71-507: Topasses ( Tupasses, Topas, Topaz ) were a group of people led by the two powerful families – Da Costa and Hornay – that resided in Oecussi and Flores . The Da Costa families were descendants of Portuguese Jewish merchants and Hornay were Dutch. The etymology of the name is obscure. It might come from the Tamil term tuppasi , "bilingual" or "interpreter". But it has also been associated with
142-459: A district ) and the only Special Administrative Region (SAR) of East Timor . Located on the north coast of the western portion of Timor , Oecusse is separated from the rest of East Timor by West Timor , Indonesia , which is part of the province of East Nusa Tenggara . West Timor surrounds Oecusse on all sides except the north, where the exclave faces the Savu Sea . The capital of Oecusse
213-530: A tropical savanna climate ( Köppen Aw ) with a hot, humid and uncomfortable wet season from December to April and a hot, less humid dry season from May to November. The temperature in Oecusse depends on elevation. In the coastal lowlands, it is about 31–33 °C (88–91 °F) in daytime (20–25 °C (68–77 °F) at night). With each 1,000 m (3,300 ft) of elevation, it decreases about 4–5 °C (39–41 °F). The annual precipitation rate
284-406: A child monarch and rules pro tempore in the child's stead or instead of her husband who is absent from the realm, be it de jure in sharing power or de facto in ruling alone. A queen regnant is sometimes called a woman king . A princess , duchess , or grand duchess regnant is a female monarch who reigns suo jure over a principality or ( grand ) duchy ; an empress regnant
355-692: A former Prime Minister of East Timor . The East Timor government that established the ZEESM TL programme was hoping that it would bring economic sustainability before the country's oil and gas reserves run out. During a visit to Oecusse in November 2015, the then Prime Minister, Rui Maria de Araújo , claimed that the government's investment in the Region would benefit all people in East Timor, not just those in Oecusse. However, there has been criticism of
426-470: A lower princely title . However, the concept of a king consort is not unheard of in both contemporary and historical periods. A queen dowager or empress dowager is the widow of a king or emperor; a queen mother is a queen dowager who is also the mother of a reigning sovereign. Since the abdication of Margrethe II of Denmark on 14 January 2024, there are currently no female sovereigns in
497-489: A single queen regnant, Athaliah , though the Hebrew Bible regards her negatively as a usurper. The much later Hasmonean Queen Salome Alexandra (Shlom Tzion) was highly popular. Accession of a queen regnant occurs as a nation's order of succession permits. Methods of succession to kingdoms, tribal chiefships, and such include nomination (the reigning monarch or a council names an heir), primogeniture (in which
568-495: A special administrative policy and economic regime. Law 03/2014 of 18 June 2014 created the Special Administrative Region of Oecusse Ambeno (Região Administrativa Especial de Oecusse Ambeno, RAEOA). A national development programme to implement governmental policy, called ZEESM TL (Special Zones of Social Market Economy of Timor-Leste) is in place. The President of RAEOA & ZEESM TL was Mari Alkatiri ,
639-405: A week on a journey which takes 12 hours. Queen regnant Philosophers Works A queen regnant ( pl. : queens regnant) is a female monarch , equivalent in rank, title and position to a king . She reigns suo jure (in her own right) over a realm known as a kingdom; as opposed to a queen consort , who is married to a reigning king; or a queen regent , who is the guardian of
710-472: Is Pante Macassar , also called Oecussi Town , or formerly, in Portuguese Timor , Vila Taveiro . Originally Ambeno was the name of the former district and Oecussi its capital. Oecusse is the traditional name of Pante Macassar, the present day capital of the Special Administrative Region, and its environs. The location of today's capital was also the seat of the second traditional kingdom of
781-428: Is Uab Meto (Meto), often referred to by outsiders as Baikeno . Portuguese is used in education and government, although despite its status as an official language there are few fluent speakers. Although Indonesian was used as a lingua franca until 1999, since then it has been almost completely replaced in this role by Tetum which is the primary language of government, education and public life in East Timor and
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#1732764837570852-465: Is 1,000–2,500 mm (39–98 in). As in many parts of Timor, some areas become isolated in the rainy season because of flooding. Oecusse and Ambeno are the names of the two original kingdoms in the area, of which Ambeno existed before the colonial period. Oecusse was among the first parts of the island of Timor on which the Portuguese established themselves, and is thus usually considered
923-415: Is a female monarch who reigns suo jure over an empire . A queen regnant possesses all the powers, such as they may be , of the monarchy, whereas a queen consort or queen regent shares her spouse's or child's rank and titles but does not share the sovereignty of her spouse or child. The husband of a queen regnant traditionally does not share the queen regnant's rank, title, or sovereignty and usually holds
994-470: Is different from the title ōhi (王妃, "king's consort") which means only a queen consort. The term jotei (女帝, "female emperor") or josei tennō (女性天皇, "female heavenly emperor") has been used for empresses regnant of Japan because the title kōgō (皇后, "emperor's consort") means only an empress consort. Although the Chrysanthemum Throne of Japan is currently barred to women following
1065-402: Is often equated with the name of a certain type of traditional clay jug, so "Oe-Kussi" would mean something like "water pot". There is a legend about the provenance of this name, relating to a stone, the " Cussi [ de ] ", in the suco of Banafi [ de ] . Other sources state that Kussi was a native ruler of Ambeno. The name "Ambeno" is derived from "Ambenu", which
1136-482: Is similarly a portmanteau of two words. "Ama" or "am" means "father" or "king", and "Benu" is the name of two legendary rulers of the region. In the Portuguese colonial period, "Oecusse" and "Ambeno" were both already being used as synonyms referring to the exclave. Later, the double-barrelled name Oecusse-Ambeno came into use. In the official list of all administrative divisions of East Timor published in 2009,
1207-475: Is spoken and understood in all but very remote areas of the SAR. 99.3% of the inhabitants are Roman Catholic and 0.6% Protestant. There were 36 Hindus, 21 Muslims, 10 Animists and one Buddhist in the 2010 census. As is common throughout Timor-Leste most Catholics practise a syncretic variety of the religion and continue to pay homage to sacred sites and ancestral spirits, a suite of practices usually referred to using
1278-425: Is the government of a country comprised of [largely] subsistence farmers obsessed with glitzy prestige projects at the expense of more pressing needs such as health and agriculture?" Yet the same commentator has also noted, more recently, that the imposition of the programme generated a plurality of opinions and reactions in Oecusse, mostly eliciting curiosity and the will to cautiously negotiate solutions. Not only did
1349-623: Is today Indonesia . The Eurasian leadership of Oecusse by and by turned into a Timorese kingship, and members of the Hornay and Costa families reigned as Liurai (kings) until modern times. They regularly intermarried with the Ambeno royalty. In the 1780s a reconciliation took place between the governor in Dili and the Topasses, who henceforth usually supported the Portuguese government. In 1859, with
1420-677: The Dutch East India Company conquered Solor in 1613, the Portuguese community moved to Larantuka on Flores . Despite continuous hostilities with the Dutch, the topasses managed to obtain a steady foothold on Timor after 1641, and part of the population of Larantuka moved over to West Timor in the late 1650s, as a response to the establishment of the VOC in Kupang in 1653. They were able to defeat Dutch military expeditions on Timor with
1491-613: The Hindi word topi (hat) which refers to the characteristic hat worn by the men of this community as a marker of their cultural attachment to the European community. Hence, they are also referred to as gente de chapeo in Portuguese accounts or as gens à chapeau in French accounts. It partly overlapped with the Dutch concept mardijker , "free men", who also usually had a Portuguese cultural background, but had no European ancestry. While
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#17327648375701562-687: The Imperial Household Law ( Emperor Naruhito 's daughter Princess Aiko cannot accede to the Chrysanthemum Throne), this has not always been the case; throughout Japanese history, there have been eight empresses regnant. The Japanese imperial succession debate became a significant political issue during the early 2000s, as no male children had been born to the Imperial House of Japan since 1965. Prime Minister Junichirō Koizumi pledged to present parliament with
1633-788: The Late Middle Ages until the late 20th century was male-preference primogeniture : the order of succession ranked the sons of the monarch in order of their birth, followed by the daughters. Historically, many realms like France and the Holy Roman Empire forbade succession by women or through a female line in accordance with the Salic law , and nine countries still do, such countries being Japan , Morocco , Jordan , Saudi Arabia , Bahrain , Brunei , Liechtenstein , Bhutan . No queen regnant ever ruled France , for example. Only one woman, Maria Theresa , ruled Austria. As noted in
1704-429: The Portuguese , and produced many cinderella stamps for his creation. On 11 November 1999, over 600 Australian troops from 3RAR (Third Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment) deployed from Maliana in East Timor proper to Oecusse to liberate the enclave. They stayed there until late February 2000, being replaced by Jordanian troops. Articles 5 and 71 of the 2002 constitution provide that Oecussi Ambeno be governed by
1775-625: The Treaty of Lisbon , Portugal and the Netherlands divided the island between them. West Timor became Dutch, with its colonial seat at Kupang , and East Timor became Portuguese, with its seat in Dili . This left Oecusse and Noimuti as enclaves surrounded by Dutch territory. In 1912 the Liurai of Ambeno, João da Cruz , staged a revolt against the Portuguese. It was quickly put down, after which
1846-565: The United Kingdom amended their laws of succession to absolute primogeniture (in which the children of a monarch or chief have preference in order of birth from eldest to youngest regardless of gender). In some cases, the change does not take effect during the lifetimes of people already in the line of succession at the time the law was passed. In 2011, the United Kingdom and the 15 other Commonwealth realms agreed to remove
1917-505: The double-barrelled name Oecusse-Ambeno (also Oecussi-Ambeno, Ocussi-Ambeno, Oecússi-Ambeno, Oe-Kusi Ambenu) was reactivated in official usage in 2017, in place of Oecusse on its own. The exclave is seldom now referred to only as Ambeno (Ambenu), as it was during the Indonesian occupation of East Timor . Oecusse SAR has a total area of 813.6 km (314.1 sq mi). It is completely surrounded by Indonesian territory, except to
1988-578: The 1650s from Larantuka on Flores . After 1664 they were governed by officers belonging to the Hornay and Costa families, and were able to dominate most of Timor. The Topass leaders used Lifau as their main stronghold on Timor, but still resided much of their time in Larantuka. In the second half of the seventeenth century they made great profits through the sandalwood trade, attracting merchants from Siam , Batavia , Macao , and Goa . The precious wood
2059-532: The 19th century and only with continuous and heavy military force. The concept of Topass disappeared from the records in the 19th century. Between 1847 and 1913 the Portuguese had to mount more than 60 armed expeditions to subdue the Timorese in the interior of the island; a few of these revolts occurred in the old Topasses part, west of East Timor. Hornay and Da Costa's descendants continued to govern locally as rajas (or liurais) of Oecussi up to modern times. During
2130-454: The 2015 Census, Oecusse had a population of 68,913 people, divided into 14,345 households. The Census of 15 October 2022 gave a total of 80,176. The Atoni Pah Meto (typically just referred to as the Meto) are the dominant ethnic group, and Meto is the only indigenous language spoken. The Meto people also dominate the population of Indonesian West Timor . The native language of most residents
2201-559: The Ambeno kingdom lapsed. The Liurai of Oecusse became dominant in the entire Oecusse exclave. The definitive border was drawn by The Hague in 1916. Apart from Japanese occupation during World War II , the border remained the same until the end of the colonial period. The region was given the status of county (conselho) , named Oecússi, by the Portuguese government in August 1973, the last Timorese area to receive it. Indonesian forces invaded Oecusse on 6 June 1975. In October they occupied
Topasses - Misplaced Pages Continue
2272-540: The Dutch colonial post at Kupang in 1749 but were smashingly defeated in the Battle of Penfui , and subsequently moved their residence to Pante Macassar (Oecusse) in 1759 due to Dutch military pressure. The capital of the governor was transferred from Lifau to Dili in 1769, because of the frequent attacks from the Topass leader Francisco Hornay III . Most of West Timor was left to Dutch forces, who were conquering what
2343-493: The East Timor capital Dili. Main roads link Pante Macassar to Sacato 15 km (10 miles) to the east, and Bobometo to the south-east, both of which are on the East Timor-Indonesia border and are official border crossings into Indonesia . The integrated border post at Sacato (also spelled Sakato) is the major crossing for Oecusse as it is on the shortest land route between Oecusse and East Timor proper via
2414-465: The Indonesian loanword, 'adat'. The new Oecusse or Rota do Sandalo International Airport was inaugurated by East Timorese President Francisco Guterres on 18 June 2019 and serves as the main gateway to Oecusse. The airport was previously an airstrip located at the edge of Pante Macassar and was refurbished at a cost of US$ 119 million. Previously, there were six return flights a week to and from
2485-725: The Netherlands) are currently heirs apparent to the thrones of their respective monarchies, along with Leonor, Princess of Asturias , who is the heir presumptive of the throne of Spain. All four are therefore liable to become queens regnant following the end of the current reigns. Because there is no feminine equivalent to king and emperor in East Asian languages, different titles are used for female monarchs and female consorts. The titles of female monarchs in East Asia are translated directly as "female king" or "female emperor" and
2556-474: The Portuguese authorities installed a regular governor in Lifau, a move that was violently opposed by the Topass community. The Topasses had become a law unto themselves and drove out the Portuguese governor António Coelho Guerreiro in 1705. After more attacks from the Topasses in Lifau, the colonial base was moved east to Dili in eastern Timor in 1769. For long periods up to 1785, a state of warfare existed between
2627-403: The VOC instead. The Topass still managed to hang on in Oecussi , and killed the Dutch commander Hans Albrecht von Plüskow in 1761, when he attempted to expand the Dutch sphere on Timor. Their power nevertheless receded by the late 18th century, due to diminishing economic and political opportunities. Still, neither Portuguese nor Dutch colonial influence could be firmly established on Timor until
2698-562: The area, based at Oesono [ de ] . The historic Timorese empire that occupied most of the territory of the present day SAR was known as Ambeno , and was centred in Tulaica and Nunuhenu [ de ] . The portmanteau "Oe-Kussi", from which "Oecusse" is derived, has its origins in the local Baikeno variant of the Uab Meto language . "Oe" means "water", but there are differing interpretations for "Kussi". The word
2769-539: The border crossing at Mota'ain / Batugade . The Indonesian checkpoint across the border from Sacato is Wini . The Bobometo border crossing (with Napan on the Indonesian side) in on the road to Kefamenanu . A network of minor roads link other areas within Oecusse Municipality with Pante Macassar and the capitals of administrative posts. On 12 June 2017 a bridge over the Tono River was inaugurated by
2840-482: The children of a monarch or chief have preference in order of birth from eldest to youngest), and ultimogeniture (in which the children have preference in the reverse order of birth from youngest to eldest). The scope of succession may be matrilineal, patrilineal, or both; or, rarely, open to general election when necessary. The right of succession may be open to men and women, or limited to men only or to women only. The most typical succession in European monarchies from
2911-409: The country, it suffered violent attacks near the 1999 referendum for independence. Over 90 percent of the infrastructure was destroyed. It became part of the independent state of East Timor on 20 May 2002. In the 1970s and 1980s, anarchist New Zealander Bruce Grenville began a hoax, claiming to have founded the sultanate of Occussi-Ambeno. He invented a history for the state of tribes united against
Topasses - Misplaced Pages Continue
2982-480: The cradle of East Timor. In about 1556, the Dominican friar António Taveiro, operating from a base on Solor , started missionary work on the north coast of Timor. Shortly after this, in 1569, the village of "Alifao" ( Lifau ) is mentioned on a European map. It was situated five kilometres to the west of modern Pante Macassar . For the Portuguese traders in sandalwood , Lifau was a convenient place to land since it
3053-442: The death of the monarch, subject to the rules of male-preference primogeniture. A lot of times, the wife or mother of a childless king were allowed to succeed to the throne as well and allowed to rule as queen regnants in their own right, until their death, after which the throne passed to the next closest relative. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, Sweden , Norway , Belgium , the Netherlands , Denmark , Luxembourg and
3124-528: The early 1900s, the enclave of OeCussi was ruled by Dom Hugo Da Costa and Rainha Elena Hornay. Oecussi Oecusse , also known as Oecusse-Ambeno ( Portuguese : Oé-Cusse Ambeno ; Tetum : Oecussi Ambeno ) and formerly just Ambeno , officially the Special Administrative Region Oecusse-Ambeno ( Portuguese : Região Administrativa Especial Oé-Cusse Ambeno ), is an exclave , municipality (formerly
3195-514: The exclave is the Tono River , which flows into the Savu Sea near Lifau , just west of Pante Macassar. Outside the rainy season , however, the river, although perennial , comes close to drying up. Away from the Tono valley, the SAR consists essentially of a landscape rising sharply to at least 800–900 m (2,600–3,000 ft) AMSL. The northeast of the SAR has the wildest and youngest of
3266-587: The help of Timorese allies, in 1653, 1655, 1656, and 1657. The peace treaty between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Dutch Republic in 1663 removed the acute threat from the latter. By this time the Topasses consisted of an ethnic mix of Portuguese, Florenese, Timorese, Indians, Dutch deserters, etc. Through their military skills, they were able to dominate large parts of Timor, with their center in Lifau in
3337-678: The highest peak in the whole of the SAR. Other mountains in the SAR include the Manoleu [ de ] (1,171 m (3,842 ft) AMSL) in the west of the Nitibe administrative post , and the Puas [ de ] (1,121 m (3,678 ft) in Passabe. Around 30% of the SAR is wooded, mostly by forest and Eucalyptus woodland, which is often threatened by slash-and-burn (swidden) agriculture and illegal tree cutting. South of
3408-522: The list below of widely-known ruling queens, many reigned in European monarchies. Male-preference primogeniture was also practised in a lot of the separate kingdoms of the Indian subcontinent from the Middle Ages, until the Indian independence movement. In a lot of these kingdoms, adoption was allowed from a relative if a monarch didn't have children, and the adopted child could succeed to the throne at
3479-419: The local population adapt to the programme and endure significant changes in their lifestyles ; additionally, some aspects of the programme were modified in some significant detail to accommodate deep and strongly expressed popular sentiments . Oecusse is divided into four administrative posts (formerly sub-districts): The administrative posts are divided into 18 sucos (villages) in total. According to
3550-413: The main part of East Timor. As of 2019, East Timor and Indonesia were at odds over the Área Cruz (Passabe), until it was agreed that it belonged to East Timor. Also disputed are the 1,069 ha (2,640 acres) 'Citrana Triangle', the town of Naktuka [ de ] (Nitibe) and Batek Island (or Fatu Sinai ), 12 km (7.5 mi) off the coast of the SAR's westernmost point. Oecusse has
3621-485: The mardijkers served under the Dutch colonial authorities, the topasses of Timor were staunchly opposed to the Dutch and used the symbol of the king of Portugal as their ultimate authority. As a political entity in the eastern part of Insular Southeast Asia , they arose with the Portuguese settlement on the small Island of Solor (from the 1560s), using Solor as a stepping-stone to the trade in sandalwood on Timor. When
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#17327648375703692-473: The masculine form of the word in languages that have grammatical gender as a way to classify nouns. The Roman Empress Irene of Athens sometimes titled herself basileus (βασιλεύς), 'emperor', rather than basilissa (βασίλισσα), 'empress', and Mary of Hungary was crowned as Rex Hungariae , King of Hungary in 1382. Among the Davidic Monarchs of the Kingdom of Judah , there is mentioned
3763-427: The north, where it faces Ombai Strait (at that point, part of the Savu Sea ). Geographically, the rest of East Timor is 58 km (36 mi) east of the SAR's easternmost tip; by road, the distance is more than 70 km (43 mi). In the north of the SAR, there is coastal plain and savanna rising to relatively arid hills up to 1,000 m (3,300 ft) AMSL , and then mountains. The main river in
3834-604: The only remaining female monarch of a sovereign state in the world, until her abdication on 14 January 2024. This made it the first time that no female sovereigns have reigned in over 200 years. On the other hand, there are non-sovereign queens, such as Rain Queen Masalanabo Modjadji VII and Māori Queen Ngā Wai Hono i te Pō , who currently reign. Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden , Princess Elisabeth, Duchess of Brabant (monarchy of Belgium), and Catharina-Amalia, Princess of Orange (monarchy of
3905-541: The power of the Muslim Makassarese who had recently made inroads in Timor. His small army of musketeers settled on Timor, extending Portuguese influence into the interior. After 1664 the Topasses were governed by the Hornay and Costa families, who held the titles captain-major (capitão mor) or lieutenant general (tenente general) in turn. The Portuguese appointed an administrator to Lifau in 1656 and in 1702
3976-405: The present-day Oecussi-Ambeno enclave. The Topass community was led by their own appointed captains and had little contact with the viceroy of Portuguese India . They pressed Timorese princes to deliver sandalwood to the coast, which was sold to merchants from the Portuguese colony of Macau or to the Dutch. In 1641, their leader Francisco Fernandes led a Portuguese military expedition to weaken
4047-883: The president of Timor-Leste, Francisco Guterres . The Noefefan Bridge connects the isolated regions to the west of the Tono River to Pante Macassar, providing them permanent access to markets, the ferry and airport, even during the rainy season (November to April). Roads also lead to minor border crossings in Passabe (with Haumeniana also in North Central Timor Regency ) and Citrana (with Oepoli in Kupang Regency ), mostly catering to crossings by residents of border villages. The ferry Berlin Nakroma connects Oecusse to Dili , arriving twice
4118-438: The programme's lack of transparency and accountability, and its absence of any public cost-benefit or risk analysis, or any significant private investment. Questions have also been raised as to whether the programme is one that is necessarily appropriate for the area, or likely to be in the best interests of its citizens. According to one commentator, many observers of East Timor's strategic investment choices have wondered, "Why
4189-408: The royal titles of East Asia. The title as a queen regnant of Trưng Trắc was Nữ vương ( chữ Hán : 女王, "female king") and the title as an empress regnant of Lý Chiêu Hoàng was Nữ hoàng ( chữ Hán : 女皇, "female emperor"), and they are different from the titles of female consorts. In Japan, the title used for two queens regnant of Yamatai : Himiko and Toyo was joō (女王, "female king") and it
4260-493: The rule of male-preference primogeniture. Once the necessary legislation was passed, this means that had Prince William had a daughter first, a younger son would not have become heir apparent. In 2015, Elizabeth II became the longest-reigning queen regnant and female head of state in world history. She was the longest serving incumbent head of state and monarch from 2016 until her death on 8 September 2022. Following Elizabeth's death, Margrethe II of Denmark became
4331-596: The then district was referred to only by its short name "Oecusse". The present day SAR is not politically divided along the borders of the old empires of the area. In Ministerial Diploma 16/2017, "Oe-Cusse Ambeno" was once again officially used. As is not uncommon in East Timor, there are numerous different spellings for the region's name: Oe-Kusi, Oecusse, Ocussi, Oecússi, Oecussi, Oekussi, Oekusi, Okusi, Oé-Cusse. The spellings with "k" are mostly derived from Tetum or other Austronesian languages , and those with "c" are spellings based on Portuguese. As has just been indicated,
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#17327648375704402-498: The title huánghòu (皇后, "emperor's consort") means only an empress consort. The term nǚwáng (女王, "female king") was also used for queens regnant of Eastern Kingdom of Women [ zh ] of the tribe Sumpa and it is different from the title wánghòu (王后, "king's consort") which means a queen consort. In Korea, the term yeowang ( Hangul : 여왕, Hanja : 女王, "female king") was developed to refer to three queens regnant of Silla : Seondeok , Jindeok and Jinseong , because
4473-469: The title wangbi ( Hangul : 왕비, Hanja : 王妃, "king's consort") means only a queen consort. The term yeoje ( Hangul : 여제, Hanja : 女帝, "female emperor") was also used for Yi Hae-won , the titular empress regnant of Korean Empire because the title hwanghu ( Hangul : 황후, Hanja : 皇后, "emperor's consort") means only an empress consort. Although Vietnam is a country in Southeast Asia, it used
4544-468: The titles of female consorts in East Asia are translated directly as "king's consort" or "emperor's consort". So, the titles of female monarchs in East Asia are the same as those of male monarchs, just indicating that they are women. In China the term nǚhuángdì (女皇帝, "female emperor"), abbreviated as nǚhuáng (女皇), has been used for three empresses regnant to assume the title of huángdì : Daughter of Xiaoming , Chen Shuozhen and Wu Zetian , because
4615-764: The town of Oesilo (in the suco of Bobometo [ de ] ) are active mud volcanoes . At its far western extremity, the SAR extends to the Indonesian regency of Kupang ; to the east and south lies the North Central Timor Regency . The SAR's land border is about 300 km (190 mi) in length, its coastline about 50 km (31 mi) long. There are border crossings at Bobometo [ de ] (Oesilo) – Napan [ de ] (Indonesia), Citrana (Nitibe) – Oipoli (Indonesia), and Passabe ( Passabe ) – Haumeni Ana [ id ] (Indonesia) leading to West Timor, and at Sacato ( Pante Macassar ) – Wini (Indonesia) leading both to West Timor and, via another crossing, to
4686-416: The two Portuguese groups. In 1749 a political crisis involving Topass leader Gaspar da Costa resulted in another war with the Dutch. When he marched on Kupang with a considerable force he was routed and killed at the Battle of Penfui , after which the Dutch expanded their control of western Timor. Many Timorese princedoms which had hitherto been subordinated to Topass authority now fell away and allied with
4757-464: The western border districts of East Timor's main territory. It was in Pante Macassar that an Indonesian fifth column raised the Indonesian flag on 29 November 1975, a week before the official Indonesian invasion of East Timor proper. However, even under Indonesian rule, Oecusse was administered as part of the province of East Timor, as it had been as part of Portuguese Timor . Like much of
4828-586: The whole island's surface structure, and is partially of volcanic origin. Close to the SAR's northeastern border, within the Pante Macassar administrative post , is the Sapu [ ceb ; de ] ( Fatu Nipane ) (1,259 m (4,131 ft) AMSL). In the southernmost of the SAR's administrative posts, Passabe , the land rises continuously and, at the SAR's southwestern tip, reaches Bisae Súnan [ de ] (1,560 m (5,120 ft) AMSL),
4899-491: The world. This is the first time this has been the case in over 200 years. The oldest attested queen regnant was the Pharaoh Sobekneferu from the 18th/17th century BC. In Ancient Africa, Ancient Persia , Asian and Pacific cultures, and in some European countries, female monarchs have been given the title king or its equivalent, such as pharaoh , when gender is irrelevant to the office, or else have used
4970-475: Was brought to Lifau and sold to external traders under Topass supervision. In 1702, Lifau became the authorised capital of the colony when it received the first governor from Goa . The following period saw frequent clashes between the governor and the independent-minded Topasses, who had their strongholds in Tulicão west of Lifau , and Animata in the inland. Under their leader Gaspar da Costa they attacked
5041-525: Was situated to the south of their base in the Solor Archipelago . The area was dominated by the Ambeno kingdom, which was sometimes referred as the kingdom of Lifau. In 1641 the Dominican priests baptised the royal families of the Ambeno, Mena and Amanuban kingdoms, which meant that Portuguese influence increased in parts of western Timor. Migration of Topasses , a Eurasian population, rose in
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