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90-777: The Tajik Republic was created on 5 December 1929 as a national entity for the Tajik people within the Soviet Union. It succeeded the Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Tajik SSR), which had been created on 14 October 1924 as a part of the predominantly Turkic Uzbek SSR in the process of national delimitation in Soviet Central Asia . On 24 August 1990, the Tajik SSR declared sovereignty in its borders. The republic

180-467: A "Tajik", is typically defined as any primarily Dari -speaking Sunni Muslim who refer to themselves by the region, province, city, town, or village that they are from; such as Badakhshi , Baghlani , Mazari , Panjsheri , Kabuli , Herati , Kohistani , etc. Although in the past, some non- Pashto speaking tribes were identified as Tajik, for example, the Furmuli. By this definition, according to

270-592: A 2009 U.S. State Department release, the population of Tajikistan is 98% Muslim, (approximately 85% Sunni and 5% Shia ). In Afghanistan , the great number of Tajiks adhere to Sunni Islam . A small number of Tajiks may follow Twelver Shia Islam ; the Farsiwan are one such group. The community of Bukharian Jews in Central Asia speak a dialect of Persian. The Bukharian Jewish community in Uzbekistan

360-473: A 2015 study estimates some 2,600 Muslim Tajik converted to Christianity. Tajikistan marked 2009 as the year to commemorate the Tajik Sunni Muslim jurist Abu Hanifa , whose ancestry hailed from Parwan Province of Afghanistan, as the nation hosted an international symposium that drew scientific and religious leaders. The construction of one of the largest mosques in the world, funded by Qatar ,

450-595: A West-Eurasian component (~74%), an East Asian-related component (~18%), and a South Asian component samplified by Great Andamanese (~8%). According to the authors, the South Asian (Great Andamanese) affinity of Tajiks was previously unreported, although evidence for the presence of a deep South Asian ancestry was already found previously in other Central Asian samples (e.g. among modern Turkmens and historical Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex samples). Both historical and more recent geneflow (~1500 years ago) shaped

540-482: A closed session of the 20th Party Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union , delivering an address laying out some of Stalin's crimes and the "conditions of insecurity, fear, and even desperation" created by Stalin. Khrushchev shocked his listeners by denouncing Stalin's dictatorial rule and his cult of personality as inconsistent with communist and Party ideology. Among other points, he condemned

630-609: A commission be set up in order to investigate Stalin's activities on behalf of the Presidium. This investigation determined that out of the 1,920,635 arrested for anti-Soviet activities, 688,503 (35.8 per cent) were executed. While de-Stalinization had been quietly underway ever since Stalin's death, the watershed event was Khrushchev's speech entitled " On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences ", concerning Stalin. On 25 February 1956, de-Stalinization became official when he spoke to

720-532: A fatal loss of self-belief and restore unity within the Party. Historian Martin McCauley argues that Khrushchev's purpose was to "liberate Party officials from the fear of repression". Khrushchev argued that if the Party were to be an efficient mechanism, stripped from the brutal abuse of power by any individual, it could transform the Soviet Union as well as the entire world. However, others have suggested that

810-575: A leading historian of Iranian and Central Asian history, the Persian migration to Central Asia may be considered the beginning of the modern Tajik nation, and ethnic Persians, along with some elements of East-Iranian Bactrians and Sogdians, as the main ancestors of modern Tajiks. In later works, Frye expands on the complexity of the historical origins of the Tajiks. In a 1996 publication, Frye explains that many "factors must be taken into account in explaining

900-649: A population of about 740,000, out of a total population of nearly 5 million in the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic as a whole. Its capital was established in Dyushambe , which had been a village of 3,000 in 1920. In December 1929, Tajik ASSR was detached from the Uzbek SSR and given full status as a Soviet Socialist Republic – Tajik Socialist Soviet Republic . At that time, its capital was renamed Stalinabad , after Joseph Stalin , and

990-601: A reference to Persians. The Tajiks are the principal ethnic group in most of Tajikistan , as well as in northern and western Afghanistan , though there are more Tajiks in Afghanistan than in Tajikistan. Tajiks are a substantial minority in Uzbekistan , as well as in overseas communities. Historically, the ancestors of the Tajiks lived in a larger territory in Central Asia than now. Tajiks make up around 84.3% of

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1080-520: A series of political reforms in the Soviet Union after the death of long-time leader Joseph Stalin in 1953, and the thaw brought about by ascension of Nikita Khrushchev to power, and his 1956 secret speech " On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences ", which denounced Stalin's cult of personality and the Stalinist political system . Monuments to Stalin were removed, his name

1170-467: Is attested from the middle of the 1st millennium BC. The ancestors of the Tajiks constituted the core of the ancient population of Khwārezm (Khorezm) and Bactria, which formed part of Transoxania (Sogdiana). Over the course of time, the eastern Iranian dialect that was used by the ancient Tajiks eventually gave way to Farsi , a western dialect spoken in Iran and Afghanistan. The geographical division between

1260-590: Is supplied with gas from Uzbekistan and Afghanistan with gas pipelines from Kelif to Dushanbe , from local gas fields. 38°32′N 68°46′E  /  38.533°N 68.767°E  / 38.533; 68.767 Tajik people Tajiks ( Persian : تاجيک، تاجک , romanized :  Tājīk, Tājek ; Tajik : Тоҷик , romanized :  Tojik ) are a Persian -speaking Iranian ethnic group native to Central Asia , living primarily in Afghanistan , Tajikistan , and Uzbekistan . Tajiks are

1350-727: Is the largest remaining community of Central Asian Jews and resides primarily in Bukhara and Samarkand, while the Bukharaian Jews of Tajikistan live in Dushanbe and number only a few hundred. From the 1970s to the 1990s the majority of these Tajik-speaking Jews emigrated to the United States and to Israel in accordance with Aliyah . Recently, the Protestant community of Tajiks descent has experienced significant growth,

1440-934: Is used, it is called the Tajiki language . In Afghanistan , unlike in Tajikistan , Tajiks continue to use the Perso-Arabic script , as well as in Iran. When the Soviet Union introduced the Latin script in 1928, and later the Cyrillic script, the Persian dialect of Tajikistan came to be disassociated from the Tajik language. Many Tajik authors have lamented this artificial separation of the Tajik language from its Iranian heritage. One Tajik poem relates: Once you said 'you are Iranian', then you said, 'you are Tajik' May he die separated from his roots, he who separated us . Since

1530-824: The Eastern Bloc . In November 1961, the large Stalin Statue on Berlin's monumental Stalinallee (promptly renamed Karl-Marx-Allee ) was removed in a clandestine operation. The Monument in Budapest was destroyed in October 1956. The biggest one, the Prague monument , was taken down in November 1962. The process of de-Stalinization peaked in 1961 during the 22nd Congress of the CPSU . Two climactic acts of de-Stalinization marked

1620-557: The Eastern Iranian Pamiri languages . In Afghanistan, the Pamiris are counted as a separate ethnic group. As a self-designation, the literary New Persian term Tajik , which originally had some previous pejorative usage as a label for eastern Persians or Iranians , has become acceptable during the last several decades, particularly as a result of Soviet administration in Central Asia. Alternative names for

1710-575: The Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province in Tajikistan, and Tashkurgan Tajik Autonomous County in China. Some of the famous Islamic scholars were from either modern or historical East-Iranian regions lying in Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan and therefore can arguably be viewed as Tajiks. They include Abu Hanifa , Imam Bukhari , Tirmidhi , Abu Dawood , Nasir Khusraw and many others. According to

1800-596: The Government of the Soviet Union under the guise of the "overcoming/exposure of the cult of personality", with a heavy criticism of Joseph Stalin 's "era of the cult of personality". However, prior to Khrushchev's "Secret Speech" to the 20th Party Congress , no direct association between Stalin as a person and "the cult of personality" was openly made by Khrushchev or others within the party, although archival documents show that strong criticism of Stalin and his ideology featured in private discussions by Khruschchev at

1890-469: The Leningrad Affair , and the release of " Article 58ers ". However, due to the huge influx of prisoners returning from the camps (90,000 prisoners in 1954–55 alone), this could not continue. Anastas Mikoyan , a close ally of Khrushchev, played a significant role in the early de-Stalinization process. In March 1954, he called for the rehabilitation of the poet Yeghishe Charents , a victim of

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1980-860: The Pamiri ethnic group that lives in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in Northwestern China . They are one of the 56 nationalities officially recognized by the government of the People's Republic of China . According to the 1999 population census , there were 26,000 Tajiks in Kazakhstan (0.17% of the total population), about the same number as in the 1989 census. According to official statistics , there were about 47,500 Tajiks in Kyrgyzstan in 2007 (0.9% of

2070-543: The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet . De-Stalinization meant an end to the role of large-scale forced labour in the economy. The process of freeing Gulag prisoners was started by Lavrentiy Beria . He was soon removed from power, arrested on 26 June 1953, and executed on 24 December 1953. Khrushchev emerged as the most powerful Soviet politician. A period of "silent de-Stalinization" subsequently took place, as

2160-596: The Qarluq Turks (see Bregel, Atlas, Maps 8–10) consisted not only of Arabs, but also of Persian converts from Fārs and the central Zagros region (Bartol'd [Barthold], "Tadžiki," pp. 455–57). Hence the Turks of Central Asia adopted a variant of the Iranian word, täžik, to designate their Muslim adversaries in general. For example, the rulers of the south Indian Chalukya dynasty and Rashtrakuta dynasty also referred to

2250-445: The Soviet Union and the exodus of Russians from Central Asia. Nevertheless, Russian fluency is still considered an vital skill for business and education. The dialects of modern Persian spoken throughout Greater Iran have a common origin. This is due to the fact that one of Greater Iran 's historical cultural capitals, called Greater Khorasan , which included parts of modern Central Asia and much of Afghanistan and constitutes as

2340-651: The Turkestan Military District and the Central Asian Military District in neighboring Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan respectively. In the early 1990s the army was the smallest in the union and had more Russians than native Tajiks in it. The army failed to effectively defend the regime as proven in the 1990 Dushanbe riots . There was a large contingent of Soviet border guards who were commanded by Russians based from Moscow who commanded ethnic Tajik conscripts. When

2430-608: The World Factbook , Tajiks make up about 25–27% of Afghanistan 's population, but according to other sources, they form 37–39% of the population. Other sources however, for example the Encyclopædia Britannica , state that they constitute about 12–20% of the population, which is mostly excluding Persianized ethnic groups like some Pashtuns , Uzbeks , Qizilbash , Aimaqs etc. who, especially in large urban areas like Kabul or Herat , assimilated into

2520-607: The Zoroastrian , and Buddhist pre-Islamic heritage of the Tajik people. Early temples for fire worship have been found in Balkh and Bactria and excavations in present-day Tajikistan and Uzbekistan show remnants of Zoroastrian fire temples. Today, however, the great majority of Tajiks follow Sunni Islam , although small Twelver and Ismaili Shia minorities also exist in scattered pockets. Areas with large numbers of Shias include Herat , Badakhshan provinces in Afghanistan,

2610-613: The (ideally) nomadic military executive and the urban civil bureaucracy (Niẓām al-Molk: tāzik, pp. 146, 178–79; Fragner, "Tādjīk. 2" in EI2 10, p. 63). The word also occurs in the 8th-century Tonyukuk inscriptions as tözik , used for a local Arab tribe in the Tashkent area. These Arabs were said to be from the Taz tribe, which is still found in Yemen. In the 7th-century, the Taz began to Islamize

2700-450: The 1930s more than he had been. If they did not "come over to Khrushchev", they "risk[ed] being banished with Stalin" and associated with his dictatorial control. On the other hand, historian A. M. Amzad argues that the speech was "deliberate" and "was designed to determine Khrushchev's political fate", as, according to him, necessary initiatives were already taken "to resolve the ills of Stalin's dictatorship". The amnesty of 1953 and

2790-464: The 19th century, Tajiki has been strongly influenced by the Russian language and has incorporated many Russian language loan words . It has also adopted fewer Arabic loan words than Iranian Persian while retaining vocabulary that has fallen out of use in the latter language. Many Tajiks can read, speak or write in Russian, however the prestige and importance of Russian has declined since the fall of

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2880-822: The Arabs as "Tajika" in the 8th and 9th century. By the eleventh century ( Yusof Ḵāṣṣ-ḥājeb , Qutadḡu bilig , lines 280, 282, 3265), the Qarakhanid Turks applied this term more specifically to the Persian Muslims in the Oxus basin and Khorasan, who were variously the Turks' rivals, models, overlords (under the Samanid Dynasty ), and subjects (from Ghaznavid times on). Persian writers of the Ghaznavid, Seljuq and Atābak periods (ca. 1000–1260) adopted

2970-482: The Gulag labour system less harsh, by allowing prisoners to post letters home to their families, and by allowing family members to mail clothes to prisoners, which was not allowed under Stalin. Khrushchev renamed or reverted the names of many places bearing Stalin's name , including cities, territories, landmarks, and other facilities. The State Anthem of the Soviet Union was purged of references to Stalin, and so were

3060-647: The Interior ; and Nikita Khrushchev, First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU). The term de-Stalinization is one which gained currency in both Russia and the Western world following the dissolution of the Soviet Union , but was never used during the Khrushchev era . However, de-Stalinization efforts were set forth at this time by Khrushchev and

3150-606: The Kazakhstan border. There are currently estimated to be over one million Tajik guest workers living in Russia, with their remittances accounting for as much as half of Tajikistan's economy. There are an estimated 220,000 Tajiks in Pakistan as of 2012, mainly refugees from Afghanistan. During the 1990s, as a result of the Tajikistan Civil War , between 700 and 1,200 Tajiks arrived in Pakistan, mainly as students,

3240-510: The Purges, in a speech in Yerevan in his native Armenia . He subsequently played a leading role in the rehabilitation of political prisoners , and worked with Lev Shahumyan (son of Bolshevik revolutionary Stepan Shahumyan ) and Gulag returnees Alexei Snegov and Olga Shatunovskaya to convince Khrushchev of the necessity of denouncing Stalin. In December 1955, Khrushchev proposed that

3330-515: The Soviet Union, was officially a Soviet republic governed by the Tajik republican branch within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in all organs of government, politics and society. The Supreme Soviet was a unicameral legislature of the republic headed by a Chairman, with its superiority to both the executive and judicial branches and its members convened in the Supreme Soviet building in Dushanbe . Since independence in 1991, it retained

3420-548: The Soviet troops put down the riots. Yaqub Salimov , a future Interior Minister, and some youth activists were convicted for participation in the riots. Later on 24 August 1990, Tajik SSR declared its sovereignty over Soviet laws. By 1991, Tajikistan participated in a referendum in March as part of the attempt to preserve the union with a turnout of 96.85%. However, this did not happen when hardliners took control of Moscow during

3510-466: The Soviets, those by ideology and those by circumstance. Many of the nations that were neutral came from both of these groups and were former colonies of European powers. During Stalin there was no room for neutral countries and the idea of neutral powers came about under Khrushchev. Khrushchev's biggest contribution to foreign policy is taking advantage of other aspects of de-Stalinisation to try to show

3600-499: The Tajik community accounts for 5% of the nation's population. However, these numbers do not include ethnic Tajiks who, for a variety of reasons, choose to identify themselves as Uzbeks in population census forms. During the Soviet " Uzbekization " supervised by Sharof Rashidov , the head of the Uzbek Communist Party, Tajiks had to choose either stay in Uzbekistan and get registered as Uzbek in their passports or leave

3690-868: The Tajik sample was assigned to the North African maternal haplogroup X2j. The dominant paternal haplogroup among modern Tajiks is the Haplogroup R1a Y-DNA. ~45% of Tajik men share R1a (M17), ~18% J (M172), ~8% R2 (M124), and ~8% C (M130 & M48). Tajiks of Panjikent score 68% R1a, Tajiks of Khojant score 64% R1a. The high frequency of haplogroup R1a in the Tajiks probably reflects a strong founder effect . According to another genetic test, 63% of Tajik male samples from Tajikistan carry R1a. An autosomal DNA study by Guarino-Vignon et al. (2022), suggested that modern Tajiks show genetic continuity with ancient samples from Tajikistan and Turkmenistan . The genetic ancestry of Tajiks consists largely of

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3780-515: The Tajik's ancestral homeland, played a key role in the development and propagation of Persian language and culture throughout much of Greater Iran after the Muslim conquest. Furthermore, early manuscripts of the historical Persian spoken in Mashhad during the development of Middle to New Persian show that their origins came from Sistan , in present-day Afghanistan. Various scholars have recorded

3870-656: The Tajiks are Fārsīwān (Persian-speaker), and Dīhgān (cf. Tajik : Деҳқон ) which translates to "farmer or settled villager", in a wider sense "settled" in contrast to "nomadic" and was later used to describe a class of land-owning magnates as " Persian of noble blood" in contrast to Arabs , Turks and Romans during the Sassanid and early Islamic period. The Tajiks have a mixed origin, and are primarily descended from Bactrians , Sogdians , Scythians , but also Persians , Greeks and various Turkic peoples of Central Asia, all of whom are known to have inhabited

3960-477: The Tajiks is predominantly Persianate but with strong elements from other cultures of Central Asia, such as Turkic and heavily infused with Islamic traditions. The Tajiks are an Iranian people, speaking a variety of Persian, concentrated in the Oxus Basin, the Farḡāna valley (Tajikistan and parts of Uzbekistan) and on both banks of the upper Oxus, i.e., the Pamir Mountains (Mountain Badaḵšān, in Tajikistan) and northeastern Afghanistan (Badaḵšān). Historically,

4050-591: The TurkVO was dissolved in June 1992, its personnel were distributed between Tajikistan and the other 4 Central Asian republics. The Tajik SSR also operated its own Ministry of Internal Affairs and Internal Troops , which was an independent republican affiliate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Soviet Union . Light industry and food industries accounted for over 60% of industrial output. The main branches of heavy industry were electric power, mining , non-ferrous metallurgy, machine building , metalworking , and building materials industry. The basis of

4140-434: The ancient Tajiks were chiefly agriculturalists before the Arab Conquest of Iran . While agriculture remained a stronghold, the Islamization of Iran also resulted in the rapid urbanization of historical Khorasan and Transoxiana that lasted until the devastating Mongolian invasion. Several surviving ancient urban centers of the Tajik people include Samarkand , Bukhara , Khujand , and Termez . Contemporary Tajiks are

4230-436: The anthems of its republics . The Stalin-centric and World War II -era lines in the lyrics were effectively excised when an instrumental version replaced it. The Joseph Stalin Palace of Culture and Science in Warsaw , Poland was renamed in 1956. Stalin Peak, the highest point in the USSR, was renamed Communism Peak. After the collapse of the USSR, the mountain was renamed Ismoil Somoni Peak . In East Germany , Stalinstadt

4320-404: The children of Tajik refugees in Afghanistan. In 2002, around 300 requested to return home and were repatriated back to Tajikistan with the help of the IOM , UNHCR and the two countries' authorities. 80,414 Tajiks live in the United States. A 2014 study of the maternal haplogroups of Tajiks from Tajikistan revealed substantial admixture of West Eurasian and East Eurasian lineages, and also

4410-502: The descendants of ancient Eastern Iranian inhabitants of Central Asia, in particular, the Sogdians and the Bactrians . Possibly are descendants from other groups, with an admixture of Western Iranian Persians and non-Iranian peoples. The latter group may include Greeks who were known to have settled in the Tajikistan and Uzbekistan region following the conquests of Alexander the Great and some of them were referred to as Dayuan by Chinese chronicles. According to Richard Nelson Frye ,

4500-408: The early population associated with the Tarim mummies . The authors concluded that Tajiks "present patterns of genetic continuity of Central Asians since the Bronze Age". The language of the Tajiks is an eastern dialect of Persian , called Dari (derived from Darbārī , "[of/from the] royal courts", in the sense of "courtly language"), or also Parsi-e Darbari. In Tajikistan, where Cyrillic script

4590-456: The eastern and western Iranians is often considered historically and currently to be the desert Dasht-e Kavir , situated in the center of the Iranian plateau. During the Soviet–Afghan War , the Tajik-dominated Jamiat-e Islami founded by Burhanuddin Rabbani resisted the Soviet Army and the communist Afghan government . Tajik commander, Ahmad Shah Massoud , successfully repelled nine Soviet campaigns from taking Panjshir Valley and earned

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4680-407: The eastern provinces of Lebap and Mary adjoining the borders with Afghanistan and Uzbekistan. The population of Tajiks in Russia was about 350,236 according to the 2021 census, up from 38,000 in the last Soviet census of 1989. Most Tajiks came to Russia after the dissolution of the Soviet Union , often as guest workers in places like Moscow and Saint Petersburg or federal subjects near

4770-661: The electricity accounted for HPP. Mining activities concentrate on brown coal , oil and natural gas . Non-ferrous metals industries were an aluminum plant in Tursunzade and hydrometallurgical in Isfara. Engineering enterprises produced winding, agricultural machinery, equipment for trading enterprises and public catering, textile, lighting and wiring equipment, transformers, household refrigerators, cable and other (main center - Dushanbe). The chemical industry included plants - nitrogen fertilizer in Kurgan-Tube, electrochemical in Yavan, and plastics in Dushanbe. The main branches of light industry were cotton ginning, silk, and carpet weaving. In

4860-455: The evolution of the peoples whose remnants are the Tajiks in Central Asia" and that "the peoples of Central Asia, whether Iranian or Turkic speaking, have one culture, one religion, one set of social values and traditions with only language separating them." Regarding Tajiks, the Encyclopædia Britannica states: The Tajiks are the direct descendants of the Iranian peoples whose continuous presence in Central Asia and northern Afghanistan

4950-501: The food industry stood fruit-canning, vegetable oil and fat industry. In 1986, there were 299 state and 157 collective farms in the country. Agricultural land was 4.2 million hectares. Due to the large irrigation works in the area of irrigated land 1986 have reached 662 thousand hectares. Agriculture gave about 65% of gross agricultural output. The leading branch of agriculture was cotton (cotton collection 922 thousand tons in 1986), developed in Fergana, Vakhsh, Hissar valleys. Tajikistan

5040-409: The genetic makeup of Southern Central Asian populations, such as the Tajiks. A follow-up study by Dai et al. (2022) estimated that the Tajiks derive between 11.6 and 18.6% ancestry from admixture with from an East-Eurasian steppe source represented by the Xiongnu , with the remainder of their ancestry being derived from Western Steppe Herders and BMAC components, as well as a small contribution from

5130-492: The government there has made a conscious effort to revive the legacy of the Samanid empire, the first Tajik-dominated state in the region after the Arab advance. For instance, the President of Tajikistan , Emomalii Rahmon , dropped the Russian suffix "-ov" from his surname and directed others to adopt Tajik names when registering births. According to a government announcement in October 2009, approximately 4,000 Tajik nationals have dropped "ov" and "ev" from their surnames since

5220-499: The language to simply "Tajiki" in 1994. On 6 October 2009, Tajikistan adopted the law that removes Russian as the lingua franca and mandated Tajik as the language to be used in official documents and education, with an exception for members Tajikistan's ethnic minority groups, who would be permitted to receive an education in the language of their choosing. De-Stalinization De-Stalinization ( Russian : десталинизация , romanized :  destalinizatsiya ) comprised

5310-423: The largest ethnicity in Tajikistan, and the second-largest in Afghanistan and Uzbekistan. More Tajiks live in Afghanistan than Tajikistan. They speak varieties of Persian, a Western Iranian language . In Tajikistan, since the 1939 Soviet census, its small Pamiri and Yaghnobi ethnic groups are included as Tajiks. In China, the term is used to refer to its Pamiri ethnic groups, the Tajiks of Xinjiang , who speak

5400-445: The meetings: first, on 31 October 1961, Stalin's body was moved from Lenin's Mausoleum in Red Square to the Kremlin Wall Necropolis ; second, on 11 November 1961, the "hero city" Stalingrad was renamed Volgograd . In the aftermath of the Stalin era, Khrushchev defined Soviet foreign policy during the Cold War . The biggest change to foreign policy dealt with "uncommitted nations". There were two types of neutrality according to

5490-484: The new states created in the process of national delimitation of Soviet Central Asia in October 1924 was the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic – Uzbek SSR or Soviet Uzbekistan. Soviet Tajikistan was created at the same time within the predominantly Turkic Uzbek SSR as an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Tajik ASSR) – one rank below a Soviet Socialist Republic in USSR geopolitical hierarchy. The new autonomous republic included what had been eastern Bukhara and had

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5580-410: The next three days in August . After the failure of the coup, the Tajik SSR was renamed the Republic of Tajikistan on 31 August 1991. On 9 September 1991, Tajikistan seceded from the Soviet Union months before the country itself ceased to exist on 26 December 1991. Conflicts after independence caused a civil war throughout the country over the next six years. Tajikistan, like all other republics in

5670-402: The nickname "Lion of Panjshir" ( شیر پنجشیر ). According to John Perry ( Encyclopaedia Iranica ): The most plausible and generally accepted origin of the word is Middle Persian tāzīk 'Arab' (cf. New Persian tāzi), or an Iranian (Sogdian or Parthian) cognate word. The Muslim armies that invaded Transoxiana early in the eighth century, conquering the Sogdian principalities and clashing with

5760-458: The population of Tajikistan. This number includes speakers of the Pamiri languages , including Wakhi and Shughni , and the Yaghnobi people who in the past were considered by the government of the Soviet Union nationalities separate from the Tajiks. In the 1926 and 1937 Soviet censuses, the Yaghnobis and Pamiri language speakers were counted as separate nationalities. After 1937, these groups were required to register as Tajiks. In Afghanistan,

5850-404: The population of the ancient cities of Bukhara and Samarkand , and are found in large numbers in the Surxondaryo Region in the south and along Uzbekistan's eastern border with Tajikistan. According to official statistics (2000), Surxondaryo Region accounts for 20.4% of all Tajiks in Uzbekistan, with another 34.3% in Samarqand and Bukhara regions. Official statistics in Uzbekistan state that

5940-460: The presence of South Asian and North African lineages, as well. Another study reports that "the Tajik mtDNA pool gene pool harbors nearly equal proportions of eastern Eurasian and western Eurasian haplotypes." West Eurasian maternal lineages included haplogroups H, J, K, T, I, W and U. East Eurasian lineages included haplogroups M, C, Z, D, G, A, Y and B. South Asian lineages detected in this study included haplogroups M and R. One lineage in

6030-571: The region at various times. Tajiks are therefore mainly Eastern Iranian in their ethnic makeup but speak a Persian dialect, which is a Western Iranian language , likely adopting the language in the 7th century AD following the Islamic conquest of Persia , when the prestigious Persian language consequently spread further east leading to the gradual extinction of the Bactrian and Sogdian languages. The Tajiks and their ancestors have inhabited Northern Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and other parts of Central Asia continuously for many millennia. The culture of

6120-403: The region of Transoxiana in Central Asia. According to the Encyclopaedia of Islam , however, the oldest known usage of the word Tajik as a reference to Persians in Persian literature can be found in the writings of the famous Persian poet and Islamic scholar Jalal ad-Din Rumi . The 15th-century Turkic-speaking poet Mīr Alī Šer Navā'ī who lived in the Timurid empire also used Tajik as

6210-760: The republic for Tajikistan, which is mountainous and less agricultural. It is only in the last population census (1989) that the nationality could be reported not according to the passport, but freely declared based on the respondent's ethnic self-identification. This had the effect of increasing the Tajik population in Uzbekistan from 3.9% in 1979 to 4.7% in 1989. Some scholars estimate that Tajiks may make up 35% of Uzbekistan's population, and believe that just like Afghanistan, there are more Tajiks in Uzbekistan than in Tajikistan. Chinese Tajiks or Mountain Tajiks in China ( Sarikoli : [tudʒik] , Tujik ; Chinese : 塔吉克族 ; pinyin : Tǎjíkè Zú ), including Sarikolis (majority) and Wakhis (minority) in China, are

6300-439: The republic were still among the lowest in the Union. Most people still lived in rural qishlaqs , settlements that were composed of 200 to 700 one-family houses built along a waterway. After Stalin's death in March 1953, Stalinabad was renamed Dushanbe on 10 November 1961 as part of the De-Stalinization program. In February 1990, riots occurred in the republic's capital Dushanbe. 26 people died and 565 more were injured and

6390-451: The respective local culture. Tajiks (or Farsiwans respectively) are predominant in four of the largest cities in Afghanistan ( Kabul , Mazar-e Sharif , Herat , and Ghazni ) and make up the qualified majority in the northern and western provinces of Badakhshan , Panjshir and Balkh , while making up significant portions of the population in Takhar , Kabul , Parwan , Kapisa , Baghlan , Badghis and Herat . Despite not being Tajik,

6480-418: The revision of Stalin's policies was done in secret, and often with no explanation. There were dangers in denouncing Stalin as he was placed on a pedestal both at home and among communists abroad. This period saw a number of non-publicized political rehabilitations , by way of persons and groups such as Marshal Mikhail Tukhachevsky , Politburo members Robert Eikhe and Jānis Rudzutaks , those executed in

6570-445: The same time. The first state schools, available to both children and adults and designed to provide basic education, opened in 1926. The central government also trained a small number of Tajiks for public office, either by putting them through courses offered by government departments or by sending them to schools in the Uzbek SSR. Under Soviet rule, Tajikistan experienced some economic and social progress. However, living standards in

6660-608: The speech was made in order to deflect blame from the Communist Party or the principles of Marxism–Leninism and place the blame squarely on Stalin's shoulders, thus preventing a more radical debate. The publication of this speech caused many party members to resign in protest, both abroad and within the Soviet Union. By attacking Stalin, McCauley argues, he was undermining the credibility of Vyacheslav Molotov , Georgy Malenkov , Lazar Kaganovich and other political opponents who had been within "Stalin's inner circle" during

6750-610: The start of the year. In September 2009, the Islamic Renaissance Party of Tajikistan proposed a draft law to have the nation's language referred to as "Tajiki-Farsi" rather than "Tajik." The proposal drew criticism from Russian media since the bill sought to remove the Russian language as Tajikistan's inter-ethnic lingua franca . In 1989, the original name of the language (Farsi) had been added to its official name in brackets, though Rahmon's government renamed

6840-556: The subsequent rehabilitation processes began the release of most prisoners. Former political prisoners often faced ingrained hostility upon their return, which made it difficult to reintegrate into normal life. On 25 October 1956, a resolution of the CPSU declared that the existence of the Gulag labour system was "inexpedient". The Gulag institution was closed by the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD) order No 020 of 25 January 1960. For those who remained, Khrushchev attempted to make

6930-420: The term and extended its use to cover Persians in the rest of Greater Iran , now under Turkish rule, as early as the poet ʿOnṣori, ca. 1025 (Dabirsiāqi, pp. 3377, 3408). Iranians soon accepted it as an ethnonym, as is shown by a Persian court official's referring to mā tāzikān "we Tajiks" (Bayhaqi, ed. Fayyāz, p. 594). The distinction between Turk and Tajik became stereotyped to express the symbiosis and rivalry of

7020-714: The territory that is now northern Tajikistan ( Sughd Province ) was added to the new republic. Even with the additional territory, the Tajik SSR remained the smallest Central Asian republic. On 5 December 1936, it was renamed the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic . With the creation of a Tajik republic defined in national terms came the creation of institutions that, at least in form, were likewise national. The first Tajik-language newspaper in Soviet Tajikistan began publication in 1926. New educational institutions also began operation at about

7110-479: The total population), up from 42,600 in the 1999 census and 33,500 in the 1989 census. According to the last Soviet census in 1989, there were 3,149 Tajiks in Turkmenistan, or less than 0.1% of the total population of 3.5 million at that time. The first population census of independent Turkmenistan conducted in 1995 showed 3,103 Tajiks in a population of 4.4 million (0.07%), most of them (1,922) concentrated in

7200-534: The treatment of the Old Bolsheviks , people who had supported communism before the revolution, many of whom Stalin had executed as traitors. Khrushchev also attacked the crimes committed by associates of Beria. One reason given for Khrushchev's speech was his moral conscience; Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn said that Khrushchev spoke out of a "movement of the heart". This, the Communists believed, would prevent

7290-475: The unicameral structure before being replaced by a bicameral system in 1999 using the presidential system . The republic's government structure was similar to those of other republics. Tajikistan was the only Central Asian Republic to not form an army under the Soviet Armed Forces . In replacement were the Soviet units under the Ministry of Defence , as well as troops who were subordinates of

7380-515: The west, Kyrgyzstan to the north. Notably, the Tajik SSR was the only republic of the Soviet Union to be separated from the Russian SFSR by more than one other republic. The name Tajik refers to the name of a pre-Islamic tribe that existed before the seventh century A.D. Based on the Library of Congress 's 1997 Country Study of Tajikistan, it is difficult to definitively state the origins of

7470-410: The westernmost Indo-Aryan Pashayi people of northeastern Afghanistan have deliberately been listed as Tajik by census takers and government agents. This is a result of the census takers being Tajik themselves, wanting to increase their own numbers for “consequent benefits”. Although, Pashayi-speaking Nizari Isma’ilis refer to themselves as Tajik. In Uzbekistan , the Tajiks are the largest part of

7560-462: The word "Tajik" citing due to its "embroiled in twentieth-century political disputes about whether Turkic or Iranian peoples were the original inhabitants of Central Asia." The name of the country was often spelt "Tadzhikistan" in the English language during Soviet times due to it being borrowed directly from the Russian spelling "Таджикистан", where the letters 'дж' produce a 'j' sound. One of

7650-660: The world a different Soviet Union more in line with traditional socialist ideals in Lenin era. Contemporary historians regard the beginning of de-Stalinization as a turning point in the history of the Soviet Union that began during the Khrushchev Thaw . The de-Stalinization process stalled during the Brezhnev period until the mid-1980s, and accelerated again with the policies of perestroika and glasnost under Mikhail Gorbachev . De-Stalinization has been considered

7740-485: Was announced in October 2009. The mosque is planned to be built in Dushanbe and construction is said to be completed by 2014. The collapse of the Soviet Union and the Civil War in Afghanistan both gave rise to a resurgence in Tajik nationalism across the region, including a trial to revert to the Perso-Arabic script in Tajikistan. Furthermore, Tajikistan in particular has been a focal point for this movement, and

7830-521: Was removed from places, buildings , and the state anthem , and his body was removed from the Lenin Mausoleum (known as the Lenin and Stalin Mausoleum from 1953 to 1961) and buried. These reforms were started by the collective leadership which succeeded him after his death on 5 March 1953, comprising Georgi Malenkov , Premier of the Soviet Union ; Lavrentiy Beria , head of the Ministry of

7920-531: Was renamed the Republic of Tajikistan on 31 August 1991 and declared its independence from the disintegrating Soviet Union on 9 September 1991; thus modern Tajikistan is its direct legal successor state . Geographically, at 143,100 km (55,300 sq mi), it was bordered by Afghanistan to the south, China to the east, Pakistan to the south, separated by the narrow Wakhan Corridor , as well as internally by fellow Soviet republics of Uzbekistan to

8010-734: Was renamed to Eisenhüttenstadt in 1961. In Moscow , the Moscow Metro station Stalinskaya on the Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya line was renamed to Semyonovskaya . Following the momentum of these public renamings, the Soviet government dismantled hundreds of Stalin monuments across the USSR. For example, the monument to Stalin in the Armenian capital Yerevan was removed in spring 1962 and replaced by Mother Armenia in 1967. Several more monuments were dismantled or destroyed across

8100-550: Was the main base of the country for the production of long-staple cotton. Cultured and tobacco , geranium , linen - Kudryashov, sesame . Approximately 20% of crops were occupied by grain crops (gross grain harvest - 246 thousand tons in 1986 in.). They grow vegetables and melons. Was developed fruit (including citrus fruit) and grapes . Meat and wool sheep and meat and dairy cattle. Livestock (in 1987, in millions): cattle - 1.4 (including cows - 0.6), sheep and goats - 3.2. Sericulture . Operating length (in 1986): Tajikistan

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