Misplaced Pages

#893106

42-618: The Taxatio Ecclesiastica , often referred to as the Taxatio Nicholai or just the Taxatio , compiled in 1291–92 under the order of Pope Nicholas IV , is a detailed database valuation for ecclesiastical taxation of English, Welsh, and Irish parish churches and prebends . The Taxatio Ecclesiastica was compiled in furtherance of the collection of a tax on all ecclesiastical property in England and Wales, in order to defray

84-832: A commission for searching after all records belonging to the crown. These efforts were thwarted by the English Civil War , although during the Restoration King Charles II established the Office for State Papers and reformed the Treasuries of the Common Courts . Queen Anne authorised the publication of the Compilation of State Papers and Records , also known as Rymer's Foedera , published in 20 volumes between 1704 and 1735, as well

126-665: A few months earlier in the city of Lisbon . The loss of Acre in 1291 stirred Nicholas IV to renewed enthusiasm for a crusade . He sent missionaries, among them the Franciscan John of Monte Corvino , to labour among the Bulgarians , Ethiopians , Mongols , Tatars and Chinese . Nicholas IV died in Rome on 4 April 1292, in the palace which he had built next to the Liberian Basilica (S. Maria Maggiore). He

168-429: A tax of half the revenues of the clergy; but now he thought it prudent to obtain their consent to his demands in a more regular manner. The clergy, however, would not obey the king's writ of summons, lest they should appear to acknowledge the temporal power; and in order to overcome this objection, the king issued his writ to the archbishop, who, as their spiritual superior, summoned the clergy to meet in convocation. This

210-552: The Dominican Order , when the latter was sent by Pope Nicholas III (Giovanni Caetani Orsini) on 15 October 1277, to arrange a peace between Philip IV of France and Alfonso III of Aragon . Jerome and John of Vercelli were again appointed to the same task on 4 April 1278. At the same time, Jerome was ordered to continue for the time being as the Franciscan Minister General . In 1278 Jerome

252-775: The Inquiry into the State of our Domestic Records , led by Lord Halifax and Lord Somers . In 1704, the Lords referred the question of the nature and condition of parliamentary records to a committee, which led to improvements in the storage of records, especially in the Jewel Tower of the Palace of Westminster . In April 1725, the House of Lords appointed a committee to view the parliamentary records and inspect others lying in disorder in

294-406: The parliamentary , chancery and exchequer rolls and sought the recovery of dispersed charters, and King James I established a State Paper Office and Office of General Remembrance of Matters of Record . In 1604, the House of Commons moved for a special record repository and in 1620 the House of Lords appointed a committee to search for records. Soon after, King Charles I established

336-907: The Royal, Slonian and Harleian collections), the British Museum or any public repositories in Scotland . The Parliament of the United Kingdom , formed in 1800, following the Acts of Union 1800 devoted much attention to the consolidation of public records. On 18 February 1800, the Select Committee on the State of Public Records was appointed to inquire into the state of public records in England , Scotland and Ireland . The committee reported on 4 July 1800. On 11 July 1800,

378-530: The See of Rome ; and declared that if they should pay, or princes exact, or any one assist in levying such unauthorised taxes, all such persons respectively would incur the sentence of excommunication. In the same year, however, Edward I demanded of the clergy a fifth of their moveables, which they resisted, on the ground that they could not disobey the Pope; but the king was not inclined to desist, and in order to force

420-574: The State of the Public Records of this kingdom". The public records were at this time housed in a variety of repositories, including the Tower of London , the chapter house of Westminster Abbey , the Pell Office adjacent to Westminster Hall , Somerset House , and elsewhere, often in a disorganised state and in highly unsuitable physical conditions. The idea of a single central repository

462-493: The acquiescence of the clergy, he put them out of the pale of the laws. Orders were issued to the judges to hear no cause brought before them by the clergy, but to decide all causes in which they were sued by others. The clergy could not long resist these oppressions; and although unwilling to disobey the Papal Bull, they evaded it by voluntarily depositing a sum equivalent to the amount demanded of them in some church, whence it

SECTION 10

#1732775839894

504-582: The committee led to the establishment of clerk of the Rolls Chappel records in 1784. By 1800, it was widely recognised that public record keeping was poor, with records disparate, undescribed and kept in bad conditions. It had been 70-years since any parliamentary proceedings on public record keeping, during which time the volume of records had greatly increased. Furthermore, no parliamentary inquiry had extended to courts (maritime or ecclesiastical), cathedrals, universities, bespoke collections (including

546-530: The costs of an expedition to the Holy Land. The Pope promised Edward I one tenth of the annual profits of every ecclesiastical benefice for the endeavour. A further tax, entitled Nova Taxatio , was levied in 1318 by virtue of a royal mandate directed to the Bishop of Carlisle . The Nova Taxatio was conducted largely to pay for the war with Scotland. The database is reportedly "complete or virtually complete for

588-733: The diocese of Clermont in the Auvergne; Matthew of Aquasparta in Tuscany, minister general of the Franciscans since 1287; Pietro Peregrosso of Milan, the vice-chancellor of the Holy Roman Church; Napoleone Orsini; and Pietro Colonna. Nicholas IV issued an important constitution on 18 July 1289, which granted to the cardinals one-half of all income accruing to the Holy See and a share in the financial management, thereby paving

630-468: The dioceses of Canterbury , Rochester , London , Lincoln , Norwich , Chichester , Exeter , Hereford , Salisbury , Bath and Wells , Winchester , Worcester , Ely , St Davids , Llandaff , St Asaph and Bangor ." Robinson has demonstrated many inaccuracies and omissions in the Taxatio and that it must be exercised with caution as a source. Nonetheless, it remains an important source document for

672-584: The establishment of the Public Record Office in 1838. The Commissioners were also responsible for publishing various historical records, including the Statutes of the Realm (i.e. of England and Great Britain ) to 1714 and the Acts of Parliament of Scotland to 1707, as well as a number of important medieval records. Although the six Commissions were technically distinct from one another, there

714-620: The first Franciscan pope and chose the name Nicholas IV in remembrance of Nicholas III, who had made him a cardinal. Given the considerable losses to the numbers of the Sacred College in 1286 and 1287, it is not surprising that Nicholas IV quickly proceeded to fill vacancies. What is surprising is that he did not even reach the number of cardinals who were alive under Honorius IV, let alone exceed it. On 16 May 1288, he named six new cardinals: Bernardus Calliensis, Bishop of Osimo (who died in 1291), Hugues Aiscelin (Seguin) de Billon, OP, of

756-571: The four. When Bonaventure died suddenly during the fifth session of the Order's General Chapter at Lyons on 15 July 1274, Friar Jerome Masci was elected to succeed him as the Franciscan minister general, even though he was absent at the time, only then returning with the Byzantine delegates from the embassy to Constantinople. Jerome was the associate of John of Vercelli , master general of

798-570: The latter had expressly recognized papal suzerainty , and in February 1291 concluded a treaty with Kings Alfonso III of Aragon and Philip IV of France looking toward the expulsion of James from Sicily. In 1288 Nicholas met with the Nestorian Christian Rabban Bar Sauma from China. In August 1290 he granted the status of studium generale to the university that King Denis of Portugal has just founded

840-530: The medieval period. This taxation is a most important record, because all the taxes of the Church, as well to the kings of England as to the pope, were afterwards regulated by it until the survey made by Henry VIII ; and because the statutes of colleges which were founded before the Reformation are also interpreted by this criterion, according to which their benefices, under a certain value, are exempted from

882-531: The national archives remained scattered in a number of unsuitable locations, and in the custody of "a multitude of imperfectly responsible keepers". Out of these controversies emerged the Public Record Office Act 1838 , which established the Public Record Office in that same year. The Commissioners' second objective was to make the records more accessible through the compilation of finding aids ( indexes and calendars ), and where possible

SECTION 20

#1732775839894

924-701: The palace. Following the 1731 Fire of Cotton Library , the House of Commons instigated an inquiry into public record keeping. The committee received 18 returns from repositories, leading to the publication of the Table of the Records of the Kingdom on 9 May 1732. In 1772, the House of Commons appointed a committee to investigate the state of records in the Rolls Chapel , which found that records were damaged by age, damp, heat and transportation. The work of

966-475: The publication of these, as well as the publication of full texts of selected records of particular importance. The sixth Commission employed four sub-Commissioners ( Joseph Hunter , Francis Palgrave , Joseph Stevenson , and for a time John Caley ), as well as other ad hoc editors and a number of clerks, specifically on the task of editing records for publication. Most of the Commission's publications used

1008-465: The report of the committee and humble address to the Sovereign from the House of Commons , the first Record Commission was established. The first Commission was established on 19 July 1800, on the recommendation of the Select Committee on the State of Public Records appointed earlier in the year, on the initiative and under the chairmanship of Charles Abbot , MP for Helston , "to inquire into

1050-495: The report was read a second time and the House of Commons resolved to present a humble address to King George III to execute the report's recommendations. A Committee was appointed to draw up the address, consisting of Charles Abbot , Lord Viscount Belgrave , William Douglas , Charles Yorke , Charles Perceval, 2nd Baron Arden , John Smyth , John Eliot , George Rose , Sir John William Anderson , William Baker (1743–1824) , George Manners-Sutton and Charles Bragge , which

1092-400: The restriction in the statute 21 Henry VIII concerning pluralities. In 1295, Edward, notwithstanding the Pope's grant, and numerous exactions from the clergy in the meantime, being still in great need of money to carry on his wars, summoned deputies from the inferior clergy for the first time to vote him supplies from their own body. In the preceding year he had, by threats and violence, exacted

1134-514: The sixth Commission, which sat from 1831 to 1837) gained a reputation for inactivity, corruption, jobbery , and for including among its members too many persons in high office with other demands on their time. Some of these criticisms came from external observers, such as Sir Harris Nicolas ; others were made by the Commission's own salaried employees, notably Henry Cole , and to a lesser extent Thomas Duffus Hardy . A Parliamentary committee , appointed to inquire into its work, reported in 1836 that

1176-428: The subject, during which changes in language and the increased complexity of proceedings had made it more difficult to organise and use records effectively. The Commons requested the Sovereign to issue directions for better preservation and organisation of public records and approve extraordinary expenses necessary for the undertaking. The address was confirmed as being presented to His Majesty on 17 July 1800. Following

1218-452: The survivors unanimously elected Jerome Masci, to the papacy on the first scrutiny. It is said that the cardinals were impressed by his steadfastness in remaining at the papal palace, but there is no real documentation as to their motives. As he admitted in his electoral manifesto, Cardinal Masci was extremely reluctant to accept, and indeed he persisted in his refusal for an entire week. Finally, on 22 February, he gave in and agreed. He became

1260-626: The way for that independence of the College of Cardinals which, in the following century, was to be of detriment to the papacy. In regard to the question of the Sicilian succession, as feudal suzerain of the kingdom, Nicholas annulled the treaty, concluded in 1288 through the mediation of Edward I of England , which confirmed James II of Aragon in the possession of the island of Sicily . This treaty had not properly seen to papal interests. In May 1289 he crowned Charles II as king of Sicily after

1302-530: Was a considerable degree of continuity between them, and it is common practice to regard them as a single entity and to refer to them in singular form as the Record Commission . Public record keeping had a long tradition in the United Kingdom , the requirement for accessibility to the public present in some of the earliest Rolls of Parliament . Queen Elizabeth I instituted an inquiry into

Taxatio Ecclesiastica - Misplaced Pages Continue

1344-460: Was born on 30 September 1227 at Lisciano, near Ascoli Piceno . He was a pious, peace-loving man whose goals as a Franciscan friar were to protect the Church, promote the crusades , and root out heresy . According to Heinrich of Rebdorf , he was a Doctor of Theology. As a Franciscan friar , he had been elected the Order's superior (minister) for Dalmatia during the Franciscan general chapter held at Pisa in 1272. Pope Gregory X (1271-1276),

1386-465: Was buried in the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore . His epitaph reads: "Here lies Nicolas IV son of St. Francis" ( Hic requiescit / Nicolaus PP Quartus / Filius Beati Francisci ). The 1291–92 Taxatio he initiated, which was a detailed valuation for ecclesiastical taxation of English and Welsh parish churches and prebends , remains an important source document for the medieval period. An edition

1428-651: Was for a time hopelessly divided in its selection of a successor. When six of the electors died during the year 1287 (Ancher Pantaleon, Geoffrey de Bar, Hugh of Evesham, Giordano Orsini, Comes de Casanate, and Goffredo of Alatri—some, at least, carried off by fever), the others, with the sole exception of Jerome Masci, left the conclave and returned to their homes. It was not until the following year that they reassembled. The electors at that time were seven in number: Jerome Masci, along with Latino Malabranca, Bentivenga de Bentivengis, Bernard de Languissel, Matteo Rosso Orsini, Giacomo Colonna, and Benedetto Caetani. On 15 February 1288,

1470-572: Was made cardinal priest by Pope Nicholas III, and at some point after 16 May 1279 was assigned the titular church of Santa Pudenziana . Even after his appointment as a cardinal, he was allowed to remain as minister general of the Franciscans until the next general chapter. In the event, however, he was unable to attend the chapter for reasons of ill health, as a letter of apology of Pope Nicholas III, written in May 1279, indicates. On 12 April 1281 he

1512-538: Was mooted as early as 1800, and became the subject of an abortive parliamentary bill in 1833, but it was to be some years before this was achieved: in the meantime, the Commissioners arranged for various moves of individual classes of records into new accommodation. These moves were well-intentioned and sometimes led to improvements in storage and arrangement, but more often resulted in the loss and further disorganisation of records. The Commission (in particular

1554-743: Was promoted to cardinal bishop of Palestrina by Pope Martin IV . After the death of Pope Honorius IV on 3 April 1287, a conclave was held in Rome, at the papal palace next to Santa Sabina on the Aventine Hill, where Pope Honorius had died. This was in accordance with the Constitution Ubi periculum of Pope Gregory X. At the beginning, in April, there were thirteen cardinals in Rome; three cardinals—Gerardo Bianchi, Giovanni Boccamati, and Jean Cholet—did not attend at all. The Sacred College

1596-400: Was reported and agreed to by the House of Commons the same day. The Commons reported that while some public records were well preserved and organised, many important records were poorly arranged, undescribed, exposed to erasure, alteration or embezzlement, stored in damp conditions and at risk of fire. The address noted that it was approximately 70 years since the last parliamentary inquiry on

1638-478: Was reprinted by the Record Commission in 1802 as Taxatio Ecclesiastica Angliae et Walliae Auctoritate . Record Commission The Record Commissions were a series of six Royal Commissions of Great Britain and (from 1801) the United Kingdom which sat between 1800 and 1837 to inquire into the custody and public accessibility of the state archives . The Commissioners' work paved the way for

1680-514: Was sending a legate to the Byzantine emperor, Michael VIII Palaiologos , in 1272, to invite the participation of Byzantine prelates in the Second Council of Lyons. The pope's ambition was to achieve a reunion of Eastern and Western Christendom. St Bonaventure , then minister general of the Order of Friars Minor ( Franciscans ), was asked to select four Franciscans to accompany the legation as nuncios. He chose Friar Jerome Masci as one of

1722-438: Was taken by the king's officers. In this expedient the whole ecclesiastical body acquiesced, and thus yielded up their spiritual privileges, under coercion by the temporal power. An edition of the Taxatio was published by the Record Commission in 1802 as Taxatio Ecclesiastica Angliae et Walliae Auctoritate , edited by Thomas Astle , Samuel Ayscough and John Caley . Pope Nicholas IV Jerome Masci (Girolamo Masci)

Taxatio Ecclesiastica - Misplaced Pages Continue

1764-643: Was the commencement of the constitutional practice of the clergy meeting in Convocation at the same time as the Lay Parliament, and voting subsidies by its own voluntary act for the service of the state. It was not viewed without alarm by the Pope and the high Church dignitaries ; and in order to put a stop to all such exactions of princes from the clergy, Pope Boniface VIII issued a bull in 1296, which forbade churchmen of every degree to pay any tribute, subsidy, or gift to laymen, without authority from

#893106