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30-623: The district is elongated from south to north, with a protrusion in the northeast. The main waterway within the district limits is the Sukhona River , which crosses it from southwest to northeast. Almost all of the district lies in the basin of the Sukhona and its tributaries , including the Tolshma from the right and the Tsaryova and Yedenga from the left. Minor areas in the north of

60-556: A ship . This style is sometimes referred to as Totma Baroque . Totemsky District has a high concentration of historical, archaeological, and architectural monuments. The district contains sixteen objects classified as cultural and historical heritage by Russian Federal law (twelve of them in the town of Totma), and additionally ninety-nine objects classified as cultural and historical heritage of local importance (seventy-four of them in Totma). Most of these are churches and chapels located in

90-407: A dry (hard) bottom". The river basin of the Sukhona comprises vast areas in the central and eastern parts of Vologda Oblast, in the south of Arkhangelsk Oblast , and in the north of Kostroma Oblast . In particular, the city of Vologda is located in the river basin of the Sukhona. The basin also includes Lake Kubenskoye , one of the biggest lakes of Vologda Oblast. The river basin is bounded from

120-632: A tributary of the Northern Dvina . The course of the Sukhona lies in Ust-Kubinsky , Sokolsky , Mezhdurechensky , Totemsky , Tarnogsky , Nyuksensky , and Velikoustyugsky Districts of Vologda Oblast in Russia . It is 558 kilometres (347 mi) long, and the area of its basin 50,300 square kilometres (19,400 sq mi). The Sukhona joins the Yug near the town of Veliky Ustyug , forming

150-618: Is navigable, but there is no passenger navigation except for ferry crossings. The lower course of the Kubena and Lake Kubenskoye are navigable as well. The northern part of Lake Kubenskoye, which belongs to the basin of the Sukhona, is connected by Northern Dvina Canal with the town of Kirillov and the Sheksna , thus connecting the basins of the White Sea and the Volga . In the 19th century,

180-419: The selo of Krasnoye was also established. On July 30, 1931, it was abolished and divided between Shuysky and Totemsky Districts. Syamzhensky District , which was also established on July 15, 1929, was likewise abolished on July 30, 1931 and divided between Totemsky and Kharovsky Districts . On January 25, 1935, Syamzhensky District was re-established. As an administrative division ,

210-598: The Komi Republic and the new Northern Oblast. Northern Oblast included 54 districts, three of which were in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug. In 1937, the Oblast was split into Arkhangelsk and Vologda Oblasts. In 1941, three of its districts – Lalsky, Oparinsky and Podosinovsky – were transferred from Arkhangelsk Oblast to Kirov Oblast . Pavinsky and Vokhomsky District became

240-884: The Northern Dvina , one of the biggest rivers of European Russia. The biggest tributaries of the Sukhona are the Vologda (right), the Lezha (right), the Pelshma (left), the Dvinitsa (left), the Tolshma (right), the Tsaryova (left), the Uftyuga (left), and the Gorodishna (right). According to the Max Vasmer 's Etymological Dictionary, the name of the river originates from the Russian and most likely means "a river with

270-594: The Novgorod Republic , with the exception was Veliky Ustyug , which was part of Vladimir-Suzdal Principality . Totma has been first mentioned in the chronicles in 1137, and Veliky Ustyug — in 1207. In the 13th century the Novgorod merchants already reached the White Sea . The area was attractive in the first instance because of the fur trading. The main waterway from Novgorod into the Northern Dvina

300-400: The Sukhona River as the main waterway leading to the north and eventually to the White Sea . In the 13th century, salt production started around Totma, and the town, which was originally located downstream of the current place, was relocated. In 1539–1541, Totma was plundered by Kazan Tatars , after which a fortress was built. In the 16th century, Totma was one of the most prosperous towns of

330-610: The Russian North, due to its salt production and trade. In 1554, monk Feodosy Sumorin founded the Transfiguration Monastery . In the 17th and 18th centuries, Totma was visited by Peter the Great three times, which was rather exceptional given the remote location of the town. In the 18th century, Totma was one of the main centers of the exploration of and the trade with Alaska . In particular, Ivan Kuskov ,

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360-404: The Sukhona is navigable within the district limits, there is no passenger navigation. Totma is a historical town which preserved, along with other heritage, several churches, all of which have similar structure not related to any other region of Russia. A Totma church is a building on which the church proper is based on one side and the bell-tower on the other side, so that the construction reminds

390-710: The area. The monuments classified as cultural heritage by the federal law are the following: Totma hosts five state museums: the Totma Regional Museum, founded in 1915, the museum of Church Antiquities, the House of Ivan Kuskov, the museum of Sea Explorers (in the building of the Church of the Entry into Jerusalem), and the museum of artifacts in Spaso-Sumorin Monastery. There is also a museum in

420-521: The banks of the Sukhona. The source of the Sukhona is in the south-eastern part of Lake Kubenskoye . The Sukhona flows out in the south-eastern direction, accepts the Vologda and the Lezha from the right and turns northeast. Most of the river course runs over hilly landscape with tall banks. The Sukhona freezes up in late October - November and stays under the ice until late April - early May. The Sukhona

450-727: The basins of the Northern Dvina and the Volga, which crosses the southern part of the district, is marked by the western part of the Northern Ridge hill chain. Considerable areas within the district are covered by coniferous forests. Swamps cover up to 8% of the area of the district. The biggest one is the Bolshaya Chist Swamp located between the valleys of the Sukhona and the Tolshma and shared by Totemsky and Mezhdurechensky Districts and by Kostroma Oblast. The area of

480-528: The canal and Lake Kubenskoye were the main waterway connecting the Volga with the White Sea. However, in the 1930s the White Sea – Baltic Canal was built, and the Northern Dvina Canal lost its significance. The canal is still in operation, serving cargo traffic and occasional cruise ships, which then proceed to Lake Kubenskoye. The area was populated by Finnic peoples and then colonized by

510-687: The district belong to the basins of the Vaga and Kuloy Rivers . In particular, Lake Sonduzhskoye , by far the biggest lake in the district, is the source of the Kuloy. Minor areas in the west of the district belong to the basin of the Syamzhena , a tributary of the Kubena . Some rivers in the south of the district drain into the Unzha and the Kostroma and thus, eventually, into the Volga . The divide between

540-473: The district is divided into one town of district significance ( Totma ) and fifteen selsoviets . As a municipal division , the district is incorporated as Totemsky Municipal District and is divided into one urban and six rural settlements. The municipal district includes all of the inhabited localities of the administrative district, as well as two rural localities (the settlements of Gremyachy and Karitsa ) from Gryazovetsky District . Industry (including

570-433: The energy, gas, and water networks) employs 12.7% of the population of the district; further 17.1% are employed in agriculture, 15.9% in education, 12.6% in transportation services, and 11.6% in the trade. Food industry is the major industry in the district. Paved roads connect Totma with Vologda via Kadnikov (southwest), Veliky Ustyug via Nyuksenitsa (northeast), and Nikolsk via Imeni Babushkina (east). Before

600-494: The first administrator of Fort Ross , a Russian fortress in California, was a native of Totma. In the course of the administrative reform carried out in 1708 by Peter the Great, the area was included into Archangelgorod Governorate . Totma was explicitly mentioned as one of the towns included in the governorate. In 1780, the governorate was abolished and transformed into Vologda Viceroyalty ; simultaneously, Totemsky Uyezd

630-477: The former area of Totemsky Uyezd . In the following years, the first-level administrative division of Russia kept changing. In 1936, Northern Krai was transformed into Northern Oblast . In 1937, Northern Oblast itself was split into Arkhangelsk Oblast and Vologda Oblast. Totemsky District remained in Vologda Oblast ever since. On July 15, 1929, Tolshmensky District with the administrative center in

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660-462: The railway between Vologda and Arkhangelsk between 1894 and 1897. Northern Oblast (1936-1937) 64°32′N 40°32′E  /  64.533°N 40.533°E  / 64.533; 40.533 Northern Oblast ( Russian : Северная область , romanized :  Severnaya oblast ) was an administrative-territorial unit ( oblast ) of the Russian SFSR from 1936 to 1937. Its seat

690-554: The road between Totma and Veliky Ustyug along the Sukhona was completed in the first decade of the 2000s, the only connection between the towns was via Nikolsk. The only railroad in the district is the Monza Railroad , built for timber transport and operated by the timber production authorities, which runs along the border of Vologda and Kostroma Oblasts. The railroad crosses Totemsky District from west to east. Plans to extend it further east to Nikolsk were never realized. While

720-475: The settlement of Tsaryova , which shows ethnographic collections. Russian poet Nikolay Rubtsov spent eight years, from 1942 (age of 6) to 1950, in an orphanage in the selo of Nikolskoye of Totemsky District. He then moved to Totma, where in 1952 he graduated from a college and then left the town. Sukhona River The Sukhona ( Russian : Су́хона ) is a river in the European part of Russia,

750-483: The south by the western part of the Northern Ridge , which separates the basins of the Sukhona and the Kostroma . From the north, the Sukhona river basin is bounded in the western part by the Kharovsk Ridge hill chain which separates it from the river basin of the Vaga . The towns of Sokol , Totma , and Veliky Ustyug, as well as the villages and district centers Shuyskoye and Nyuksenitsa , are located on

780-405: The swamp is about 200 square kilometers (77 sq mi) and it is mostly treeless. Bolshaya Chist is the largest area swamp in Vologda Oblast. Other swamps are located in the north of the district, in particular in the valleys of the Kuloy and the Uftyuga . Lake Sonduzhskoye is surrounded by swamps. Totma was first mentioned in the chronicles in 1137. It was founded by Novgorodians , who used

810-519: Was along the Volga and its tributary, the Sheksna , along the Slavyanka into Lake Nikolskoye, then the boats were taken by land to Lake Blagoveshchenskoye, from there downstream along the Porozovitsa into Lake Kubenskoye and further to the Sukhona and the Northern Dvina. Until the 1700s, Arkhangelsk was the main trading harbour for the sea trade of Russia and Western Europe, and the Sukhona

840-414: Was established. The viceroyalty was abolished in 1796, and the part of it which included Totma became Vologda Governorate . On July 15, 1929, several governorates, including Vologda Governorate, were merged into Northern Krai , and the uyezds were abolished. Instead, Totemsky District with the administrative center in the town of Totma was established as a part of Vologda Okrug . It included parts of

870-535: Was in the city of Arkhangelsk . The oblast was located in the north of European Russia and its territory is currently divided between Arkhangelsk , Vologda , Kostroma and Kirov oblasts and the Nenets Autonomous Okrug . Before 1936, the area occupied by Northern Oblast was part of Northern Krai , a vast administrative unit comprising the north of Russia. The 1936 Soviet Constitution abolished Northern Krai and divided its territory between

900-470: Was on the main trading route connecting the central Russia with Arkhangelsk. Peter the Great drastically changed the situation, by founding Saint-Petersburg in 1703, thus opening the way for the Baltic Sea trade, and by constructing the highway between Saint-Petersburg and Arkhangelsk via Kargopol. The river quickly lost its role as the leading trading route, which was accelerated by the construction of

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