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48-722: The history of the settlement goes back to August 25, 1942, when Kuloy railway station of the North Pechora Railway was opened. The station was necessary to access the work camp building the railway. The railway was built using forced labor by political prisoners, causing many deaths due to low safety and general health of workers. There were four men's and one women's work camp in Kuloy. Work conditions were extremely severe. The workers had to build their own ovens, get warm by standing near cast iron and write letters for their friends and family on pieces of newspapers. They made

96-621: A decorated sword and a hat adorned with pearls (both were sanctified by Pope Gregory XIII himself), while this ceremony manifested the sovereignty of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and had the meaning of elevation of the new Grand Duke of Lithuania , this way ignoring the stipulations of the Union of Lublin. A common parliament, the Sejm, held its sessions in Warsaw ; it had 114 deputies from

144-488: A 272-kilometre-long (169 mi) road between Konosha and Kizema . The settlement also contains two general education schools and a children's music and art school. Oktyabrsky – Velsk auto route is located 3 kilometers (1.9 mi) from the settlement. Sports are well represented in Kuloy. In 2006, the local football team "Lokomotiv" ( Локомотив ) won the Velsky District championship. Aside from football,

192-465: A bow when viewed from above. Another theory holds that the city's name connotes the idea of being situated “on floodplain meadows”. Pryluky was first mentioned in 1085 by Prince Vlаdimir Monomakh in his Precepts To My Children . That year the city-fortress sheltered the prince and his entourage from the horde of Polovtsy and soon the prince's armed forces, strengthened by the Pryluky militia, routed

240-557: A city within the Chernihiv Oblast . During World War II , Pryluky was occupied by the German Army from 18 September 1941 to 18 September 1943. During the occupation, Jews were recruited for forced labor. On 18 October 1941 a murder operation that had several Jewish victims was carried out. A ghetto was established at the beginning of 1942. From January 1942 groups of 30-40 young healthy men were systematically taken from

288-499: A graveyard of political prisoners of Sevdvinlag was found. The deceased were people who died at the infirmary, located 3 kilometers (1.9 mi) away. People used to live and work under harsh conditions. At that time there were no seniors or children inhabiting Kuloy. As late as August 1944, a kindergarten and the first grade of an elementary school were opened in Kuloy. After the end of the World War II , people started to move

336-539: A lesser extent nobility and merchants) escaping from Russia to the Commonwealth became a major concern for the Russian government, and was one of the factors ultimately leading to the partitions of Poland. A common coin, the złoty , was introduced. Execution of crown lands was not extended to the Grand Duchy. The Union created one of the largest and most populous states in 17th-century Europe (excluding

384-532: A part of the Golden Ring of the Chernihiv Region tour. Until 18 July 2020, Pryluky was designated as a city of oblast significance and did not belong to Pryluky Raion even though it was the center of the raion. As part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Chernihiv Oblast to four, the city was merged into Pryluky Raion. On 28 February a tank company of

432-690: A separate inauguration ceremony of the Grand Duke of Lithuania was raised by the nobles of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (e.g. Mikołaj "the Red" Radziwiłł , Eustachy Wołłowicz , Jan Karol Chodkiewicz , Konstanty Ostrogski ) during the negotiations of the Union of Lublin, however it was not officially included into it. Nevertheless, on 29 May 1580, a separate ceremony was held in the Vilnius Cathedral during which bishop Merkelis Giedraitis presented Stephen Báthory (King of Poland since 1 May 1576)

480-596: A state of countries more deeply linked than the present-day European Union. The union brought about the Polish colonization of Ruthenian lands and increasing enserfment of Ruthenian peasantry by the szlachta. Although the conditions for peasants in the Commonwealth was quite dire, compared to the West (see second serfdom ), the peasants in the Commonwealth had more freedom than those in Russia ; hence peasants (as well as to

528-568: A substantial portion of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania's territory. The Rus' nobles there were eager to capitalise on the economic and political opportunities offered by the Polish sphere, and by and large, they wanted their lands to become a part of the Polish Crown. The Lithuanians were forced to return to the Sejm under the leadership of Jan Hieronimowicz Chodkiewicz (father of Jan Karol Chodkiewicz ) and to continue negotiations, using slightly different tactics from those of Radziwiłł. Though

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576-413: A workable political system . He hoped to strengthen the monarchy with the support of the lesser nobility, and to balance the power of lesser nobility and magnates . However, while all the nobility in the Commonwealth was in theory equal under the law , the political power of the magnates was not weakened significantly, and in the end they could too often bribe or coerce their lesser brethren. In addition,

624-694: Is dedicated to the Nativity of the Theotokos . There are many historical sites within Pryluky and many of them are churches, including: Pryluky is twinned with: Union of Lublin The Union of Lublin ( Polish : Unia lubelska ; Lithuanian : Liublino unija ) was signed on 1 July 1569 in Lublin , Poland , and created a single state, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , one of

672-542: Is on the list of Ukraine's oldest cities, and in 1995 it was entered in the register of Ukrainian historical cities. Under the auspices of the “Innovations in Cultural Development of the Regions” program, the Pryluky local government is taking measures to restore old folk art traditions as well as seeking historical and architectural records of the city. City inhabitants hope that with time, Pryluky will become

720-534: Is the Pryluky air base , a major strategic bomber base during the Cold War , which is Ukraine's largest airfield. Population: 51,637 (2022 estimate). Archeological excavations have shown that a settlement on the territory of the present-day city dates back to the second millennium BC. According to one explanation, the city derived its name from its location, being situated on a turn in the river that looked like

768-482: The 2001 census : The oldest civil building in the town is the former chancellory and sacristy of the Pryluky Cossack Regiment. Apart from the diminutive Baroque church of St. Nicholas (1720), the town possesses two cathedrals. The old five-domed cathedral was built by Cossacks in the 1710s and 1720s in a simplified brand of Mazepa Baroque . The new Neoclassical cathedral (1806) has one cupola and

816-513: The Battle of Berestechko in 1651. The Pryluky Regiment, under Colonel Yakiv Voronchenko  [ uk ] , demonstrated thorough military prowess in defeating a large Polish unit in June 1652. The regiment also took part in campaigns against Poland and Turkey . Girded with a high rampart surmounted by guns, the city of Pryluky looked quite formidably at the time. However, in the second half of

864-673: The Catholic -dominated Commonwealth was a different matter. By the late 15th century, the Polish language was already making rapid inroads among the Lithuanian and Rus' elites. The Lublin Union accelerated the process of Polonization . In culture and social life, both the Polish language and Catholicism became dominant for the Ruthenian nobility, most of whom were initially Ruthenian-speaking and Eastern Orthodox by religion. However

912-771: The Lithuanians formally renounced the 1569 Union of Lublin. Today's Republic of Poland considers itself a successor to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, whereas the interwar Republic of Lithuania viewed the Commonwealth's creation in mostly negative light. The original act document was included in the UNESCO Memory of the World Register in 2017. The Lublin Triangle , a regional alliance between Poland , Lithuania , and Ukraine ,

960-624: The Tsardom of Russia . The Polish nobility (the szlachta ), on the other hand, were reluctant to offer more help to Lithuania without receiving anything in exchange (as much as 70% of the taxes collected in Poland in the 1560s went to support Lithuania in its war with Moscow). The Polish and Lithuanian elites strengthened personal bonds and had opportunities to plan their united futures during increased military cooperation. Sigismund II Augustus , King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania , seeing

1008-665: The Union of Grodno (1566) , became a Polish–Lithuanian condominium . The Commonwealth was ruled by a single elected monarch who carried out the duties of King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania , and governed with a common Senate and parliament (the Sejm ). The Union is seen by some as an evolutionary stage in the Polish–Lithuanian alliance and personal union , necessitated also by Lithuania's dangerous position in wars with Russia . There were long discussions before signing

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1056-408: The Union of Lublin of 1569, according to which the city came under the rule of the Polish nobility, many inhabitants of Pryluky and nearby villages began to run away, seeking freedom in the vast Dnieper steppes. Oppressed peasants from other areas of central and eastern Ukraine took refuge there too. Settlements founded by the runaways in the late 15th-early 16th centuries occupied large territories in

1104-637: The koekwacja praw movement, culminating in the koekwacja reforms of the Election Sejm of 1697 (May–June), confirmed in the General Sejm of 1698 (April) in the document Porządek sądzenia spraw w Trybunale Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskego . Poland provided military aid in the wars after the union of the two entities, which was crucial for the survival of the Grand Duchy. Poland and the Grand Duchy were to have separate military but common defense policies. The Union of Lublin provided for merger of

1152-455: The 17th century. One of the documents kept in the archives of Stockholm , Sweden stated that there were 800 chimneys, i.e. 800 houses, in Pryluky in 1632. Assuming that each house accommodated at least six persons, about 5,000 people lived in the city at that time. In 1648, Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky introduced a new system of territorial-administrative division in Ukraine, having divided

1200-613: The 18th century, the border was moved far to the south for political and military reasons and the necessity for fortified cities like Pryluky disappeared. Olexandr Yakubovych  [ uk ] was the last colonel of Pryluky. In 1781, the Cossack regime was abolished in Ukraine and Pryluky became an uyezd of the Malorossiya Governorate , and from 1802 the Poltava Governorate . Since 1932 it has been

1248-428: The Polish lands and 48 from Lithuania. The Senate had 113 Polish and 27 Lithuanian senators. Poland and the Grand Duchy were to have a common foreign policy. The Union of Lublin was Sigismund's greatest achievement and his greatest failure. Although it created one of the largest states in contemporary Europe, one that endured for over 200 years, Sigismund failed to push through the reforms that would have established

1296-638: The Polish szlachta wanted full incorporation of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania into the Crown, the Lithuanians continued to oppose that and agreed only to a federal state . On 28 June 1569, the last objections were overcome, and on 4 July, an act was accordingly signed by the king at Lublin Castle . The Union of Lublin was superseded by the Constitution of 3 May 1791 , under which the federal Commonwealth

1344-467: The Russian occupiers was liquidated. On 7 March, near Pryluky, the Armed Forces of Ukraine defeated a Russian convoy of fuel trucks. On 13 June 2022, at 13:15, rocket attacks by Russian troops were recorded in Pryluky. Russian missiles struck a facility located near Pryluky. Ammunition detonated. The fire was localized the same day. Distribution of the population by native language according to

1392-483: The Ruthenian Orthodox Churches and to the Ruthenian schools. However, the pressure of Polonization was harder to resist with each subsequent generation and eventually almost all of the Ruthenian nobility was Polonized. The Cossack uprisings and foreign interventions led to the partitions of the Commonwealth by Russia , Prussia and Austria in 1772 , 1793 , and 1795 . The Union of Lublin

1440-577: The Union of Lublin (except for Podlaskie). These conflicts between statutory schemes in Lithuania and Poland persisted for many years, and the Third Statute of Lithuania remained in force in territories of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania even after partitions, until 1840. Attempts to limit the power of Lithuanian magnates (especially the Sapieha family) and unify the laws of the Commonwealth led to

1488-490: The commoners, especially the peasants, continued to speak their own languages and after the Union of Brest converted to Eastern Catholicism . This eventually created a significant rift between the lower social classes and the nobility in the Lithuanian and Ruthenian areas of the Commonwealth. Some Ruthenian magnates resisted Polonization (like the Ostrogskis ) by adhering to Orthodox Christianity, giving generously to

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1536-583: The continuity of his dynasty's work since the personal (but not constitutional) union of Poland and Lithuania as a result of the marriage of Jadwiga and Jogaila . The Union was one of the constitutional changes required to establish a formal elective monarchy , which would simultaneously reign over both domains. The Sejm met in January 1569, near the Polish town of Lublin , but did not reach an agreement ( sejm of 1569 in Lublin  [ pl ] ). One of

1584-497: The country into regiments. Under this system the city of Pryluky became the military center of the Pryluky Regiment and Colonel Ivan Shkurat-Melnychenko  [ uk ] was appointed its first commander. The regiment comprised about 2,000 Cossacks, who actively participated in many battles during the war of 1648–1654. For instance, the entire Pryluky Regiment of Cossacks, led by I. Shkurat, died fighting valiantly in

1632-580: The enemy. However, in 1092 the Polovtsy attacked the fortress once more wiping out the whole population and sacking the city. Later, the city was repeatedly plundered by eastern nomadic tribes and became a centre of internecine wars between Ruthenian princes. In 1239, Pryluky was destroyed by the Mongols; in 1362, the city was conquered by Lithuanian feudal lords. But the citizens always staunchly defended Pryluky, fighting for their freedom and dignity. After

1680-572: The ghetto and executed at an unknown location. Most of the Jews of Pryluky were killed in a mass murder operation in May 1942. Another mass murder was carried out by Germans in Pryluky on 10 September 1942. Jews from Polova, Ladan, and Linovitsa of Pryluky County and from Kharitonovka, Podol, Radkovka and Malaya Devitsa of other counties of the Chernigov District were murdered in Pryluky. Pryluky

1728-402: The ink to write by mixing coal residue with kerosene. In 1944, barracks were built to be used as dormitories for workers. Working on the railway was deemed voluntary, but the discipline and surveillance was organized by the military. Status of urban-type settlement was granted to Kuloy on March 20, 1945. In 2004, near the village of Priluki , located 7 kilometers (4.3 mi) from Kuloy,

1776-708: The largest countries in Europe at the time. It replaced the personal union of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania with a real union and an elective monarchy , as Sigismund II Augustus , the last of the Jagiellons , remained childless after three marriages. In addition, the autonomy of Royal Prussia was largely abandoned. The Duchy of Livonia , tied to Lithuania in real union since

1824-401: The new settlement. New houses, cantinas , and shops were built. People worked and the settlement grew. A station of Northern Railway 's Moscow – Kotlas – Vorkuta line is located in Kuloy, providing jobs for a large part of the working population. These include train operators , maintenance and station personnel, workers at the railroad depot and communications personnel. Kuloy is served by

1872-545: The points of contention was the right of Poles to settle and own land in the Grand Duchy. After most of the Lithuanian delegation under the leadership of Vilnius Voivodeship 's Mikołaj "Rudy" Radziwiłł left Lublin on 1 March, the king responded by annexing Podlachie , Volhynian , Bracław , and the Kiev Voivodeships to the Crown (on 6 June), with wide approval from the local gentry. Those historic lands of Rus' are over half of modern Ukraine and were then

1920-446: The royal power continued to wane, and while the neighbouring states continued to evolve into strong, centralized absolute monarchies, the Commonwealth slid with its Golden Liberty into a political anarchy that eventually cost it its very existence. Following the Żeligowski's Mutiny after which the Lithuania's capital Vilnius Region was occupied and which eventually led to the annexation of it into Republic of Poland in 1922,

1968-493: The settlement also has a chess club, a beach volleyball playground, and an ice rink . Locals enjoy wandering in the woods surrounding the town. Priluki Pryluky ( Ukrainian : Прилуки [prɪˈlukɪ] ) is a city and municipality located on the Udai River in Chernihiv Oblast , north-central Ukraine . It serves as the administrative center of Pryluky Raion ( district ). Located nearby

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2016-505: The states not completely in Europe, i.e. the Russian and Ottoman Empires ). As part of the Union, Lithuania lost Podlaskie , Volhynia , Podolia and Kiev voivodeships to the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland . The Statutes of Lithuania declared the laws of the Union that conflicted with them to be unconstitutional. The First Statute of Lithuania was also used in the territories of Lithuania that were annexed by Poland shortly before

2064-407: The threat to Lithuania and eventually to Poland, pressed for the union, gradually gaining more followers until he felt enough support to forcibly evict landowners who opposed the transition of territory from Lithuania to Poland. A clear motivation for Sigismund was that he was the last Jagiello and had no children or brothers who could inherit the throne. Therefore, the Union was an attempt to preserve

2112-588: The two states, though each retained substantial autonomy , with their own army, treasury, laws and administration. Though the countries were in theory equal, the larger Poland became the dominant partner. Due to population differences, Polish deputies outnumbered Lithuanians in the Sejm by 3:1. There was to be a single ruler for both Poland and the Grand Duchy, freely elected by the nobility of both nations, and crowned as King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania in Wawel Cathedral , Kraków . The demand of

2160-539: The union treaty. Lithuanian magnates were afraid of losing much of their power, since the union would make their legal status equal to that of the much more numerous Polish lower nobility. Lithuania had been increasingly on the losing side of the Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars , however, and by the second half of the 16th century, it faced the threat of total defeat in the Livonian War and incorporation into

2208-725: The vicinity of Kyiv and Cherkasy. Thus grew the Cossack community. Scared by the proliferation and popularity of Cossacks, Poland tried to suppress this spontaneous resistance but did so in vain. In the 17th century the Cossacks took part in the Khmelnytsky uprising . The fertile soil of the Udai basin proved itself attractive not only to marauders, but also to hard-working people fleeing from backbreaking toil. The number of inhabitants of Pryluky and adjacent villages grew considerably in

2256-615: Was also temporarily inactive while the Union of Kėdainiai was in effect. Many historians like Krzysztof Rak consider the Union of Lublin to have created a state similar to the present-day European Union , thus considering the Union (along with the Kalmar Union , the several Acts of Union in the British Isles and other similar treaties) to be a predecessor of the Maastricht Treaty . The former, however, created

2304-598: Was to be transformed into a unitary state by King Stanisław August Poniatowski . The status of semi-federal state was restored by the Reciprocal Guarantee of Two Nations . The constitution was not fully implemented, however, and the Commonwealth was ended with the Partitions of Poland in 1795. After the Union, the Lithuanian nobles had the same formal rights as the Polish to rule the lands and subjects under their control. However, political advancement in

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