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133-454: Tor is a free overlay network for enabling anonymous communication . Built on free and open-source software and more than seven thousand volunteer-operated relays worldwide, users can have their Internet traffic routed via a random path through the network. Using Tor makes it more difficult to trace a user's Internet activity by preventing any single point on the Internet (other than
266-503: A Massachusetts -based 501(c)(3) research-education nonprofit organization responsible for maintaining Tor. The EFF acted as The Tor Project's fiscal sponsor in its early years, and early financial supporters included the U.S. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor and International Broadcasting Bureau , Internews , Human Rights Watch , the University of Cambridge , Google , and Netherlands-based Stichting NLnet . Over
399-438: A byline . Not even the name of the editor is printed in the issue. It is a long-standing tradition that an editor's only signed article during their tenure is written on the occasion of their departure from the position. The author of a piece is named in certain circumstances: when notable persons are invited to contribute opinion pieces; when journalists of The Economist compile special reports (previously known as surveys); for
532-433: A technology report called Technology Quarterly , or simply, TQ , a special section focusing on recent trends and developments in science and technology. The feature is also known to intertwine "economic matters with a technology". The TQ often carries a theme, such as quantum computing or cloud storage , and assembles an assortment of articles around the common subject. In September 2007, The Economist launched
665-570: A " newspaper ", rather than a " news magazine ", due to its mostly cosmetic switch from broadsheet to perfect-binding format and its general focus on current affairs as opposed to specialist subjects. It is legally classified as a newspaper in Britain and the United States. Most databases and anthologies catalogue the weekly as a newspaper printed in magazine- or journal-format. The Economist differentiates and contrasts itself as
798-459: A "technical breakthrough" that allowed tracking physical locations of servers, and the initial number of infiltrated sites led to the exploit speculation. A Tor Project representative downplayed this possibility, suggesting that execution of more traditional police work was more likely. In November 2015, court documents suggested a connection between the attack and arrests, and raised concerns about security research ethics. The documents revealed that
931-586: A 'Country of the Year' in its annual Christmas special editions. Selected by the newspaper, this award recognises the country that was 'most improved' over the preceding year. In addition to publishing its main newspaper, lifestyle magazine, and special features, The Economist also produces books with topics overlapping with that of its newspaper. The weekly also publishes a series of technical manuals (or guides) as an offshoot of its explanatory journalism . Some of these books serve as collections of articles and columns
1064-602: A Tor network, the traffic is sent from router to router along the circuit, ultimately reaching an exit node at which point the cleartext packet is available and is forwarded on to its original destination. Viewed from the destination, the traffic appears to originate at the Tor exit node. Tor's application independence sets it apart from most other anonymity networks: it works at the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) stream level. Applications whose traffic
1197-400: A class of overlay network. Nodes in an overlay network can be thought of as being connected by virtual or logical links, each of which corresponds to a path, perhaps through many physical links, in the underlying network. For example, distributed systems such as peer-to-peer networks are overlay networks because their nodes form networks over existing network connections. The Internet
1330-600: A corporate GitHub account to publicly disclose their models and software wherever possible. In October 2018, they introduced a "Graphic Detail" featuring large charts and maps in both their print and digital editions which ran until November 2023. Historically, the publication has also maintained a section of economic statistics , such as employment figures, economic growth, and interest rates. These statistical publications have been found to be seen as authoritative and decisive in British society. The Economist also publishes
1463-761: A destination server the fact that a user is connecting via Tor. Operators of Internet sites therefore have the ability to prevent traffic from Tor exit nodes or to offer reduced functionality for Tor users. For example, Misplaced Pages generally forbids all editing when using Tor or when using an IP address also used by a Tor exit node, and the BBC blocks the IP addresses of all known Tor exit nodes from its iPlayer service. Apart from intentional restrictions of Tor traffic, Tor use can trigger defense mechanisms on websites intended to block traffic from IP addresses observed to generate malicious or abnormal traffic. Because traffic from all Tor users
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#17328015177391596-588: A global emphasis and scope, about two-thirds of the 75 staff journalists are based in the London borough of Westminster . However, due to half of all subscribers originating in the United States, The Economist has core editorial offices and substantial operations in New York City , Los Angeles , Chicago , and Washington D.C. The editor-in-chief , commonly known simply as "the Editor", of The Economist
1729-642: A long record of supporting gun control . In British general elections, The Economist has endorsed the Labour Party (in 2005 and 2024), the Conservative Party (in 2010 and 2015), and the Liberal Democrats (in 2017 and 2019), and supported both Republican and Democratic candidates in the United States. The Economist put its stance this way: What, besides free trade and free markets, does The Economist believe in? "It
1862-402: A newspaper against their sister lifestyle magazine, 1843 , which does the same in turn. Editor Zanny Minton Beddoes clarified the distinction in 2016, saying that "we call it a newspaper because it was founded in 1843, 173 years ago, [when] all [perfect-bound publications] were called newspapers." The Economist ' s articles often take a definite editorial stance and almost never carry
1995-619: A particular person already under suspicion was sending Tor traffic at the exact times the connections in question occurred. The relay early traffic confirmation attack also relied on traffic confirmation as part of its mechanism, though on requests for onion service descriptors, rather than traffic to the destination server. Like many decentralized systems, Tor relies on a consensus mechanism to periodically update its current operating parameters, which for Tor are network parameters like which nodes are good/bad relays, exits, guards, and how much traffic each can handle. Tor's architecture for deciding
2128-531: A phrase which still appears on its imprint (US: masthead) as the publication's mission. It has long been respected as "one of the most competent and subtle Western periodicals on public affairs". It was cited by Karl Marx in his formulation of socialist theory because Marx felt the publication epitomised the interests of the bourgeoisie. He wrote that "the London Economist , the European organ of
2261-626: A popular means of establishing peer-to-peer connections in messaging and file sharing applications. Web-based onion services can be accessed from a standard web browser without client-side connection to the Tor network using services like Tor2web , which remove client anonymity. Like all software with an attack surface , Tor's protections have limitations, and Tor's implementation or design have been vulnerable to attacks at various points throughout its history. While most of these limitations and attacks are minor, either being fixed without incident or proving inconsequential, others are more notable. Tor
2394-476: A pronounced editorial stance, it is seen as having little reporting bias , and as exercising rigorous fact-checking and strict copy editing . Its extensive use of word play , high subscription prices, and depth of coverage has linked the paper with a high-income and educated readership, drawing both positive and negative connotations. In line with this, it claims to have an influential readership of prominent business leaders and policy-makers. The Economist
2527-573: A reply from Amnesty, as well as several other letters in support of the organisation, including one from the head of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights . Rebuttals from officials within regimes such as the Singapore government are routinely printed, to comply with local right-of-reply laws without compromising editorial independence. Letters published in the paper are typically between 150 and 200 words long and had
2660-669: A separate subscription. The presence of data journalism in The Economist can be traced to its founding year in 1843. Initially, the weekly published basic international trade figures and tables. The paper first included a graphical model in 1847—a letter featuring an illustration of various coin sizes—and its first non-epistolary chart —a tree map visualising the size of coal fields in America and England—was included in November 1854. This early adoption of data-based articles
2793-510: A sister lifestyle magazine under the title Intelligent Life as a quarterly publication. At its inauguration it was billed as for "the arts, style, food, wine, cars, travel and anything else under the sun, as long as it's interesting". The magazine focuses on analysing the "insights and predictions for the luxury landscape " across the world. Approximately ten years later, in March 2016, the newspaper's parent company, Economist Group , rebranded
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#17328015177392926-472: A specific logical address , whose IP address is not known in advance. Guaranteeing bandwidth through marking traffic has multiple solutions, including IntServ and DiffServ . IntServ requires per flow tracking and consequently causes scaling issues in routing platforms. It has not been widely deployed. DiffServ has been widely deployed in many operators as a method to differentiate traffic types. DiffServ itself provides no guarantee of throughput, it does allow
3059-426: A unicast path between two end-systems or peers in the underlying internet. All multicast-related functionality is implemented at the peers instead of at routers, and the goal of the multicast protocol is to construct and maintain an efficient overlay for data transmission. Overlay network protocols based on TCP/IP include: Overlay network protocols based on UDP/IP include: The Economist The Economist
3192-468: A user's IP address directly back to an FBI server, and resulted in revealing at least 25 US users as well as numerous users from other countries. McGrath was sentenced to 20 years in prison in early 2014, while at least 18 others (including a former Acting HHS Cyber Security Director) were sentenced in subsequent cases. In August 2013, it was discovered that the Firefox browsers in many older versions of
3325-411: A variety of rankings seeking to position business schools and undergraduate universities among each other, respectively. In 2015, they published their first ranking of U.S. universities, focusing on comparable economic advantages. Their data for the rankings is sourced from the U.S. Department of Education and is calculated as a function of median earnings through regression analysis . Among others,
3458-486: A working familiarity with fundamental concepts of classical economics. For instance, it does not explain terms like invisible hand , macroeconomics , or demand curve , and may take just six or seven words to explain the theory of comparative advantage . Articles involving economics do not presume any formal training on the part of the reader and aim to be accessible to the educated layperson. It usually does not translate short French and German quotes or phrases but describes
3591-646: A year of surveillance, the FBI launched " Operation Torpedo " which resulted in McGrath's arrest and allowed them to install their Network Investigative Technique (NIT) malware on the servers for retrieving information from the users of the three onion service sites that McGrath controlled. The technique exploited a vulnerability in Firefox/Tor Browser that had been already been patched, and therefore targeted users that had not updated. A Flash application sent
3724-516: Is a weekly newspaper published in printed magazine format and digitally . It focuses on current affairs, international business, politics, technology, and culture, and is mostly written and edited in Britain. Based in London , the newspaper is owned by the Economist Group , with its core editorial offices in the United States, as well as across major cities in continental Europe, Asia, and
3857-472: Is a critical capability for a wide range of applications, including audio and video conferencing, multi-party games and content distribution. Throughout the last decade, a number of research projects have explored the use of multicast as an efficient and scalable mechanism to support such group communication applications. Multicast decouples the size of the receiver set from the amount of state kept at any single node and potentially avoids redundant communication in
3990-483: Is accessed through its onion address , usually via the Tor Browser or some other software designed to use Tor. The Tor network understands these addresses by looking up their corresponding public keys and introduction points from a distributed hash table within the network. It can route data to and from onion services, even those hosted behind firewalls or network address translators (NAT), while preserving
4123-511: Is an implementation of onion routing , which encrypts and then randomly bounces communications through a network of relays run by volunteers around the globe. These onion routers employ encryption in a multi-layered manner (hence the onion metaphor) to ensure perfect forward secrecy between relays, thereby providing users with anonymity in a network location. That anonymity extends to the hosting of censorship-resistant content by Tor's anonymous onion service feature. Furthermore, by keeping some of
Tor (network) - Misplaced Pages Continue
4256-667: Is audited by the Audit Bureau of Circulations (ABC). From around 30,000 in 1960 it has risen to near 1 million by 2000 and by 2016 to about 1.3 million. Approximately half of all sales (54%) originate in the United States with sales in the United Kingdom making 14% of the total and continental Europe 19%. Of its American readers, two out of three earn more than $ 100,000 a year. The Economist has sales, both by subscription and at newsagents, in over 200 countries. The Economist once boasted about its limited circulation. In
4389-525: Is charged with formulating the paper's editorial policies and overseeing corporate operations. Since its 1843 founding, the editors have been the following: Although it has many individual columns, by tradition and current practice the newspaper ensures a uniform voice—aided by the anonymity of writers—throughout its pages, as if most articles were written by a single author, which may be perceived to display dry, understated wit, and precise use of language. The Economist ' s treatment of economics presumes
4522-408: Is commonly anonymized using Tor include Internet Relay Chat (IRC), instant messaging , and World Wide Web browsing. Tor can also provide anonymity to websites and other servers. Servers configured to receive inbound connections only through Tor are called onion services (formerly, hidden services ). Rather than revealing a server's IP address (and thus its network location), an onion service
4655-412: Is designed to provide relatively high performance network anonymity against an attacker with a single vantage point on the connection (e.g., control over one of the three relays, the destination server, or the user's internet service provider ). Like all current low-latency anonymity networks , Tor cannot and does not attempt to protect against an attacker performing simultaneous monitoring of traffic at
4788-429: Is free for subscribers and available for a fee for non-subscribers. The publication's writers adopt a tight style that seeks to include the maximum amount of information in a limited space. David G. Bradley , publisher of The Atlantic , described the formula as "a consistent world view expressed, consistently, in tight and engaging prose". The Economist frequently receives letters from its readership in response to
4921-478: Is necessary because "collective voice and personality matter more than the identities of individual journalists", and reflects "a collaborative effort". In most articles, authors refer to themselves as "your correspondent" or "this reviewer". The writers of the titled opinion columns tend to refer to themselves by the title (hence, a sentence in the "Lexington" column might read "Lexington was informed..."). American author and long-time reader Michael Lewis criticised
5054-517: Is not meant to completely solve the issue of anonymity on the web. Tor is not designed to completely erase tracking but instead to reduce the likelihood for sites to trace actions and data back to the user. Tor is also used for illegal activities. These can include privacy protection or censorship circumvention, as well as distribution of child abuse content, drug sales, or malware distribution. Tor has been described by The Economist , in relation to Bitcoin and Silk Road , as being "a dark corner of
5187-494: Is not seen as an acceptable policy option in the U.K." and that "Even if it were, there would be technical challenges." The report further noted that Tor "plays only a minor role in the online viewing and distribution of indecent images of children" (due in part to its inherent latency); its usage by the Internet Watch Foundation , the utility of its onion services for whistleblowers , and its circumvention of
5320-418: Is not without its faults (we have four staff members with the initials 'J.P.', for example) but is the best compromise between total anonymity and full bylines, in our view." According to one academic study, the anonymous ethos of the weekly has contributed to strengthening three areas for The Economist : collective and consistent voice, talent and newsroom management, and brand strength. The editors say this
5453-428: Is now completed, with very few remaining Frame Relay or ATM networks. From an enterprise point of view, while an overlay VPN service configured by the operator might fulfill their basic connectivity requirements, they lack flexibility. For example, connecting services from competitive operators, or an enterprise service over an internet service and securing that service is impossible with standard VPN technologies, hence
Tor (network) - Misplaced Pages Continue
5586-496: Is printed at seven sites around the world. Since July 2007, there has also been a complete audio edition of the paper available 9 pm London time on Thursdays. The audio version of The Economist is produced by the production company Talking Issues . The company records the full text of the newspaper in MP3 format, including the extra pages in the UK edition. The weekly 130 MB download
5719-573: Is seen as a market competitor to The Wall Street Journal 's WSJ. and the Financial Times ' FT Magazine . Since its March 2016 relaunch, it has been edited by Rosie Blau, a former correspondent for The Economist . In May 2020 it was announced that the 1843 magazine would move to a digital-only format. The paper also produces two annual reviews and predictive reports titled The World In [Year] and The World If [Year] as part of their The World Ahead franchise. In both features,
5852-409: Is shared by a comparatively small number of exit relays, tools can misidentify distinct sessions as originating from the same user, and attribute the actions of a malicious user to a non-malicious user, or observe an unusually large volume of traffic for one IP address. Conversely, a site may observe a single session connecting from different exit relays, with different Internet geolocations , and assume
5985-401: Is to enable automated recovery during failure events in order to maintain a wanted service level or availability . As telecommunications networks are built in a layered fashion, resilience can be used in the physical, optical, IP or session/application layers. Each layer relies on the resilience features of the layer below it. Overlay IP networks in the form of SD-WAN services therefore rely on
6118-474: Is to the Radicals that The Economist still likes to think of itself as belonging. The extreme centre is the paper's historical position". That is as true today as when Crowther [Geoffrey, Economist editor 1938–1956] said it in 1955. The Economist considers itself the enemy of privilege, pomposity and predictability. It has backed conservatives such as Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher . It has supported
6251-582: Is written primarily in C . Overlay network An overlay network is a computer network that is layered on top of another (logical as opposed to physical) network. The concept of overlay networking is distinct from the traditional model of OSI layered networks, and almost always assumes that the underlay network is an IP network of some kind. Some examples of overlay networking technologies are, VXLAN , BGP VPNs , both Layer 2 and Layer 3 , and IP over IP technologies, such as GRE or IPSEC Tunnels. IP over IP technologies, such as SD-WAN are
6384-544: The Chicago Tribune named it the best English-language paper noting its strength in international reporting where it does not feel moved to "cover a faraway land only at a time of unmitigated disaster" and that it kept a wall between its reporting and its more conservative editorial policies. In 2008, Jon Meacham , former editor of Newsweek and a self-described "fan", criticised The Economist 's focus on analysis over original reporting. In 2012, The Economist
6517-417: The 2007–2008 financial crisis , Panic: The Story of Modern Financial Insanity . John Ralston Saul describes The Economist as a newspaper that "hides the names of the journalists who write its articles in order to create the illusion that they dispense disinterested truth rather than opinion. This sales technique, reminiscent of pre-Reformation Catholicism, is not surprising in a publication named after
6650-1012: The Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) and other civil liberties groups as a method for whistleblowers and human rights workers to communicate with journalists". EFF's Surveillance Self-Defense guide includes a description of where Tor fits in a larger strategy for protecting privacy and anonymity. In 2014, the EFF's Eva Galperin told Businessweek that "Tor's biggest problem is press. No one hears about that time someone wasn't stalked by their abuser. They hear how somebody got away with downloading child porn." The Tor Project states that Tor users include "normal people" who wish to keep their Internet activities private from websites and advertisers, people concerned about cyber-spying, and users who are evading censorship such as activists, journalists, and military professionals. In November 2013, Tor had about four million users. According to
6783-518: The FBI obtained IP addresses of onion services and their visitors from a "university-based research institute", leading to arrests. Reporting from Motherboard found that the timing and nature of the relay early traffic confirmation attack matched the description in the court documents. Multiple experts, including a senior researcher with the ICSI of UC Berkeley , Edward Felten of Princeton University , and
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#17328015177396916-728: The Great Firewall of China were touted. Tor's executive director, Andrew Lewman, also said in August 2014 that agents of the NSA and the GCHQ have anonymously provided Tor with bug reports. The Tor Project's FAQ offers supporting reasons for the EFF's endorsement: Criminals can already do bad things. Since they're willing to break laws, they already have lots of options available that provide better privacy than Tor provides... Tor aims to provide protection for ordinary people who want to follow
7049-697: The URLs provided under the top-ranked Chinese-language video actually pointed to malware disguised as Tor Browser. Once installed, it saved browsing history and form data that genuine Tor forgot by default, and downloaded malicious components if the device's IP addresses was in China. Kaspersky researchers noted that the malware was not stealing data to sell for profit, but was designed to identify users. Like client applications that use Tor, servers relying on onion services for protection can introduce their own weaknesses. Servers that are reachable through Tor onion services and
7182-554: The United Kingdom becoming a republic . Individual contributors take diverse views. The Economist favours the support, through central banks , of banks and other important corporations. This principle can, in a much more limited form, be traced back to Walter Bagehot , the third editor of The Economist , who argued that the Bank of England should support major banks that got into difficulties. Karl Marx deemed The Economist
7315-546: The Wall Street Journal , in 2012 about 14% of Tor's traffic connected from the United States, with people in "Internet-censoring countries" as its second-largest user base. Tor is increasingly used by victims of domestic violence and the social workers and agencies that assist them, even though shelter workers may or may not have had professional training on cyber-security matters. Properly deployed, however, it precludes digital stalking, which has increased due to
7448-605: The World Food Programme , United Nations Global Compact , the Chairman of BT Group , an ex-Director of Shell and the UK Institute of Directors . In an effort to foster diversity of thought, The Economist routinely publishes letters that openly criticize the paper's articles and stance. After The Economist ran a critique of Amnesty International in its issue dated 24 March 2007, its letters page ran
7581-530: The climate crisis . Pearson plc held a 50% shareholding via The Financial Times Limited until August 2015. At that time, Pearson sold their share in the Economist. The Agnelli family's Exor paid £287m to raise their stake from 4.7% to 43.4% while the Economist paid £182m for the balance of 5.04m shares which will be distributed to current shareholders. Aside from the Agnelli family, smaller shareholders in
7714-527: The "European organ" of "the aristocracy of finance". The newspaper has also supported liberal causes on social issues such as recognition of gay marriages , legalisation of drugs , criticises the U.S. tax model , and seems to support some government regulation on health issues, such as smoking in public, as well as bans on smacking children. The Economist consistently favours guest worker programmes, parental choice of school , and amnesties, and once published an "obituary" of God. The Economist also has
7847-433: The 2022 invasion of Ukraine ), and Boss Class (on business management ). In September 2023, The Economist announced the launch of Economist Podcasts+, a paid subscription service for its podcast offerings. In 2014 The Economist launched its short-form news app Espresso. The product offers a daily briefing from the editors, published every day of the week except Sunday. The app is available to paid subscribers and as
7980-513: The Americans in Vietnam . But it has also endorsed Harold Wilson and Bill Clinton , and espoused a variety of liberal causes: opposing capital punishment from its earliest days, while favouring penal reform and decolonisation, as well as—more recently—gun control and gay marriage. In 2008, The Economist commented that Cristina Fernández de Kirchner , the president of Argentina at the time,
8113-523: The HTTPS protections that would have otherwise been used. To attempt to prevent this, Tor Browser has since made it so only connections via onion services or HTTPS are allowed by default. In 2011, the Dutch authority investigating child pornography discovered the IP address of a Tor onion service site from an unprotected administrator's account and gave it to the FBI , who traced it to Aaron McGrath. After
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#17328015177398246-558: The Intercept , the Nation , and DeSmog found that The Economist is one of the leading media outlets that publishes advertising for the fossil fuel industry. Journalists who cover climate change for The Economist are concerned that conflicts of interest with the companies and industries that caused climate change and obstructed action will reduce the credibility of their reporting on climate change and cause readers to downplay
8379-411: The Internet paths among themselves and will determine whether or not to reroute packets directly over the internet or over other RON nodes thus optimizing application specific metrics. The Resilient Overlay Network has a relatively simple conceptual design. RON nodes are deployed at various locations on the Internet. These nodes form an application layer overlay that cooperate in routing packets. Each of
8512-667: The Middle East. The newspaper has a prominent focus on data journalism and interpretive analysis over original reporting , to both criticism and acclaim. Founded in 1843, The Economist was first circulated by Scottish economist James Wilson to muster support for abolishing the British Corn Laws (1815–1846), a system of import tariffs . Over time, the newspaper's coverage expanded further into political economy and eventually began running articles on current events, finance, commerce, and British politics. Throughout
8645-644: The Open Future writing competition with an inaugural youth essay-writing prompt about climate change . During this competition the paper accepted a submission from an artificially-intelligent computer writing program. Since 2006, The Economist has produced several podcast series. The podcasts currently in production include: Additionally, The Economist has produced several limited-run podcast series, such as The Prince (on Xi Jinping ), Next Year in Moscow (on Russian emigrants and dissidents following
8778-448: The RON nodes monitor the quality of the Internet paths between each other and uses this information to accurately and automatically select paths from each packet, thus reducing the amount of time required to recover from poor quality of service . Overlay multicast is also known as End System or Peer-to-Peer Multicast . High bandwidth multi-source multicast among widely distributed nodes
8911-592: The Tor Browser Bundle were vulnerable to a JavaScript-deployed shellcode attack, as NoScript was not enabled by default. Attackers used this vulnerability to extract users' MAC and IP addresses and Windows computer names. News reports linked this to a FBI operation targeting Freedom Hosting 's owner, Eric Eoin Marques, who was arrested on a provisional extradition warrant issued by a United States' court on 29 July. The FBI extradited Marques from Ireland to
9044-565: The Tor Project agreed that the CERT Coordination Center of Carnegie Mellon University was the institute in question. Concerns raised included the role of an academic institution in policing, sensitive research involving non-consenting users, the non-targeted nature of the attack, and the lack of disclosure about the incident. Many attacks targeted at Tor users result from flaws in applications used with Tor, either in
9177-410: The Tor relays responsible for providing information about onion services) were found to be modifying traffic of requests. The modifications made it so the requesting client's guard relay, if controlled by the same adversary as the onion service directory node, could easily confirm that the traffic was from the same request. This would allow the adversary to simultaneously know the onion service involved in
9310-600: The U.S. government variously fund Tor (the U.S. State Department , the National Science Foundation, and – through the Broadcasting Board of Governors, which itself partially funded Tor until October 2012 – Radio Free Asia ) and seek to subvert it. Tor was one of a dozen circumvention tools evaluated by a Freedom House -funded report based on user experience from China in 2010, which include Ultrasurf , Hotspot Shield , and Freegate . Tor
9443-502: The Year in Review special edition; and to highlight a potential conflict of interest over a book review. The names of The Economist editors and correspondents can be located on the media directory pages of the website. Online blog pieces are signed with the initials of the writer and authors of print stories are allowed to note their authorship from their personal web sites. One anonymous writer of The Economist observed: "This approach
9576-408: The anonymity of both parties. Tor is necessary to access these onion services. Because the connection never leaves the Tor network, and is handled by the Tor application on both ends, the connection is always end-to-end encrypted . Onion services were first specified in 2003 and have been deployed on the Tor network since 2004. They are unlisted by design, and can only be discovered on the network if
9709-502: The application itself, or in how it operates in combination with Tor. E.g., researchers with Inria in 2011 performed an attack on BitTorrent users by attacking clients that established connections both using and not using Tor, then associating other connections shared by the same Tor circuit. When using Tor, applications may still provide data tied to a device, such as information about screen resolution, installed fonts, language configuration, or supported graphics functionality, reducing
9842-400: The aristocracy of finance, described most strikingly the attitude of this class." In 1915, revolutionary Vladimir Lenin referred to The Economist as a "journal that speaks for British millionaires". Additionally, Lenin stated that The Economist held a "bourgeois-pacifist" position and supported peace out of fear of revolution . In the currency disputes of the mid nineteenth century,
9975-400: The arts. Approximately every two weeks, the publication includes an in-depth special report (previously called surveys ) on a given topic. The five main categories are Countries and Regions, Business, Finance and Economics, Science, and Technology. The newspaper goes to press on Thursdays, between 6 p.m. and 7 p.m. GMT, and is available at newsagents in many countries the next day. It
10108-439: The attack possible. In November 2014 there was speculation in the aftermath of Operation Onymous , resulting in 17 arrests internationally, that a Tor weakness had been exploited. A representative of Europol was secretive about the method used, saying: "This is something we want to keep for ourselves. The way we do this, we can't share with the whole world, because we want to do it again and again and again." A BBC source cited
10241-744: The boundaries of the Tor network—i.e., the traffic entering and exiting the network. While Tor does provide protection against traffic analysis , it cannot prevent traffic confirmation via end-to-end correlation. There are no documented cases of this limitation being used at scale; as of the 2013 Snowden leaks , law enforcement agencies such as the NSA were unable to perform dragnet surveillance on Tor itself, and relied on attacking other software used in conjunction with Tor, such as vulnerabilities in web browsers . However, targeted attacks have been able to make use of traffic confirmation on individual Tor users, via police surveillance or investigations confirming that
10374-477: The business or nature of even well-known entities, writing, for example, " Goldman Sachs , an investment bank". The Economist is known for its extensive use of word play , including puns, allusions, and metaphors, as well as alliteration and assonance, especially in its headlines and captions. This can make it difficult to understand for those who are not native English speakers. The Economist has traditionally and historically persisted in referring to itself as
10507-460: The causes of the financial crisis as variations in interest rates and a build-up of excess financial capital leading to unwise investments . In 1920, the paper's circulation rose to 6,170. In 1934, it underwent its first major redesign. The current fire engine red nameplate was created by Reynolds Stone in 1959. In 1971, The Economist changed its large broadsheet format into a smaller magazine-style perfect-bound formatting. In 1981
10640-457: The company include Cadbury , Rothschild (21%), Schroder , Layton and other family interests as well as a number of staff and former staff shareholders. A board of trustees formally appoints the editor, who cannot be removed without its permission. The Economist Newspaper Limited is a wholly owned subsidiary of The Economist Group . Sir Evelyn Robert de Rothschild was chairman of the company from 1972 to 1989. Although The Economist has
10773-426: The competition included a first prize of US$ 20,000 and publication in The Economist ' s annual flagship publication, The World In . Over 3,000 entries from around the world were submitted via a website set up for the purpose and at various Royal Dutch Shell offices worldwide. The judging panel included Bill Emmott, Esther Dyson , Sir Mark Moody-Stuart , and Matt Ridley . In the summer of 2019, they launched
10906-449: The connection is malicious, or trigger geo-blocking . When these defense mechanisms are triggered, it can result in the site blocking access, or presenting captchas to the user. In July of 2014, the Tor Project issued a security advisory for a "relay early traffic confirmation" attack, disclosing the discovery of a group of relays attempting to de-anonymize onion service users and operators. A set of onion service directory nodes (i.e.,
11039-413: The consensus relies on a small number of directory authority nodes voting on current network parameters. Currently, there are nine directory authority nodes, and their health is publicly monitored. The IP addresses of the authority nodes are hard coded into each Tor client. The authority nodes vote every hour to update the consensus, and clients download the most recent consensus on startup. A compromise of
11172-560: The course of its existence, various Tor vulnerabilities have been discovered and occasionally exploited. Attacks against Tor are an active area of academic research that is welcomed by The Tor Project itself. Tor enables its users to surf the Internet, chat and send instant messages anonymously , and is used by a wide variety of people for both licit and illicit purposes. Tor has, for example, been used by criminal enterprises, hacktivism groups, and law enforcement agencies at cross purposes, sometimes simultaneously; likewise, agencies within
11305-585: The destination server. If an application does not add an additional layer of end-to-end encryption between the client and the server, such as Transport Layer Security (TLS, used in HTTPS ) or the Secure Shell (SSH) protocol, this allows the exit relay to capture and modify traffic. Attacks from malicious exit relays have recorded usernames and passwords, and modified Bitcoin addresses to redirect transactions. Some of these attacks involved actively removing
11438-400: The early 1990s it used the slogan " The Economist – not read by millions of people". Geoffrey Crowther , a former editor, wrote: "Never in the history of journalism has so much been read for so long by so few." Sections of The Economist criticising authoritarian regimes are frequently removed from the paper by the authorities in those countries. Like many other publications, The Economist
11571-462: The entry relays (bridge relays) secret, users can evade Internet censorship that relies upon blocking public Tor relays. Because the IP address of the sender and the recipient are not both in cleartext at any hop along the way, anyone eavesdropping at any point along the communication channel cannot directly identify both ends. Furthermore, to the recipient, it appears that the last Tor node (called
11704-473: The exchange of counterfeit currency ; the black market utilizes the Tor infrastructure, at least in part, in conjunction with Bitcoin. It has also been used to brick IoT devices. In its complaint against Ross William Ulbricht of Silk Road , the US Federal Bureau of Investigation acknowledged that Tor has "known legitimate uses". According to CNET , Tor's anonymity function is "endorsed by
11837-479: The exit node), rather than the sender, is the originator of the communication. A Tor user's SOCKS -aware applications can be configured to direct their network traffic through a Tor instance's SOCKS interface, which is listening on TCP port 9050 (for standalone Tor) or 9150 (for Tor Browser bundle) at localhost . Tor periodically creates virtual circuits through the Tor network through which it can multiplex and onion-route that traffic to its destination. Once inside
11970-712: The journal sided with the Banking School against the Currency School . It criticised the Bank Charter Act of 1844 which restricted the amount of bank notes that the Bank of England could issue on the basis of Currency School policy encouraged by Lord Overstone , that eventually developed into monetarism . It blamed the 1857 financial crisis in Britain on 'a certain class of doctrinaires' who 'refer every commercial crisis and its disastrous consequences to "excessive issues of bank notes". It identified
12103-454: The late-2000s, the paper began to publish more and more articles that centred solely on charts, some of which were published online every weekday. These "daily charts" are typically followed by a short, 500-word explanation. In September 2009, The Economist launched a Twitter account for their Data Team. In 2015, the data-journalism department—a dedicated team of data journalists, visualisers and interactive developers—was created to head up
12236-530: The law. Only criminals have privacy right now, and we need to fix that... So yes, criminals could in theory use Tor, but they already have better options, and it seems unlikely that taking Tor away from the world will stop them from doing their bad things. At the same time, Tor and other privacy measures can fight identity theft, physical crimes like stalking, and so on. Tor aims to conceal its users' identities and their online activity from surveillance and traffic analysis by separating identification and routing. It
12369-408: The lifestyle magazine as 1843 , in honour of the paper's founding year. It has since remained at six issues per year and carries the motto "Stories of An Extraordinary World". Unlike The Economist , the author's names appear next to their articles in 1843 . 1843 features contributions from Economist journalists as well as writers around the world and photography commissioned for each issue. It
12502-411: The majority of the directory authorities could alter the consensus in a way that is beneficial to an attacker. Alternatively, a network congestion attack, such as a DDoS , could theoretically prevent the consensus nodes from communicating, and thus prevent voting to update the consensus (though such an attack would be visible). Tor makes no attempt to conceal the IP addresses of exit relays, or hide from
12635-545: The mid-1990s by United States Naval Research Laboratory employees, mathematician Paul Syverson , and computer scientists Michael G. Reed and David Goldschlag, to protect American intelligence communications online. Onion routing is implemented by means of encryption in the application layer of the communication protocol stack, nested like the layers of an onion . The alpha version of Tor, developed by Syverson and computer scientists Roger Dingledine and Nick Mathewson and then called The Onion Routing project (which
12768-404: The mid-to-late 20th century, it greatly expanded its layout and format, adding opinion columns, special reports, political cartoons , reader letters , cover stories, art critique, book reviews, and technology features. The paper is recognisable by its fire engine red masthead (nameplate) and illustrated, topical covers. Individual articles are written anonymously, with no byline , in order for
12901-476: The most well-known data indexes the weekly publishes are: The editorial stance of The Economist primarily revolves around classical , social , and most notably, economic liberalism . Since its founding, it has supported radical centrism , favouring policies and governments that maintain centrist politics . The newspaper typically champions neoliberalism , particularly free markets , free trade , free immigration , deregulation , and globalisation . When
13034-400: The network operator to decide which traffic is higher priority, and hence will be forwarded first in congestion situations. Overlay networks implement a much finer granularity of quality of service, allowing enterprise users to decide on an application and user/site basis which traffic should be prioritised. Overlay networks can be incrementally deployed at end-user sites or on hosts running
13167-406: The network. The limited deployment of IP Multicast, a best effort network layer multicast protocol, has led to considerable interest in alternate approaches that are implemented at the application layer, using only end-systems . In an overlay or end-system multicast approach, participating peers organize themselves into an overlay topology for data delivery. Each edge in this topology corresponds to
13300-430: The networks that connect physically diverse sites ( wide area networks , WANs), one common overlay network technology is BGP VPNs. These VPNs are provided in the form of a service to enterprises to connect their own sites and applications. The advantage of these kinds of overlay networks are that the telecom operator does not need to manage addressing or other enterprise specific network attributes. Within data centers, it
13433-538: The news stories they purported to highlight. In 1999, Andrew Sullivan complained in The New Republic that it uses "marketing genius" to make up for deficiencies in original reporting, resulting in "a kind of Reader's Digest " for America's corporate elite. The Guardian wrote that "its writers rarely see a political or economic problem that cannot be solved by the trusted three-card trick of privatisation, deregulation and liberalisation". In 2005,
13566-603: The newspaper publishes a review of the social, cultural, economic and political events that have shaped the year and will continue to influence the immediate future. The issue was described by the American think tank Brookings Institution as " The Economist 's annual [150-page] exercise in forecasting ". An Urdu-language version of The World In [Year] in collaboration with The Economist is being distributed by Jang Group in Pakistan. In 2013, The Economist began awarding
13699-638: The newspaper was founded, the term economism denoted what would today be termed "economic liberalism". The activist and journalist George Monbiot has described it as neoliberal while occasionally accepting the propositions of Keynesian economics where deemed more "reasonable". The weekly favours a carbon tax to fight global warming . According to one former editor, Bill Emmott, "the Economist ' s philosophy has always been liberal, not conservative". Alongside other publications such as The Guardian , The Observer and The Independent , it supports
13832-441: The now-discontinued salutation 'Sir' from 1843 to 2015. In the latter year, upon the appointment of Zanny Minton Beddoes, the first female editor, the salutation was dismissed; letters have since had no salutation. Prior to a change in procedure, all responses to online articles were published in "The Inbox". The publication runs several opinion columns whose names reflect their topic: Every three months, The Economist publishes
13965-552: The onion address is already known, though a number of sites and services do catalog publicly known onion addresses. Popular sources of .onion links include Pastebin , Twitter , Reddit , other Internet forums , and tailored search engines. While onion services are often discussed in terms of websites, they can be used for any TCP service, and are commonly used for increased security or easier routing to non-web services, such as secure shell remote login, chat services such as IRC and XMPP , or file sharing . They have also become
14098-693: The operation "bungled from the start" and criticised the "almost criminal negligence" of the Bush Administration's handling of the Iraq War , while maintaining in 2007 that pulling out in the short term would be irresponsible. In an editorial marking its 175th anniversary, The Economist criticised adherents to liberalism for becoming too inclined to protect the political status quo rather than pursue reform. The paper called on liberals to return to advocating for bold political, economic and social reforms: protecting free markets, land and tax reform in
14231-490: The overlay protocol software, without cooperation from ISPs . The overlay has no control over how packets are routed in the underlying network between two overlay nodes, but it can control, for example, the sequence of overlay nodes a message traverses before reaching its destination. For example, Akamai Technologies manages an overlay network which provides reliable, efficient content delivery (a kind of multicast ). The objective of resilience in telecommunications networks
14364-447: The paper has its own in-house stylebook rather than following an industry-wide writing style template. All Economist writing, and publications follow The Economist Style Guide , in various editions. The Economist sponsors a wide array of writing competitions and prizes throughout the year for readers. In 1999, The Economist organised a global futurist writing competition, The World in 2050 . Co-sponsored by Royal Dutch/Shell ,
14497-404: The paper produces. Often columnists from the newspaper write technical manuals on their topic of expertise; for example, Philip Coggan, a finance correspondent, authored The Economist Guide to Hedge Funds (2011). The paper publishes book reviews in every issue, with a large collective review in their year-end (holiday) issue – published as " The Economist 's Books of the Year". Additionally,
14630-597: The paper to speak as one collective voice. It is supplemented by its sister lifestyle magazine, 1843 , and a variety of podcasts, films, and books. It is considered a newspaper of record in the UK. The editorial stance of The Economist primarily revolves around classical , social , and most notably economic liberalism . It has supported radical centrism , favouring policies and governments that maintain centrist politics . The newspaper typically champions economic liberalism, particularly free markets, free trade, free immigration, deregulation, and globalisation. Despite
14763-551: The paper's data journalism efforts. The team's output soon included election forecasting models, covering the French presidential elections of 2017 and 2022 and the US presidential and congressional elections in 2020, among others. In late-2023, the data team advertised for a political data scientist to bolster its political forecasting efforts. In order to ensure transparency in the team's data collection and analysis The Economist maintains
14896-433: The paper's editorial anonymity in 1991, labelling it a means to hide the youth and inexperience of those writing articles. Although individual articles are written anonymously, there is no secrecy over who the writers are, as they are listed on The Economist 's website, which also provides summaries of their careers and academic qualifications. In 2009, Lewis included multiple Economist articles in his anthology about
15029-670: The physical, optical and underlying IP services they are transported over. Application layer overlays depend on the all the layers below them. The advantage of overlays are that they are more flexible/programmable than traditional network infrastructure, which outweighs the disadvantages of additional latency, complexity and bandwidth overheads. Resilient Overlay Networks (RON) are architectures that allow distributed Internet applications to detect and recover from disconnection or interference. Current wide area routing protocols that take at least several minutes to recover from are improved upon with this application layer overlay. The RON nodes monitor
15162-503: The prevalence of digital media in contemporary online life. Along with SecureDrop , Tor is used by news organizations such as The Guardian , The New Yorker , ProPublica and The Intercept to protect the privacy of whistleblowers. In March 2015, the Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology released a briefing which stated that "There is widespread agreement that banning online anonymity systems altogether
15295-454: The previous week's edition. While it is known to feature letters from senior businesspeople, politicians, ambassadors, and spokespeople, the paper includes letters from typical readers as well. Well-written or witty responses from anyone are considered, and controversial issues frequently produce a torrent of letters. For example, the survey of corporate social responsibility , published January 2005, produced largely critical letters from Oxfam ,
15428-399: The proliferation of SD-WAN overlay networks that allow enterprises to connect sites and users regardless of the network access type they have. The Internet is the basis for more overlaid networks that can be constructed in order to permit routing of messages to destinations not specified by an IP address . For example, distributed hash tables can be used to route messages to a node having
15561-488: The public Internet can be subject to correlation attacks, and all onion services are susceptible to misconfigured services (e.g., identifying information included by default in web server error responses), leaking uptime and downtime statistics, intersection attacks, or various user errors. The OnionScan program, written by independent security researcher Sarah Jamie Lewis , comprehensively examines onion services for such flaws and vulnerabilities. The main implementation of Tor
15694-532: The publication introduced a North American edition after publishing the British edition since 1843; its circulation had increased more than tenfold by 2010. In January 2012, The Economist launched a new weekly section devoted exclusively to China, the first new country section since the introduction of one on the United States in 1942. In 1991, James Fallows argued in The Washington Post that The Economist used editorial lines that contradicted
15827-422: The request, and the IP address of the client requesting it (where the requesting client could be a visitor or owner of the onion service). The attacking nodes joined the network on 30 January, using a Sybil attack to comprise 6.4% of guard relay capacity, and were removed on 4 July. In addition to removing the attacking relays, the Tor application was patched to prevent the specific traffic modifications that made
15960-428: The set of users a connection could possibly originate from, or uniquely identifying them. This information is known as the device fingerprint , or browser fingerprint in the case of web browsers. Applications implemented with Tor in mind, such as Tor Browser, can be designed to minimize the amount of information leaked by the application and reduce its fingerprint. Tor cannot encrypt the traffic between an exit relay and
16093-474: The social science most given to wild guesses and imaginary facts presented in the guise of inevitability and exactitude. That it is the Bible of the corporate executive indicates to what extent received wisdom is the daily bread of a managerial civilization." The Economist ' s primary focus is world events, politics and business, but it also runs regular sections on science and technology as well as books and
16226-617: The state of Maryland on 4 charges: distributing; conspiring to distribute; and advertising child pornography, as well as aiding and abetting advertising of child pornography. The FBI acknowledged the attack in a 12 September 2013 court filing in Dublin ; further technical details from a training presentation leaked by Edward Snowden revealed the code name for the exploit as "EgotisticalGiraffe". In 2022, Kaspersky researchers found that when looking up "Tor Browser" in Chinese on YouTube , one of
16359-469: The tradition of Georgism , open immigration , a rethink of the social contract with more emphasis on education, and a revival of liberal internationalism . Each of The Economist issues' official date range is from Saturday to the following Friday. The Economist posts each week's new content online at approximately 21:00 Thursday evening UK time, ahead of the official publication date. From July to December 2019, their average global print circulation
16492-407: The user's device) from being able to view both where traffic originated from and where it is ultimately going to at the same time. This conceals a user's location and usage from anyone performing network surveillance or traffic analysis from any such point, protecting the user's freedom and ability to communicate confidentially. The core principle of Tor, known as onion routing , was developed in
16625-925: The web". It has been targeted by the American National Security Agency and the British GCHQ signals intelligence agencies, albeit with marginal success, and more successfully by the British National Crime Agency in its Operation Notarise. At the same time, GCHQ has been using a tool named "Shadowcat" for "end-to-end encrypted access to VPS over SSH using the Tor network". Tor can be used for anonymous defamation, unauthorized news leaks of sensitive information, copyright infringement , distribution of illegal sexual content, selling controlled substances , weapons, and stolen credit card numbers, money laundering , bank fraud, credit card fraud , identity theft and
16758-682: Was accused of hacking into the computer of Justice Mohammed Nizamul Huq of the Bangladesh Supreme Court, leading to his resignation as the chairman of the International Crimes Tribunal . In August 2015, Pearson sold its 50% stake in the newspaper to the Italian Agnelli family 's investment company, Exor , for £469 million (US$ 531 million) and the paper re-acquired the remaining shares for £182 million ($ 206 million). An investigation by
16891-468: Was "Dashing hopes of change, Argentina's new president is leading her country into economic peril and social conflict". The Economist also called for Bill Clinton's impeachment , as well as for Donald Rumsfeld 's resignation after the emergence of the Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse . Although The Economist initially gave vigorous support for the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq , it later called
17024-402: Was estimated to be "a 100 years before the field's modern emergence " by Data Journalism.com. Its transition from broadsheet to magazine -style formatting led to the adoption of coloured graphs, first in fire-engine-red during the 1980s and then in a thematic blue in 2001. The Economist 's editors and readers developed a taste for more data-driven stories throughout the 2000s. Starting in
17157-508: Was founded by the British businessman and banker James Wilson in 1843, to advance the repeal of the Corn Laws , a system of import tariffs. A prospectus for the newspaper from 5 August 1843 enumerated thirteen areas of coverage that its editors wanted the publication to focus on: Wilson described it as taking part in "a severe contest between intelligence, which presses forward, and an unworthy, timid ignorance obstructing our progress",
17290-480: Was later given the acronym "Tor"), was launched on 20 September 2002. The first public release occurred a year later. In 2004, the Naval Research Laboratory released the code for Tor under a free license, and the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) began funding Dingledine and Mathewson to continue its development. In 2006, Dingledine, Mathewson, and five others founded The Tor Project ,
17423-600: Was more common to use VXLAN, however due to its complexity and the need to stitch Layer 2 VXLAN-based overlay networks to Layer 3 IP/BGP networks, it has become more common to use BGP within data centers to provide Layer 2 connectivity between Virtual Machines or Kubernetes Clusters . Enterprise private networks were first overlaid on telecommunication networks such as Frame Relay and Asynchronous Transfer Mode packet switching infrastructures but migration from these (now legacy) infrastructures to IP-based MPLS networks and virtual private networks started (2001~2002) and
17556-532: Was originally built as an overlay upon the telephone network, while today (through the advent of VoIP ), the telephone network is increasingly turning into an overlay network built on top of the Internet. Overlay networks have a certain set of attributes, including separation of logical addressing, security and quality of service . Other optional attributes include resiliency /recovery, encryption and bandwidth control . Many telcos use overlay networks to provide services over their physical infrastructure. In
17689-465: Was over 909,476, while combined with their digital presence, runs to over 1.6 million. However, on a weekly average basis, the paper can reach up to 5.1 million readers, across their print and digital runs. Across their social media platforms, it reaches an audience of 35 million, as of 2016. In 1877, the publication's circulation was 3,700, and in 1920 it had risen to 6,000. Circulation increased rapidly after 1945, reaching 100,000 by 1970. Circulation
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