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80-462: The 16.8 km (10.4 mi) line serves the wards of Shibuya , Minato , Chiyoda , Chūō , Kōtō , and Sumida . Despite being shorter in length than nearly all other Tokyo subway lines, the Hanzōmon Line operates some of the longest through services with private railways – namely Tōkyū Corporation and Tobu Railway . The line is connected to Tōkyū Den-en-toshi Line at Shibuya Station to

160-546: A Government work". Local government authorities (such as City or District councils) are also empowered under the same section to acquire land for "local work for which it has financial responsibility." In the Bahamas, the Acquisition of Land Act operates to permit the acquisition of land where it is deemed likely to be required for a public purpose. The land can be acquired by private agreement or compulsory purchase (s7 of

240-474: A dog who waited for his deceased master at Shibuya Station every day from 1923 to 1935, created a national sensation due to his unwavering loyalty. A statue of Hachikō was built adjacent to the station, and the surrounding Hachikō Square is now one of the most popular meeting points in the area. During the occupation of Japan , Yoyogi Park was used as a housing compound for U.S. personnel known as "Washington Heights". The U.S. military left in 1964, and much of

320-445: A general or a special law which authorizes expropriation for the public benefit or the national interest, duly qualified by the legislator. The expropriated party may protest the legality of the expropriation action before the ordinary courts of justice and shall, at all times, have the right to indemnification for patrimonial harm actually caused, to be fixed by mutual agreement or by a sentence pronounced by said courts in accordance with

400-619: A matter of Australian law, all land was originally owned by the Crown before it was sold, leased or granted and that, through the act of compulsory acquisition, the Crown is "resuming" possession. In New Zealand, the Public Works Act 1981 outlines the powers of the state in relation to land used for public purposes. Under Section 16 of the Public Works Act 1981 the Minister is "empowered to acquire under this Act any land required for

480-581: A natural or de facto monopoly , and an essential service of public utility. The most famous nationalization in Italy was the 1962 nationalization of the electrical power sector . Article 33.3 of the Spanish Constitution of 1978 allows forced expropriation ( expropiación forzosa ) only where justified on the grounds of public utility or social interest and subject to the payment of appropriate compensation as provided for in law. The right of

560-420: A partial taking provides economic benefits specific to the remainder, those must be deducted, typically from severance damages. Some elements of value, such as a business's connection to the location and the goodwill of the public , are only compensable in a few jurisdictions; where they are not, fair market value may be less than the value of the location to the current user. The practice of condemnation came to

640-544: A single run – nearly six times the length of the Hanzōmon Line alone. The Hanzōmon Line has direct interchanges with all other Tokyo Metro and Toei lines. It connects with the Tokyo Metro Ginza Line at five stations (the four stations between Shibuya and Nagatachō , as well as at Mitsukoshimae Station . The line is named after the west gate of the Imperial Palace ( Hanzōmon ), which in turn

720-686: A skyscraper and retail complex, was completed in 2018. The East Wing of a mixed-used skyscraper, Shibuya Scramble Square , was completed in August 2019. A shopping mall, Shibuya Fukuras, was completed in October 2019. Miyashita Park closed in 2017 and reopened in July 2020 as a shopping complex with a rooftop park. Shibuya includes many well-known commercial and residential districts such as Daikanyama , Ebisu , Harajuku , Hiroo , Higashi , Omotesandō , Sendagaya , and Yoyogi . Per Japanese census data,

800-664: A state or municipality to buy property when it is determined to be of "particular public interest" is regulated in Expropriationslagen (1972:719). The government purchases the property at an estimated market value plus a 25% compensation. The law also states that the property owner shall not suffer economic harm because of the expropriation. After his victory in 1066, William the Conqueror seized virtually all land in England. Although he maintained absolute power over

880-459: A statute was passed granting commissioners of sewers in Lincolnshire the power to take land without compensation. After the early 16th century, however, Parliamentary takings of land for roads, bridges, etc. generally did require compensation. The common practice was to pay 10% more than the assessed value. However, as the voting franchise was expanded to include more non-landowners, the bonus

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960-460: A time. A statue of the dog Hachikō , remembered for his unwavering loyalty to his deceased owner, is installed outside Shibuya Station. The statue and its surrounding Hachikō Square are a common meeting place and are almost always crowded. On the southwest side of Shibuya Station, there is a Moyai statue , given to Shibuya by the people of Niijima Island in 1980. The main station in Shibuya

1040-440: A variety of incidental losses caused by the taking of their property that, though incurred and readily demonstrable in other cases, are deemed by the courts to be noncompensable in eminent domain. The same is true of attorneys' and appraisers fees. But as a matter of legislative grace rather than constitutional requirement some of these losses (e.g., business goodwill) have been made compensable by state legislative enactments, and in

1120-403: A way as to bring in increased tax revenues to the government. Some jurisdictions require that the taker make an offer to purchase the subject property, before resorting to the use of eminent domain. However, once the property is taken and the judgment is final, the condemnor owns it in fee simple , and may put it to uses other than those specified in the eminent domain action. Takings may be of

1200-658: Is Shibuya Station . The southern half of Shinjuku Station , including the New South Entrance, is located in Shibuya. Several companies are headquartered in Shibuya. Calpis , Casio , Mixi , Niwango , Nihon Dempa Kogyo , and Tokyu Corporation have their headquarters in Shibuya. East Japan Railway Company have their headquarters in Yoyogi , Shibuya. 81 Produce has its headquarters in Tomigaya , Shibuya. At one time Smilesoft had its headquarters in

1280-697: Is available to the landowner, with the Lands Tribunal for Scotland dealing with any disputes arising from the value of compensation. As in England and Wales, the law of compulsory purchase in Scotland is complex. The current statutes regulating compulsory purchase include: the Lands Clauses Consolidation (Scotland) Act 1845 ( 8 & 9 Vict. c. 19); the Acquisition of Land (Authorisation Procedure) (Scotland) Act 1947 ; and

1360-705: Is compensated with a price agreed or stipulated by an appropriate person. Where agreement on price cannot be achieved, the value of the taken land is determined by the Upper Tribunal . The operative law is a patchwork of statutes and case law. The principal acts are the Lands Clauses Consolidation Act 1845 ( 8 & 9 Vict. c. 18), the Land Compensation Act 1961 , the Compulsory Purchase Act 1965 ,

1440-494: Is done, the state is bound to make good the loss to those who lose their property. The exercise of eminent domain is not limited to real property . Condemnors may also take personal property, even intangible property such as contract rights, patents , trade secrets , and copyrights . Even the taking of a professional sports team 's franchise has been held by the California Supreme Court to be within

1520-771: Is named after 16th century samurai Hattori Hanzō , who was important to the founding of the shogunate which built the palace. The Hanzōmon Line's color on maps and station guides is purple, and stations carry the letter "Z" followed by a two-digit number. According to the Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation , as of June 2009 the Hanzōmon Line is the sixth most crowded subway line in Tokyo, at its peak running at 173% capacity between Shibuya and Omotesandō stations. All Hanzōmon Line rolling stock owned by Tokyo Metro are stored and maintained at Saginuma Depot ( ja:鷺沼車両基地 ) , located near Saginuma Station on

1600-421: Is the compulsory acquisition of private property for public use . It does not include the power to take and transfer ownership of private property from one property owner to another private property owner without a valid public purpose. This power can be legislatively delegated by the state to municipalities, government subdivisions, or even to private persons or corporations, when they are authorized to exercise

1680-412: Is used to describe the formal act of exercising the power to transfer title or some lesser interest in the subject property. The constitutionally required "just compensation" in partial takings is usually measured by fair market value of the part taken, plus severance damages (the diminution in value of the property retained by the owner [remainder] when only a part of the subject property is taken). Where

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1760-603: The Federal Court has extended the states' power to resume property to any form of physical property. For the purposes of section 51(xxxi), money is not property that may be compulsorily acquired. The Commonwealth must also derive some benefit from the property acquired, that is, the Commonwealth can "only legislate for the acquisition of Property for particular purposes". Accordingly, the power does not extend to allow legislation designed merely to seek to extinguish

1840-647: The Fukutoshin Line is completed, which cast some doubt as to whether the Matsudo extension will actually be built. a. ^ Crowding levels defined by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism : Shibuya, Tokyo Shibuya ( 渋谷 区 , Shibuya-ku , IPA: [ɕibɯja] ) is a special ward in Tokyo , Japan . A major commercial center, Shibuya houses two of

1920-798: The Land Compensation (Scotland) Act 1963 . The Scottish Law Commission considered the current state of the law of compulsory purchase and advocated reforms in its Discussion Paper on Compulsory Purchase . Such reforms have yet to be made by the Scottish Parliament . In Australia, section 51(xxxi) of the Australian Constitution permits the Commonwealth Parliament to make laws with respect to "the acquisition of property on just terms from any State or person for any purpose in respect of which

2000-568: The Land Compensation Act 1973 , the Acquisition of Land Act 1981 , part IX of the Town and Country Planning Act 1990 , the Planning and Compensation Act 1991 , and the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004 . In Scotland , eminent domain is known as compulsory purchase. The development of powers of compulsory purchase originated in the railway mania of the Victorian period . Compensation

2080-600: The Meiji era , as a Hanamachi . Shibuya emerged as a railway terminus during the expansion of the railway network beginning in the 19th century, and was incorporated as a ward in the City of Tokyo on 1 October 1932. Shibuya, once a mediocre area developed around the railway terminus, overtook Shinjuku as a hub for youth culture in the 1970s. The coinciding competition between Seibu (whose most notable development projects include Shibuya 109 ) and Tokyu ( Tokyu Hands ) to develop

2160-712: The Tokyu Den-en-toshi Line . The Hanzōmon Line was first planned in 1968, along with the Chiyoda Line and Yūrakuchō Line , as a reliever line for the heavily congested Ginza Line . Its initial routing was from Futako-Tamagawa Station on the Tōkyū Den-en-toshi Line to a new station in the Fukagawa district of Kōtō . In 1985, a second draft plan from the Ministry of Transportation moved

2240-400: The "acquisition or requisition of property" (Schedule VII, Entry 42, List III). It is this provision that has been interpreted as being the source of the state's "eminent domain" powers. The provisions relating to the right to property were changed a number of times. The 44th amendment of 1978 deleted the right to property from the list of Fundamental Rights. A new article, Article 300-A,

2320-511: The Act). Under section 24 of the Acquisition of Land Act, the purchaser may purchase the interest of the mortgagee of any land acquired under the Act. To do so, the purchaser must pay the principal sum and interest, together with costs and charges plus 6 months’ additional interest. In Canada, expropriation is governed by federal or provincial statutes. Under these statutory regimes, public authorities have

2400-631: The American colonies with the common law . When it came time to draft the United States Constitution , differing views on eminent domain were voiced. The Fifth Amendment to the Constitution requires that the taking be for a "public use" and mandates payment of "just compensation" to the owner. In federal law, Congress can take private property directly (without recourse to the courts) by passing an Act transferring title of

2480-601: The CT Sasazuka Building in Shibuya. In May 1985 the headquarters of Bandai Visual moved to Shibuya. In March 1990 the headquarters moved to Shinjuku . A.D. Vision - Tokyo, Y.K., the Japanese subsidiary of A.D. Vision , was in Shibuya. Acclaim Entertainment once had its Tokyo office in the Nomora Building. The Japanese subsidiary of Titus Interactive , Titus Japan K.K., had its head office on

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2560-1094: The Central Library, the Nishihara Library, the Shibuya Library, the Tomigaya Library, the Sasazuka Library, the Honmachi Library, and the Rinsen Library. In addition, the Yoyogi Youth Hall houses the Yoyogi Library Room. Shibuya has appeared in the manga Alice in Borderland , Jujutsu Kaisen with its 'Shibuya Incident' arc, Super GALS! Kotobuki Ran , Tokyo Revengers and Ya Boy Kongming! . It has featured in

2640-659: The Chinese form of eminent domain, are constitutionally permitted as necessary for the public interest, and if compensation is provided. The 2019 Amendment of the Land Administration Law of China spells out rather detailed guidelines, guaranteeing farmers and those displaced greater financial security. The Constitution of India originally provided for the Fundamental Right to property under Articles 19 and 31. Article 19 guaranteed to all citizens

2720-538: The Den-en-toshi Line. It was then extended to Nagatachō Station in September 1979. The line was initially operated mainly using Tokyu rolling stock, as the first TRTA 8000 series train did not enter service until 1981. However, the next extension posed political problems, as the original plan had the line run directly under the Imperial Palace to Ōtemachi Station . TRTA decided to divert the route around

2800-708: The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) provides that just compensation has to be paid in cases of expropriation. In France , the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen similarly mandates just and preliminary compensation before expropriation; and a déclaration d'utilité publique is commonly required, to demonstrate a public benefit. Notably, in 1945, by decree of General Charles de Gaulle based on untried accusations of collaboration with

2880-532: The Hanzōmon Line's final terminus to Matsudo . During the planning stage, it was known as Line 11 . Construction began in 1972 and the majority of the line was expected to open in 1975. However, the Teito Rapid Transit Authority did not have enough funds to build the line, which delayed its construction. On August 1, 1978, the first section of the Hanzōmon Line finally opened from Shibuya to Aoyama-itchōme, including through services with

2960-579: The Nazi occupier, the Renault company was expropriated from Louis Renault posthumously and nationalised as Régie Nationale des Usines Renault , without compensation. The Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany states in its Article 14 (3) that "an expropriation is only allowed for the public good" and just compensation must be made. It also provides for the right to have the amount of

3040-466: The Parliament has power to make laws." This has been construed as meaning that just compensation may not always include monetary or proprietary recompense, rather it is for the court to determine what is just. It may be necessary to imply a need for compensation in the interests of justice, lest the law be invalidated. Property subject to resumption is not restricted to real estate as authority from

3120-609: The Royal Decree n.2359 of 1865. Also other national and regional laws may apply, not always giving full compensation to the owner. Expropriation can be total (the whole property is expropriated) or partial; permanent or temporary. The article 42 of the Italian Constitution and the article 834 of the Italian Civil Code state that any private goods can be expropriated for public utility. Furthermore,

3200-521: The Territory government to acquire land subject to Native Title, effectively extinguishing the Native Title interest in the land. Kirby J in dissent, along with a number of commentators, viewed this as a missed opportunity to comment on the exceptional nature of powers of resumption exercised in the absence of a public purpose limitation. The term resumption is a reflection of the fact that, as

3280-639: The U.S. may be partially covered by provisions of the federal Uniform Relocation Assistance Act . Since the 1990s, the Zimbabwean government under Robert Mugabe has seized a great deal of land and homes of mainly white farmers in the course of the land reform movement in Zimbabwe . The government argued that such land reform was necessary to redistribute the land to Zimbabweans dispossessed of their lands during colonialism . These farmers were never compensated for this seizure. In China , "requisitions",

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3360-529: The administration also moved to expel the homeless in Miyashita Park and other parks in the ward". Pointing out that the mayor of Shibuya Ward in an interview stated that this is not a matter of human rights, but of diversity, Yuri Horie claimed that the term of diversity seems to be used to divide citizens into the good and the bad; it raises only the ones who contribute to the consumeristic society as representer of "diversity of sexuality" while excluding

3440-475: The area as a commercial center added to its appeal to young people, which in turn spread to other neighborhoods in the ward, such as Harajuku . Shibuya came into the possession of the Shibuya clan in the early 1160s, after which the area was named. The clan was a cadet branch of the Taira clan descended from Taira no Yoshifumi . The clan built a fortress near the present-day Konnō Hachimangu Shrine. The branch of

3520-413: The article 2 of the Constitution binds Italian citizens to respect their "mandatory duties of political, economic and social solidarity". The implementation of the eminent domain follows two principles: Nazionalizzazione ("nationalization"), instead, is provided for by article 43 of the Constitution; it transfers to governmental authority and property a whole industrial sector, if it is deemed to be

3600-483: The busiest railway stations in the world, Shibuya Station and Shinjuku Station . As of January 1, 2024, Shibuya Ward has an estimated population of 230,609 in 142,443 households and a population density of 15,262.01 people per square kilometre (39,528.4 people/sq mi). The total area is 15.11 km (5.83 sq mi). Notable neighborhoods and districts of Shibuya include Harajuku , Ebisu , Omotesandō , Yoyogi and Sendagaya . Shibuya came into

3680-686: The certificate, couples must be 20-years-old or older residents of Shibuya Ward and have to state that "their relationship is based on love and mutual trust" in a notarized document. Koyuki Higashi (a former member of the Takarazuka Revue ) and Hiroko Masuhara (an entrepreneur), a lesbian couple, were the first to receive this certification. Since the Shibuya Ward passed the ordinance, seven other municipalities in Japan have begun offering similar certificates. The BBC notes that in practice,

3760-563: The clan that ruled this area was defeated by the Later Hōjō clan on 13 January 1524, during the Sengoku period , and the area then came under their control. During the Edo period , Shibuya, particularly Maruyamachō on Dōgenzaka , prospered as a town on Oyama Road (present-day Route 246 ), and in the Meiji era , as a Hanamachi . The village of Shibuya was incorporated in 1889 by the merger of

3840-463: The compensation checked by a court. Esproprio – or more formally espropriazione per pubblica utilità ("expropriation for public utility") – in Italy takes place within the frame of civil law , as an expression of the potere ablatorio ( ablative power). The law regulating expropriation is the D.P.R. n.327 of 2001, amended by D.Lgs. n.302 of 2002; it supersedes the old expropriation law,

3920-465: The country's history most recently during the renationalization of YPF . which resulted in the expropriation of 51% of the energy company 's shares. Brazil's expropriation laws are governed by the Presidential Decree No. 3365 of June 21, 1941. Art. 19, No. 24, of the Chilean Constitution says in part, "In no case may anyone be deprived of his property, of the assets affected or any of the essential faculties or powers of ownership, except by virtue of

4000-585: The eighth floor of the Kotubuki Dogenzaka Building in Dōgenzaka . The former animation studio; Group TAC was also located here. Square Enix headquarters were located in Yoyogi before moving to Shinjuku in 2012. The Shibuya City Board of Education  [ ja ] operates public elementary and junior high schools, while Tokyo Metropolitan Government Board of Education operates public senior high schools. Public combined elementary and junior high schools Junior high schools: Elementary schools: Shibuya operates several public libraries, including

4080-448: The expropriating authority by bringing a claim before the court or an administrative body appointed by the governing legislation. In Panama, the government must pay a fair amount of money to the owner of the property to be expropriated. Most states use the term eminent domain , but some U.S. states use the term appropriation or expropriation (Louisiana) as synonyms for the exercise of eminent domain powers. The term condemnation

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4160-402: The functions of public character. The most common uses of property taken by eminent domain have been for roads, government buildings and public utilities . Many railroads were given the right of eminent domain to obtain land or easements in order to build and connect rail networks. In the mid-20th century, a new application of eminent domain was pioneered, in which the government could take

4240-411: The government appears to have acted unfairly, the action can be challenged in a court of law by citizens. Land acquisition in India is currently governed by the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 , which came into force on 1 January 2014. Until 2013, land acquisition in India was governed by Land Acquisition Act of 1894 . However

4320-513: The land, he granted fiefs to landholders who served as stewards, paying fees and providing military services. During the Hundred Years' War in the 14th century, Edward III used the Crown's right of purveyance for massive expropriations. Chapter 28 of Magna Carta required that immediate cash payment be made for expropriations. As the king's power was broken down in the ensuing centuries, tenants were regarded as holding ownership rights rather than merely possessory rights over their land. In 1427,

4400-453: The modern Yoyogi and Hata areas) to form Shibuya-ku suburban ward upon being absorbed into Tokyo City in 1932. Shibuya became an urban special ward under the Local Autonomy Act in 1947. The Tokyu Toyoko Line opened in 1932, making Shibuya a key terminal between Tokyo and Yokohama , and was joined by the forerunner of the Keio Inokashira Line in 1933 and the forerunner of the Tokyo Metro Ginza Line in 1938. The story of Hachikō ,

4480-461: The new LARR (amendment) ordinance 31 December 2014 diluted many clauses of the original act. The liberalisation of the economy and the Government's initiative to set up special economic zones have led to many protests by farmers and have opened up a debate on the reinstatement of the fundamental right to private property. In many European nations, the European Convention on Human Rights provides protection from an appropriation of private property by

4560-403: The north side of the Imperial Palace, which required the construction of three new stations. An eminent domain battle erupted with landowners along the proposed route, which delayed the completion of the next stage of the line. Hanzomon Station opened in December 1982, and the full extension around the Imperial Palace, terminating at Mitsukoshi-mae, was not completed until January 1989. The line

4640-548: The ordinance is not binding, though their names will be posted on the ward's website if they violate the ordinance. Shimizu says the system "is not equivalent to marriage, as it does not accord same-sex couples the same rights as heterosexual couples when it comes to inheritance, joint filing of taxes, or social welfare". As it requires at least a hundred thousand yen to apply for the certificate, it can be restrictive to some couples. Shimizu argues that Shibuya Ward has been criticized for pinkwashing as "while passing this ordinance,

4720-439: The park was repurposed as venues for the 1964 Summer Olympics . The ward itself served as part of the athletics 50 km walk and marathon course during the 1964 games. In the mid-1990s, Shibuya-kei , a microgenre of pop music, became mainstream in Japan. Distinguished by a "cut-and-paste" approach, it peaked in the late 1990s and declined after its principal players began moving onto other music styles. Shibuya Stream ,

4800-571: The population is rising again after decline between 1960 and 2000. Shibuya is run by a city assembly of 34 elected members. The mayor is Ken Hasebe, an independent . In 2015, as the council passed "Ordinance for Promoting Respect of Gender Equality and Diversity in the Ward", Shibuya Ward became the first Japanese municipality that issues same-sex partnership certificates. According to this ordinance, same-sex couples who live in Shibuya are allowed "to rent apartments together, and have gained hospital visitation rights as family members". The ordinance

4880-407: The possession of the Shibuya clan in the early 1160s, after which the area was named. The branch of the clan that ruled this area was defeated by the Later Hōjō clan on 13 January 1524, during the Sengoku period , and the area then came under their control. During the Edo period , Shibuya, particularly Maruyamachō on Dōgenzaka , prospered as a town on Oyama Road (present-day Route 246 ), and in

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4960-419: The previous owner's title. The states and territories' powers of resumption on the other hand are not so limited. The section 43(1) of the Lands Acquisition Act 1998 (NT) grants the Minister the power to acquire land 'for any purpose whatever'. The High Court of Australia interpreted this provision literally, relieving the Territory government of any public purpose limitation on the power. This finding permitted

5040-405: The property and transfer it to a private third party for redevelopment. This was initially done only to a property that has been deemed "blighted" or a "development impediment", on the principle that such properties had a negative impact upon surrounding property owners, but was later expanded to allow the taking of any private property when the new third-party owner could develop the property in such

5120-407: The property's fair market value, considering its highest and best use. But though rarely granted, this is not the exclusive measure of compensation; see Kimball Laundry Co. v. United States (business losses in temporary takings) and United States v. Pewee Coal Co. (operating losses caused by government operations of a mine seized during World War II). In most takings owners are not compensated for

5200-537: The purview of the "public use" constitutional limitation, although eventually, that taking (of the Oakland Raiders ' NFL franchise) was not permitted because it was deemed to violate the interstate commerce clause of the U.S. Constitution. A taking of property must be accompanied by payment of "just compensation" to the [former] owner. In theory, this is supposed to put the owner in the same position pecuniarily that he would have been in had his property not been taken. But in practice courts have limited compensation to

5280-404: The right to "acquire, hold and dispose of property". Article 31 provided that "No person shall be deprived of his property save by authority of law." It also provided that compensation would be paid to a person whose property had been "taken possession of or acquired" for public purposes. In addition, both the state government as well as the union (federal) government were empowered to enact laws for

5360-477: The right to acquire private property for public purposes, so long as the acquisition is approved by the appropriate government body. Once a property is taken, an owner is entitled to "be made whole" by compensation for: the market value of the expropriated property, injurious affection to the remainder of the property (if any), disturbance damages, business loss, and special difficulty relocating. Owners can advance claims for compensation above that initially provided by

5440-449: The rights and freedoms of others. This right is expanded by Article 1 of the First Protocol to the Convention, which states that "Every natural person or legal person is entitled to the peaceful enjoyment of his possessions." Again, this is subject to exceptions where state deprivation of private possessions is in the general or public interest , is in accordance with law, and, in particular, to secure payment of taxes . Settled case-law of

5520-410: The south, and to the Tobu Skytree Line at Oshiage to the north. Through trains operate between Chūō-Rinkan on the Tōkyū Den-en-toshi Line and Tōbu-Dōbutsu-Kōen on the Tobu Skytree Line , onward to Kuki on the Tobu Isesaki Line and Minami-Kurihashi on the Tobu Nikko Line . Through-service trains between Chūō-Rinkan and Minami-Kurihashi cover a total distance of 98.5 km (61.2 mi) in

5600-449: The state. Article 8 of the Convention provides that "Everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life, his home, and his correspondence" and prohibits interference with this right by the state, unless the interference is in accordance with law and necessary in the interests of national security , public safety, economic well-being of the country, prevention of disorder or crime, protection of health or morals, or protection of

5680-568: The subject property directly to the government. In such cases, the property owner seeking compensation must sue the United States for compensation in the U.S. Court of Federal Claims. The legislature may also delegate the power to private entities like public utilities or railroads, and even to individuals. The U.S. Supreme Court has consistently deferred to the right of states to make their own determinations of "public use". In Argentina expropriations are governed by federal law 21.499 of January 17, 1977. It has been used in many locations throughout

5760-521: The subject property in its entirety (total take) or in part (part take), either quantitatively or qualitatively (either partially in fee simple or, commonly, an easement, or any other interest less than the full fee simple title). The term "eminent domain" was taken from the legal treatise De jure belli ac pacis ( On the Law of War and Peace ), written by the Dutch jurist Hugo Grotius in 1625, which used

5840-898: The television series Jellyfish Can't Swim in the Night . It has also appeared in the videogames Chaos;Head , Ghostwire: Tokyo , Hatsune Miku: Colorful Stage! , Persona 5 , The World Ends With You , Neo: The World Ends with You and Tokyo Mirage Sessions ♯FE . There are following offices at the United Nations University Headquarters Building in Jingūmae , Shibuya. Following countries operate their embassies in Shibuya. Eminent domain Eminent domain , also known as land acquisition , compulsory purchase , resumption , resumption / compulsory acquisition , or expropriation ,

5920-543: The term dominium eminens ( Latin for "supreme ownership") and described the power as follows: The property of subjects is under the eminent domain of the state, so that the state or those who act for it may use and even alienate and destroy such property, not only in the case of extreme necessity, in which even private persons have a right over the property of others, but for ends of public utility, to which ends those who founded civil society must be supposed to have intended that private ends should give way. But, when this

6000-520: The useless ones. Yuki Tsuchiya, a lesbian activist, also argues that LGBT individuals are used to promote the ward. Shibuya is famous for its scramble crossing , called Shibuya Crossing . It is located in front of the Shibuya Station Hachikō exit and stops vehicles in all directions to allow pedestrians to inundate the entire intersection. Shibuya Crossing is the "world's busiest pedestrian crossing", with upwards of 3,000 people at

6080-579: The villages of Kami-Shibuya, Naka-Shibuya and Shimo-Shibuya within Minami-Toshima County (Toyotama County from 1896). The village covered the territory of modern-day Shibuya Station area as well as the Hiroo , Daikanyama , Aoyama , and Ebisu areas. Shibuya became a town in 1909. The town of Shibuya merged with the neighboring towns of Sendagaya (which included the modern Senda , Harajuku and Jingumae areas) and Yoyohata (which included

6160-402: Was added to the constitution to provide, "No person shall be deprived of his property save by authority of law." Thus, if a legislature makes a law depriving a person of his property, it will not be unconstitutional. The aggrieved person shall have no right to move the court under Article 32. Thus, the right to property is no longer a fundamental right, though it is still a constitutional right. If

6240-469: Was eliminated. In spite of contrary statements found in some American law, in the United Kingdom, compulsory purchase valuation cases were tried by juries well into the 20th century, such as Attorney-General v De Keyser's Royal Hotel Ltd (1919). In England and Wales , and other jurisdictions that follow the principles of English law , the related term compulsory purchase is used. The landowner

6320-407: Was intended to bring three benefits to same-sex couples: "(1) rental housing within the ward (co-signing of tenancy agreements for municipal/public housing), (2) medical institutions within the ward (hospital visitation and medical decision-making rights as family members), and (3) employment conditions within the ward (e.g. family benefits, congratulations and condolence leave)". In order to apply for

6400-826: Was then extended to Suitengu-mae in November 1990 and finally Oshiage in March 2003, the latter also enabling through service with the Tobu Skytree Line. The line, station facilities, rolling stock, and related assets were inherited by Tokyo Metro after the privatization of the Teito Rapid Transit Authority (TRTA) in 2004. The Ministry of Transportation recommended in 2000 that the line be extended to its intended terminus in Matsudo by 2015. However, Tokyo Metro stated in its initial public offering that its construction operations would cease once

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