justice (June 2000 to July 2001) in the AWS -led government, although local committees began appearing from 22 March 2001. The AWS itself

3888-458: The president the right to pass laws by decree (when prompted to do so by the Cabinet), a reduction of the number of members of the Sejm and Senat , and removal of constitutional bodies overseeing the media and monetary policy. PiS advocates increased criminal penalties. It postulates aggressive anti-corruption measures (including creation of an Anti-Corruption Bureau ( CBA ), open disclosure of

3996-535: The "Polish Edison", who in 1897 patented at the British Patent Office (British patent no. 5031). as the "telectroscope" defined as an "apparatus for reproducing images at a distance using electricity". In 1929, Stefan Manczarski constructed a mechanical television apparatus based on two synchronously rotating Nipkow disks , on the transmitting and receiving sides. The television signal was transmitted via an electric cable. The device only transmitted

4104-486: The 2019 European parliament elections, TVP ran 105 segments of the election of which 68 of 69 focused on the ruling party were positive and all 33 about the opposition were negative, according to a study by the Society of Journalists. Polish political scientist and anti-racism activist Rafał Pankowski stated, "I am old enough to remember Communist-controlled television in the 1980s, and I can safely say that what we have now

4212-664: The 2019 elections. Comparing the LGBT movement unfavorably to the Swedish Deluge and Communism, the documentary claimed that there is an "LGBT invasion" of Poland and that LGBT organizations have the goal of legalizing pedophilia. It was found to defame the Campaign Against Homophobia organization. Ombudsman Adam Bodnar stated, "The material not only reproduces stereotypes and heightens social hatred towards LGBT people, but also manipulates facts." Following

4320-620: The 5th World Festival of Youth and Students in 1955. On April 30, 1956, the Warsaw Television Center (Warszawski Ośrodek Telewizyjny) was opened, which provided access to TV programs to a larger group of viewers. WOT broadcast five days a week. On May 1, 1956, the Television Transmission Center began operation with a transmitting station located in the Palace of Culture and Science and an antenna on

4428-578: The Chief Rabbi of Poland, to the Polish Media Ethics Council  [ pl ] regarding antisemitism in the program. The Council concluded not only were anti-semitic statements made in the show, it did not uphold journalistic standards : Wiadomości "turned into an instrument of propaganda of one of the candidates in this election". In 2020, the station was ordered to retract a documentary, Inwazja , released just before

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4536-543: The European Union began an Article 7 infringement procedure against Poland due to a "clear risk of a serious breach" in the rule of law and fundamental values of the European Union. The party has caused what constitutional law scholar Wojciech Sadurski termed a "constitutional breakdown" by packing the Constitutional Court with its supporters, undermining parliamentary procedure, and reducing

4644-798: The Israeli Ambassador following the World Central Kitchen drone strikes and criticized the 2023 Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip . The PiS government supported accession of Turkey to the European Union . PiS also advocates for a strong relationship with Hungary under Viktor Orbán , though they diverged over the Russo-Ukrainian War . The party's views on social issues are much more traditionalist than those of social conservative parties in other European countries, and its social views reflect those of

4752-509: The Kaczynski brothers were fairly mainstream … but now they've gotten into bed with the League of Polish Families and Samoobrona. They are moving to the right, and it's a pretty intolerant right." The party had undergone a radical ideological change, abandoning its centrist position towards an increasingly populist and nationalist political orientation. This change was also marked by a pivot on

4860-412: The PiS government commenced the so-called "500+" programme under which all parents residing in Poland receive an unconditional monthly payment of 500 PLN for each second and subsequent child (the 500 PLN support for the first child being linked to income). It also revived the idea of a housing programme based on state-supported construction of inexpensive housing units. Also in 2017, the party's MPs passed

4968-516: The Polish GDP, and nationalize hospital debts. During the 2015 election campaign, it proposed tax rebates related to the number of children in a family, as well as a reduction of the VAT rate (while keeping a variation between individual types of VAT rates). In 2019, the lowest personal income tax threshold was decreased from 18% to 17%. PiS opposes cutting social welfare spending, and also proposed

5076-428: The Polish infrastructure, and expansion of the healthcare and education system. The party also opposes privatization, stating: "We cannot deprive the state of influence and responsibility for the social order, in particular for the weakest social groups whose situation as a result of the transformation has been rapidly deteriorating." PiS has presented a project for constitutional reform including, among others: allowing

5184-440: The Polish political party Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland (Samoobrona) led by Andrzej Lepper . Law and Justice appropriated the economic rhetoric and views of Samoobrona following its complete collapse in the 2007 Polish parliamentary election . Samoobrona is an economically far-left party, much further left than parties of post-communist origin such as the social-democratic Democratic Left Alliance . After Samoobrona and

5292-726: The SECAM system to the PAL system, in which the two national TVP networks adopted it (later TVP Polonia and TVP the regional stations also switched to this system). On January 1, 1993, together with Polish Radio, TVP became a member of the European Broadcasting Union (EBU). At the same time, since the 1990s, many TVP presenters and journalists began to leave public television, moving to commercial television (including Polsat and TVN). After 1989, TVP news programs were accused of being subject to political influence depending on who

5400-458: The Sejm and 49 out of 100 seats in the Senate. It was almost universally expected that the two largest parties, PiS and Civic Platform (PO), would form a coalition government. The putative coalition parties had a falling out, however, related to a fierce contest for the Polish presidency . In the end, Lech Kaczyński won the second round of the presidential election on 23 October 2005 with 54.0% of

5508-495: The assets of politicians and important public servants), as well as broad and various measures to smooth the working of public institutions. PiS is a strong supporter of lustration ( lustracja ), a verification system created ostensibly to combat the influence of the Communist era security apparatus in Polish society. While current lustration laws require the verification of those who serve in public offices, PiS wants to expand

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5616-467: The authorities of public media. The following day saw the termination of TVP Info, TVP 3, and TVP World's programming, with the associated broadcasts being instead switched to those of other TVP stations. News programming that would normally air on TVP 1 ( Teleexpress , Wiadomości ) and TVP 2 ( Panorama ) was instead replaced by standby sequences of the stations' respective logos. On 21 December 2023, at 19:30, TVP broadcast its first evening news bulletin by

5724-418: The capitalist transformation in Poland, accusing the 1990s Polish cabinets of 'choosing the wrong path of transformation after the 1989 system change' and leading to 'beneficiaries under such capitalist conditions [having] become undeservedly privileged'. The party claims to represent the "marginalised vast majority of Poles" who had to bear the costs of capitalist transformation, and states that its main goal

5832-552: The chairman of the Radio Committee, Włodzimierz Sokorski, announced during a ceremonial speech that the launch of the new program was an expression of "concern for the nation's education and culture". The channel was initially an educational network that broadcast mainly science and education programs, including language learning; that is why "Dwójka" also broadcast foreign films in the original version in slots such as Kino wersji oryginalnej (Movies in their original version) or

5940-549: The change of government in the 2023 Polish parliamentary election , a TVP host formally apologized to the LGBT community for attacks broadcast against them. According to Timothy Garton Ash , "the broadcaster has descended into the paranoid world of the far right , where spotless, heroic, perpetually misunderstood Poles are being conspired against by dark, international German - Jewish - LGBT -plutocratic forces meeting secretly in Swiss chateaux." TVP president Jacek Kurski rejected

6048-458: The coalition and called for new elections. In the 2007 general election , PiS managed to secure 32.1% of votes. Although an improvement over its showing from 2005, the results were nevertheless a defeat for the party, as Civic Platform (PO) gathered 41.5%. The party won 166 out of 460 seats in the Sejm and 39 seats in Poland's Senate . On 10 April 2010, its former leader Lech Kaczyński died in

6156-401: The contention that the organization violated broadcasting law, and conservative media commentator and former TVP employee Jacek Kurski says the station "deserves recognition" for its "consistent promotion of patriotism and pro-state thinking". Law and Justice (Poland) Law and Justice ( Polish : Prawo i Sprawiedliwość [ˈpravɔ i ˌspravjɛˈdlivɔɕt͡ɕ] , PiS )

6264-521: The corporation. On November 1, 1975, the first terrestrial satellite communication station in Poland was put into operation in Psary-Kąty (Świętokrzyskie Mountains), which significantly expanded TVP's broadcasting capabilities. After a long break in the creation of new television centers, on January 12, 1985, a local television branch in Lublin was established, TVP3 Lublin . On January 1, 1989, Telegazeta

6372-504: The eve of the Sejm elections). Then, a 30-minute montage of artistic forms with the participation of Marta Nowosad, Jerzy Michotek, Witold Gruca and Jan Mroziński was broadcast from the Institute of Telecommunications, which was received on 24 Leningrad receivers located in clubs and community centers. The first announcer was Maria Rosa-Krzyżanowska. Subsequent broadcasts took place on November 15, 1952 (excerpts of Lalka with Nina Andrycz in

6480-491: The exhibition "Radio in the fight for peace and progress" was opened, during which trial television broadcasts with the participation of artists were shown, the daily broadcast of the television program lasted until January 20, 1952. In 1952 a studio was established at the Ratuszowa 11 street in Warsaw, and the first television program team was established. The first program was broadcast on October 25, 1952 at 7:00 p.m. (on

6588-458: The export of Ukrainian grain to Poland. The party has been described as divided between pro-Ukrainian and anti-Ukrainian factions. Though the PiS government initially advocated a pro-Israel policy, relations with Israel deteriorated following the 2018 Amendment to the Act on the Institute of National Remembrance and subsequent diplomatic incidents . In opposition, PiS called for the expulsion of

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6696-504: The fall of communism . In the normal course of events, this should have made Jarosław Kaczyński prime minister for a second time. However, Beata Szydło , perceived as being somewhat more moderate than Kaczyński, had been tapped as PiS's candidate for prime minister. The party supported controversial reforms carried out by the Hungarian Fidesz party, with Jarosław Kaczyński declaring in 2011 that "a day will come when we have

6804-470: The far-right anti-capitalist League of Polish Families (LPR) formed a coalition with PiS in 2006 in order to prevent the neoliberal Civic Platform from coming to power, Law and Justice managed to claim the voters of both parties by "taking up economically inclusionary discourse from the originally left-wing Self-Defence and outbidding the LPR on cultural conservatism". Ever since, Law and Justice has been critical of

6912-476: The final abolition of martial law in 1983 and the return to regular broadcasting, the concept of the network began to be implemented as a channel with its own, clearer face, which could significantly diversify the programming offer. At the beginning, the focus was mainly on documentary series about outstanding artists, in particular about writers (the Great Writers series), travel series and series devoted to

7020-588: The free world. The first result of the cooperation was the broadcasting of the first color program on July 22, 1971, using the French SECAM system - it was an adaptation of Anton Chekhov 's monodrama On the Harm of Tobacco Smoking. Over time, it was the standard adopted in all countries (except Romania ) of the Eastern Bloc . Initially, the program was broadcast in color once a week, from December 6, 1971,

7128-488: The fringe parties to the right, Law and Justice originated from the anti-communist Solidarity trade union (which is a major cleavage in Polish politics), which was not a theocratic organisation. Solidarity's leadership wanted to back Law and Justice in 2005, but was held back by the union's last experience of party politics, in backing Solidarity Electoral Action . Today, the party enjoys great support among working class constituencies and union members. Groups that vote for

7236-552: The government and as "peddl[ing] government hate speech" by the organization Reporters Without Borders . The state television broadcast a segment of Wiadomości called Trzaskowski spełni żydowskie żądania? ("Will Trzaskowski meet Jewish demands?") regarding the Civic Platform candidate Rafał Trzaskowski . A complaint was made by the American Jewish Committee , Union of Jewish Religious Communities,

7344-458: The introduction of a system of state-guaranteed housing loans. The party also opposes foreign ownership of crucial industries and businesses, and proposed buying back the largest convenience store chain in Poland, Żabka , from its foreign owners. It also supports state provided universal health care . PiS has been also described as statist , protectionist , solidarist , and interventionist . They also hold agrarianist views. Given

7452-414: The late 1990s, as this period marked the strongest and most persistent wave of public dissatisfaction with economic liberalism and corruption. For the first years after its foundation, Law and Justice was characterized as a moderate, single-issue party narrowly focused on the issue of ' law and order ', appealing to voters concerned about corruption and high crime rates. In its 2002 assessment of Poland,

7560-755: The main role were shown) and December 5, 1952 (excerpts of The King and the Actor from the Chamber Theater in Warsaw). Three months later - on January 23, 1953 - a regular broadcast of the Polish television program was initiated (half an hour once a week). On July 22, 1954, the Experimental Television Center was launched with its own journalistic team. The program was broadcast from the former bank building at Plac Powstańców Warszawy 7, specially rebuilt and enlarged after war damage to meet

7668-615: The masterpieces of cinematography, both included in author's series (such as films by Woody Allen, Ingmar Bergman) and in series thematic (such as Latin American Cinema). When Zbigniew Napierała became the director of the network, more classical music programs appeared on the air, which then took up as much as 11% of airtime. The channel gained a new "face" when Józef Węgrzyn became the director, who decided to introduce more entertainment and journalistic programs (his idea was, among others, Panorama dnia), an original announcer studio and

7776-584: The message." In 2018, Telewizja Polska started broadcasting, as one of the three largest television stations, in 4K quality under the name TVP 4K. On September 17, 2019, the TVP Wilno channel intended for Poles living in Lithuania began broadcasting. In March 2020, the decision to close educational institutions due to the COVID pandemic , Telewizja Polska initiated the "Szkoła z TVP" project in cooperation with

7884-645: The name Sylwester z Gwiazdami (New Year's Eve With the Stars). On April 24, 2005, another theme channel - TVP Kultura - started broadcasting. In the following years, Telewizja Polska launched further theme channels (November 18, 2006 - TVP Sport ; May 3, 2007 - TVP Historia ; October 6, 2007 - TVP Info ; which replaced TVP3; December 6, 2010 - TVP Seriale ; April 15, 2013 - TVP Rozrywka ; 1 September 2013 – TVP Regionalna; February 15, 2014 – TVP ABC). In 2008, Telewizja Polska started broadcasting in HD quality, and on August 6 of

7992-468: The needs of the newly established institution. The center's program was initially broadcast once a week on Fridays, from April 1, 1955 - twice (on Tuesdays and Fridays), from November 1, 1955 - three days a week (on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays), and from January 1, 1956 - four days a week (additionally on Sundays). Exceptionally, daily broadcasts took place during the broadcast of the Peace Races and

8100-418: The neoliberalism of Civic Platform; Lepper also justified his decision on the basis of Kaczyński's declarations in support of funding social welfare, fighting unemployment and taking a tougher stance towards the European Union. On foreign policy , PiS is Atlanticist and less supportive of European integration than Civic Platform. The party is soft eurosceptic and opposes a federal Europe , especially

8208-603: The new team of journalists, under the title 19.30 . In 2012, TVP signed an agreement with the BBC , under which they will work together on film and television productions. The French-German TV liberal arts network ARTE cancelled a 15-year cooperation with TVP, when it learned in February 2009 that TVP's general director, Piotr Farfał , was a member of the League of Polish Families , which opposed Arte's "philosophy based on intercultural exchange" and "the party that TVP's chairman

8316-561: The opposition party the Civic Platform in 2023, a newly-appointed Minister of Culture began a restructuring of the broadcaster and its news segment , which still resulted in bias against the opposition (PiS). On December 27, 2023, the Minister of Culture and National Heritage, due to the President's veto on the financing of the company, placed it in liquidation. The forerunner of television in Poland should be Jan Szczepanik , called

8424-453: The party include miners, farmers, shopkeepers, unskilled workers, the unemployed, and pensioners. With its left-wing approach toward economics, the party attracts voters who feel that economic liberalisation and European integration have left them behind. The party's core support derives from older, religious people who value conservatism and patriotism. PiS voters are usually located in rural areas and small towns. The strongest region of support

8532-450: The party started calling for a "conservative revolution" that would restore traditional values to Poland, and gradually adopted right-wing populist rhetoric characterized by a "somewhat leftist" economical policy to undercut the appeal of far-right anti-capitalist League of Polish Families (LPR), agrarian socialist Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland (Samoobrona) and the agrarian Polish People's Party (PSL). The populist pivot of PiS

8640-765: The party to split further into two separate parties – centrist and nationalist – with the three representing the nationalist faction. Ziobro's supporters, most of whom on the right-wing of the party, formed a new group in Parliament called Solidary Poland , leading to their expulsion, too. United Poland was formed as a formally separate party in March 2012, but has not threatened Law and Justice in opinion polls. United Poland which would later become Sovereign Poland merged with Law and Justice on 12 October 2024 during PiS congress in Przysucha. Like Civic Platform, but unlike

8748-494: The party's position towards the European Union - initially strongly supportive of European integration, PiS became an Eurosceptic party that criticized the EU from nationalist, protectionist, and anti-neoliberal perspectives. According to Polish political scientists Krzysztof Kowalczyk and Jerzy Sielski, Law and Justice had moved from a single-issue party in 2001 to a staunchly and broadly conservative one by 2006. They noted that by 2006

8856-514: The perceived democratic deficit existing at a European level. They have frequently expressed anti-German , and anti-Russian stances. Law and Justice has taken a hardline stance against Russia in its foreign policy since the party's foundation. The party vocally advocated for military aid to Ukraine during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine , but announced it would halt arms transfers in September 2023 following disagreements over

8964-409: The political opposition, Jews, and other groups as a shadowy conspiracy seeking to undermine Poland. In 2018, The Economist stated: "the [TVP] anchors... praise PiS slavishly while branding its critics treacherous crypto-communists. In July 2016 Politico.eu criticized it for strong pro-government bias. In 2017, TVP triggered a hate campaign against Polsat journalist Dorota Bawolek , following

9072-412: The poor. The party attacked Civic Platform's flat tax proposal and advocated a much more active role of the state in the economy. Law and Justice also made "an offer to the left", stressing its economically left-wing policies. This pivot led the leader of far-left Samoobrona, Andrzej Lepper, to endorse Lech Kaczyński in the 2005 Polish presidential election , arguing that left-wing voters must vote against

9180-505: The popular vote, Law and Justice received the highest vote share by any party since Poland returned to democracy in 1989, but lost its majority in the Senate . The United Right alliance placed first for the third straight election and won a plurality of seats but fell short of a Sejm majority. The opposition, consisting of the Civic Coalition , Third Way , and The Left , achieved a combined total vote of 54%, managing to form

9288-435: The president's and prime minister's offices in favour of power being wielded extra-constitutionally by party leader Jarosław Kaczyński. After eliminating constitutional checks, the government then moved to curtail the activities of NGOs and independent media, restrict freedom of speech and assembly, and reduce the qualifications required for civil service jobs in order to fill these positions with party loyalists. The media law

9396-457: The proceedings of the PZPR congress were broadcast every day in color (the first cyclical color broadcasts in Europe were broadcast in 1967), but due to the lack of receivers and their high cost, color television was not available to most Polish television viewers at that time. In 1972, after Maciej Szczepański took over the position of president of TVP, approximately 12,000 people lost their jobs at

9504-537: The process to include university professors, lawyers, journalists, managers of large companies, and others performing "public functions". Those found to have collaborated with the security service , according to the party, should be forbidden to practice in their professions. The party is in favour of strengthening the Polish Army through diminishing bureaucracy and raising military expenditures, especially for modernisation of army equipment. PiS planned to introduce

9612-653: The redistributive and protectionist agenda of the party as well as its focus on welfare and nationalization, some political scientists classify Law and Justice as economically left-wing. Stephen Park Turner likewise classified it as left-wing. It has also been described as economically left-leaning by the Centre for European Reform , Reuters , and The Routledge Handbook of East European Politics. Political economist Cédric M. Koch wrote that PiS combines "political communitarianism with neo-socialist economic views". The economic views and policies of Law and Justice derive from

9720-401: The same year, TVP HD started broadcasting . On June 16, 2011, the first online theme channel was launched - TVP Parliament . On June 1, 2012, two nationwide networks, TVP1 and TVP2, started broadcasting in HD quality. Polish Television was working on introducing 3D images to its channels. As part of digital terrestrial television and the offers of selected cable and satellite operators, it enables

9828-538: The slightly later Kino poliglotów (Films for Polyglots). It was intended to promote the achievements of theater, film and good entertainment. The network also broadcast program blocks devoted to the countries of "people's democracy", such as Czechoslovakia Day on TP, Yugoslavia Day on TVP, , Dzień Jugosławii w TVP where documentaries and fictional films as well as entertainment programs from these countries were broadcast, but some Western countries were also presented (such as French Day on TVP, Austrian Day on TVP). After

9936-471: The technicians also managed to assemble high-class television equipment. On October 2, 1970, the second national television network was officially launched . From the beginning of its existence, TVP2 focused mainly on cultural and entertainment programs (including Studio 2). The opening of Poland to the West - characteristic of Gierek's era - allowed Polish television to have access to modern technologies from

10044-510: The top of the spire at a height of 227m. The station's range was approximately 55 km. The real beginning of Polish Television was the creation of the Television Program Team at the Polish Radio on August 1, 1958. Two years later (December 2, 1960), the "Polish Radio and Television" Committee was established. From then on, Polish Radio and TVP had equal status. The first head of the Radio Committee (a position equivalent to

10152-401: The transmitting antenna. Test television broadcasts took place on October 5, 1938 and August 26, 1939 in Warsaw with the participation of Mieczysław Fogg. It was a mechanical television station broadcasting under the 120-line standard. It carried, among others: a telecine film "Barbara Radziwiłłówna" with Jadwiga Smosarska in the main role, and at that time work on 343-line electronic television

10260-716: The use of hybrid television using the TVP Hybrid Platform. There were already plans to launch further channels, TVP Nauka, TVP 4K and TVP Muzyka. Since 1993, the legal status of the broadcaster has been defined by the Broadcasting Act, according to which Telewizja Polska is obliged to implement "a public mission ... by offering ... various programmes and other services in the field of information, journalism, culture, entertainment, education and sport, characterized by pluralism, impartiality, balance and independence as well as innovation, high quality and integrity of

10368-517: The vote, ahead of Donald Tusk , the PO candidate. After the 2005 elections, Jarosław should have become prime minister. However, in order to improve his brother's chances of winning the presidential election (the first round of which was scheduled two weeks after the parliamentary election), PiS formed a minority government headed by Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz as prime minister, an arrangement that eventually turned out to be unworkable. In July 2006, PiS formed

10476-413: Was changed to give the governing party control of the state media, which was turned into a partisan outlet, with dissenting journalists fired from their jobs. Due to these political changes, Poland has been termed an " illiberal democracy ", "plebiscitarian authoritarianism", or "velvet dictatorship with a façade of democracy". The party won reelection in the 2019 parliamentary election . With 44% of

10584-512: Was created from a diverse array of many small political parties. In the 2001 general election , PiS gained 44 (of 460) seats in the lower chamber of the Polish Parliament ( Sejm ) with 9.5% of votes. In 2002, Lech Kaczyński was elected mayor of Warsaw . He handed the party leadership to his twin brother Jarosław in 2003. In the 2005 general election , PiS took first place with 27.0% of votes, which gave it 155 out of 460 seats in

10692-562: Was defeated in the Sejm on 11 December 2023, effectively ending its tenure. In January 2010, a breakaway faction led by Jerzy Polaczek split from the party to form Poland Plus . Its seven members of the Sejm came from the centrist , economically liberal wing of the party. On 24 September 2010, the group was disbanded, with most of its Sejm members, including Polaczek, returning to Law and Justice. On 16 November 2010, MPs Joanna Kluzik-Rostkowska , Elżbieta Jakubiak and Paweł Poncyljusz , and MEPs Adam Bielan and Michał Kamiński formed

10800-535: Was established, broadcasting in Wrocław and the surrounding area until March 8, 1995, and then on December 5, 1992 Polsat started broadcasting, which on October 5, 1993 received a license for terrestrial broadcasting in Poland from the National Broadcasting Council and on January 27, 1994 a license for nationwide commercial television. In the early 1990s, it was decided to completely switch from

10908-566: Was established, the first teletext service in Poland. The socio-political changes at the turn of the 1980s and 1990s also resulted in television reform. In 1987, TVP lost its monopoly on broadcasting television in Poland, when the first private Polish television station, "Ursynat", was established in the Ursynów district of Warsaw. In 1989, another station, Sky Orunia, was established, broadcasting in Gdańsk until 1996, and on February 6, 1990, PTV Echo

11016-455: Was in power in Poland, as well as being biased and lacking objectivity. In 1997, the first theme channel of public television was launched - Tylko Muzyka, but it ended broadcasting a year later due to formal and legal reasons. In 1998, the official website of Telewizja Polska was created - www.tvp.pl. In 2004, the first edition of the New Year's Eve musical show organized by TVP took place under

11124-535: Was in progress. The development of research on television, which was very advanced (the launch of a permanent service was expected in 1940), was interrupted by the outbreak of World War II . Work on Polish Television was resumed in 1947. Work at the National Telecommunications Institute (later the Institute of Telecommunications) was carried out under the supervision of Janusz Groszkowski and Lesław Kędzierski. On December 15, 1951,

11232-408: Was installed, and at the beginning of 1938, a video transmitter. Moreover, in 1938, a 16-meter-high tower structure was built on the roof of the "skyscraper", as it was called, on which a tubular mast for an 11-meter-high transmitting antenna was mounted. The antenna was located 87 m above the ground, which ensured reception of the video signal at a distance of 20 km and audio signal 30 km from

11340-556: Was more economically liberal than the Kaczyńskis, advocating a position closer to Civic Platform. In 2005, Law and Justice made Civic Platform its main ideological opponent despite their previous closeness - Law and Justice posed a difference between Civic Platform's "liberal Poland" and its "social Poland". The former was marked by economic liberalism, austerity, deregulation and "serving the rich". In contrast, Law and Justice stressed its "social" character, pledging policies that would help

11448-465: Was powerful, albeit briefly, in the early 1990s when the capitalist transition was in its early stages. However, it suddenly lost all influence when Kaczyński's party, Centre Agreement, failed to reach the newly-established 5% electoral threshold in the 1993 Polish parliamentary election . This led the political movement that would later form PiS to spend the rest of the 1990s with only marginal political influence. It slowly started to re-establish itself in

11556-529: Was their emphasis on decommunisation . New Conservatives Defunct The ideological roots of Law and Justice go back to the late 1980s to a Christian-democratic and nationalist wing of the Solidarity movement. The party derives from a dissident faction of Solidarity which felt alienated from the economically liberal policies of the post-communist Polish establishment. This faction was centered around Jarosław Kaczyński as well as President Lech Wałęsa, and

11664-582: Was transmitted by cable within one laboratory. The experimental work was led by Eng. Twardawa. Only later, work on launching a television station in Poland began in 1935 in Warsaw at the State Telecommunications Institute and Polish Radio. In 1937, an experimental television station began operating on the sixteenth floor of the Prudential skyscraper. Władysław Cetner became the station manager. In 1937, an audio transmitter

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