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63-629: The Pamiris are an Eastern Iranian ethnic group , native to Central Asia , living primarily in Tajikistan ( Gorno-Badakhshan ), Afghanistan ( Badakhshan ), Pakistan ( Gilgit-Baltistan ) and China ( Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County ). They speak a variety of different languages, amongst which languages of the Eastern Iranian Pamir language group stand out. The languages of the Shughni - Rushani group, alongside Wakhi , are

126-630: A lecturer and deputy dean. The backbone of the organisation were students of higher educational institutions of the capital and Pamiri youth living in the Tajik capital. La'li Badakhshan's primary objective was to represent the cultural interests of the Pamiri people and to advocate for greater autonomy for the GBAO. The group also participated in and organised numerous demonstrations in Dushanbe and Khorog during

189-515: A poor farmer family. At the age of 13 Shotemur started assisting his family on the field. From 1914 to 1918 he worked at a factory in Tashkent . In 1921 he began pursuing a political career and was sent back to the Pamirs as a member of the political-military team. From 1923 to 1924 he worked as an instructor of the national minorities department of Tajikistan's Communist Party Central Committee. At

252-649: A separate and distinct ethnos. In China , the same people are officially deemed to be Tajiks. Not so long ago the same was true in Afghanistan where they were identified as Tajiks, but more recently the Afghan government reclassified them as Pamiris. Before the spread of Islam in the Pamirs, the Pamiris professed faith in various belief systems. Legends and some current stories about fire worshipping and veneration of

315-512: Is spread among all Pamiris as a lingua franca . Iranian peoples Pontic Steppe Caucasus East Asia Eastern Europe Northern Europe Pontic Steppe Northern/Eastern Steppe Europe South Asia Steppe Europe Caucasus India Indo-Aryans Iranians East Asia Europe East Asia Europe Indo-Aryan Iranian Indo-Aryan Iranian Others European The Iranian peoples , or

378-659: Is truly the offsprings of ʿAlī. According to oral tradition, this ritual was revealed to the Prophet Muhammad by the angel Gabriel ( Jibra'il ) to provide comfort for the Prophet at the death of his young son Abd Allah . The Pamiris linguistically vary into the Shughni - Rushani group (Shughni, Rushani, Khufi , Bartangi , Roshorvi , Sarikoli ), with which Yazghulami and the now extinct Vanji closely linked; Ishkashimi , Sanglechi , and Zebaki ; Wakhi ; Munji and Yidgha . Native languages of Pamiris belong to

441-647: The Ahl al-Bayt . As Lydia Monogarova asserts, one of the main reasons why Pamiris accepted Isma'ilism can be seen as their extreme tolerance to various beliefs compared to the other sects of Islam . As a result, terms such as Daʿwat-i Nāṣir or Daʿwat-i Pīr Shāh Nāṣir are prevalent designations among the Isma'ilis in Tajik and Afghan Badakhshan, the northern areas of Pakistan and certain parts of Xinjiang province in China . The Isma'ilis of Badakhshan and their offshoot communities in

504-675: The Alamut collapse until the Anjudan revival), several elements of the Twelver Shi'i and Sufi ideas became mixed with the Isma'ili belief of the Pamiris. Many Persian-speaking poets and philosophers, such as Sanai , Attar , and Rumi , are considered by Pamiri Isma'ilis as their co-religionists and are regarded as pīran-i maʿrifat ( lit.   ' the masters of gnosis ' ). Recognizing as their leaders Muhammad , his daughter Fatima , son-in-law Ali and grandsons Hasan and Husayn ,

567-714: The Arianoi . Strabo , in his Geographica (1st century AD), mentions of the Medes , Persians, Bactrians and Sogdians of the Iranian Plateau and Transoxiana of antiquity: The name of Ariana is further extended to a part of Persia and of Media, as also to the Bactrians and Sogdians on the north; for these speak approximately the same language, with but slight variations. The Bactrian (a Middle Iranian language) inscription of Kanishka (the founder of

630-826: The Emirate of Bukhara , which was under the protectorate of the Tsarist Russian Empire . The central lands of Badakhshan, however, remained on the Afghan side of the demarcation line. On 2 January 1925, the Soviet government decided to create a new geographical and political entity known in modern times as the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Oblast' (GBAO). During the Soviet period Pamiris were generally excluded from positions of power within

693-524: The Great Purge in the USSR, Nodir Shanbezoda's collection of poems was destroyed, and he himself was subjected to repression, like other Pamiri intellectuals who had started working by that time. All work on the development of literature and education in Pamiri languages was curtailed. As a result, Pamiri languages became inscriptural for many decades. In 1972, a campaign to destroy books in Pamiri languages

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756-777: The Iranic peoples , are the collective ethno-linguistic groups who are identified chiefly by their native usage of any of the Iranian languages , which are a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages within the Indo-European language family . The Proto-Iranians are believed to have emerged as a separate branch of the Indo-Iranians in Central Asia around the mid-2nd millennium BC. At their peak of expansion in

819-671: The Kushan Empire from the middle of the 1st century AD. Nomadic cattle breeding developed in the Eastern Pamirs, while agriculture and pastoralism developed in the Western Pamirs. Remains of ancient fortresses and border fortifications of the Bactrian and Kushan periods are still preserved in the Pamirs. The oldest Saka burials have also been found in the Eastern Pamirs. Mass migration particularly strengthened after

882-407: The Kushan Empire ) at Rabatak, which was discovered in 1993 in an unexcavated site in the Afghan province of Baghlan , clearly refers to this Eastern Iranian language as Arya . All this evidence shows that the name Arya was a collective definition, denoting peoples who were aware of belonging to the one ethnic stock, speaking a common language, and having a religious tradition that centered on

945-473: The Nowruz (Iranian New Year) celebrations and of Pamiri houses, graveyards, burial rites and customs, as well as Avestan toponyms. In Shughnan and Wakhan, Zoroastrian temples were active until the late Middle Ages. The town of Sikāshim [modern Ishkashim on both the Tajik and Afghan sides] is the capital of the region of Wakhān (gaṣabi-yi nāhiyyat-i Wakhān). Its inhabitants are the fire-worshipers (gabrakān) and

1008-921: The Parthians , the Persians , the Sagartians , the Saka , the Sarmatians , the Scythians , the Sogdians , and likely the Cimmerians , among other Iranian-speaking peoples of West Asia , Central Asia, Eastern Europe , and the Eastern Steppe . In the 1st millennium AD, their area of settlement, which was mainly concentrated in the steppes and deserts of Eurasia , was significantly reduced due to

1071-802: The Sintashta culture and the subsequent Andronovo culture within the broader Andronovo horizon, and their homeland with an area of the Eurasian steppe that borders the Ural River on the west and the Tian Shan on the east. The Indo-Iranian migrations took place in two waves. The first wave consisted of the Indo-Aryan migration through the Bactria-Margiana Culture , also called "Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex," into

1134-496: The Twelver Shi'is , was an uwaisi saint (wali) from his mother's line, migrated from Isfahan to Shughnan in the 11th century, and that he was the ancestor of Shughnan's pirs and mirs. This story was narrated to Bobrinsky, one of the Russian pioneers of Pamiri studies, by the Shughni pir Sayyid Yūsuf ʿAlī Shāh in 1902. During the concealment period ( dawr al-satr ), which continued in Isma'ili history for several centuries (from

1197-1288: The Zazas . Their current distribution spreads across the Iranian Plateau ;– stretching from the Caucasus in the north to the Persian Gulf in the south and from eastern Anatolia in the west to western Xinjiang in the east – covering a region that is sometimes called Greater Iran , representing the extent of the Iranian-speaking peoples and the reach of their geopolitical and cultural influence. The term Iran derives directly from Middle Persian Ērān / AEran ( 𐭠𐭩𐭥𐭠𐭭 ) and Parthian Aryān . The Middle Iranian terms ērān and aryān are oblique plural forms of gentilic ēr- (in Middle Persian) and ary- (in Parthian), both deriving from Old Persian ariya- ( 𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎹 ), Avestan airiia- ( 𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀 ) and Proto-Iranian *arya- . There have been many attempts to qualify

1260-494: The (Black) Sea "), Saka Tvaiy Para Sugdam ("Saka who are beyond Sogdia "). The version about Pamiris' Hephthalite origin was put forward by the famous Soviet and Russian anthropologist Lev Gumilev ( d.  1992 ). The Western Pamirs, which was defending itself from the invasion of eastern nomads, became the eastern outpost of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom from the middle of the 3rd century BC, and

1323-610: The 1926 census the Pamiris were labelled as "Mountain Tajiks", in the 1937 and 1939 censuses they appeared as separate ethnic groups within the Tajiks , in the 1959, 1970 and 1979 censuses they were classified as Tajiks. In the late 1980s Pamiri identity was further solidified through efforts to elevate the status of Pamiri languages and to promote literature in the Pamiri languages, as well as 'claims of sovereignty and republic status for Badakhshan' made by Pamiri intellectuals. In 1991, after

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1386-578: The 5th and 6th centuries because of the Turkic movement into Central Asia (and the Mongols afterwards) from whom the settled Iranian population escaped in canyons that were not attractive for cattle-breeding needed wildest. Vasily Bartold ( d.  1930 ), in his work "Turkistan" mentions that in the 10th century three Pamiri states: Wakhan , Shikinan ( Shughnan ) and Kerran (probably Rushan and Darvaz ) have already been settled by pagans, however in

1449-563: The Book of Candle ' ), consist of certain Qur'anic verses and several religious lyrics in Persian , which are attributed to Nasir Khusraw. Chirāgh-Rāwshan is also a custom prevalent among the Isma'ilis of the northern areas of Pakistan and some parts of Afghanistan. O insightful lover, join the mission of Nāṣir! O pious believer, join the mission of Nāṣir! Nāṣir is from the family of the Prophet, He

1512-785: The Greek sources. Herodotus , in his Histories , remarks about the Iranian Medes that "Medes were called anciently by all people Arians " (7.62). In Armenian sources, the Parthians, Medes and Persians are collectively referred to as Iranians . Eudemus of Rhodes (Dubitationes et Solutiones de Primis Principiis, in Platonis Parmenidem) refers to "the Magi and all those of Iranian ( áreion ) lineage". Diodorus Siculus (1.94.2) considers Zoroaster ( Zathraustēs ) as one of

1575-866: The Hindu Kush region, now situated in Hunza and other northern areas of Pakistan, regard Nasir as the founder of their communities. Marco Polo ( d.  1324 ), when passed through Wakhan in 1274 referred to the population here as Muslims . In the Pamirs, there is a story about five Iranian Isma'ili da'i brothers sent by the Nizari Imams : Shah Khamush, Shah Malang, and Shah Kashan, who settled in Shughnan; and Shah Qambar Aftab and Shah Isam al-Din, who settled in Wakhan. They likely introduced themselves as qalandars , because even today, they are remembered by

1638-677: The Indo-Aryans who founded the Mitanni kingdom in northern Syria; ( c.  1500  – c.  1300 BC ) the other group were the Vedic people. Christopher I. Beckwith suggests that the Wusun , an Indo-European Caucasian people of Inner Asia in antiquity , were also of Indo-Aryan origin. The second wave is interpreted as the Iranian wave, and took place in the third stage of

1701-627: The Indo-European migrations from 800 BC onwards. The Sintashta culture, also known as the Sintashta–Petrovka culture or Sintashta–Arkaim culture, is a Bronze Age archaeological culture of the northern Eurasian steppe on the borders of Eastern Europe and Central Asia , dated to the period 2100–1800 BC . It is probably the archaeological manifestation of the Indo-Iranian language group. The Sintashta culture emerged from

1764-701: The Levant, founding the Mittani kingdom ; and a migration south-eastward of the Vedic people, over the Hindu Kush into northern India. The Indo-Aryans split off around 1800–1600 BC from the Iranians, whereafter they were defeated and split into two groups by the Iranians, who dominated the Central Eurasian steppe zone and "chased [the Indo-Aryans] to the extremities of Central Eurasia." One group were

1827-520: The Muslims, and the ruler (malik) of Wakhān lives there. Khamdud [Khandut in modern Afghan Wakhān] is where the idol temples of the Wakhis (butkhāna-yi Wakhān) are located. The spread of Isma'ili Shi'i Islam is associated with the stay in the Pamirs of Nasir Khusraw ( d.  1088 ), a Persian-speaking poet, theologian, philosopher, and missionary ( da'i ) for the Isma'ili Fatimid Caliphate , who

1890-418: The Pamiris as the "Five Qalandars". The most detailed biographical narrative of Shah Khamush is found in Fadl Ali-Beg Surkh-Afsar's appendix to the Tāʾrikh-i Badakhshān of Mirza Sangmuhammad Badakhshi. For instance, Surkh-Afsar claims that the aforementioned Shah Khamush ('the silent king'), referred to as Sayyid Mīr Ḥasan Shāh , who traced his descent to Musa al-Kazim ( d.  799 ), the seventh Imam of

1953-471: The Pamiris call their religion " Dīn-i Panj-tanī " ( lit.   ' the religion of the [holy] five ' ) and perceive themselves as the followers of this religion, which they name as "Panj-tan".. The 15 century Shughni poet Shāh Ẓiyāyī praises Imām ʿAlī, Imām Ḥusayn, Imām Ḥasan and Fāṭima, whom he calls the Panj-tan, in a poem "Muḥammad-astu ʿAlī Fāṭima Ḥusayn-u Ḥasan" that is well known in Badakhshan. The label Chār-yārī ( lit.   ' followers of

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2016-442: The Shi'a, in general, and to Isma'ilism, in particular. Amongst the Pamiri Isma'ilis there is distinctive practice called Chirāgh-Rāwshan ( lit.   ' luminous lamp ' ), which was probably introduced by Nasir Khusraw as a means of attracting people to attend his lectures. The practice is also known as tsirow/tsiraw-pithid/pathid in Pamiri languages; the recitation text called Qandīl-Nāma or Chirāgh-Nāma ( lit.   '

2079-447: The Shughni-Rushani, Wakhi, Ishkashimi and Munji dialects. And, as a common Shughni-Rushani language existed until the 5–6th centuries CE, a broad Pamiri linguistic communion may have existed during, or around, the Saka period. The Chinese traveler Xuanzang , who visited Shughnan in the 7th century, claimed that the inhabitants of this region had their own language, different from Tocharian ( Bactrian ). However, according to him, they had

2142-425: The Tajik ASSR. The same year he initiated the exit of Tajikistan from the Uzbek SSR and the establishment of the new Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic . Many Soviet historians believe that his initiatives to separate Tajikistan from the Uzbek SSR caused his rivals to falsify charges against Shotemur, which led to his death sentence. He was also a close colleague of Nisar Muhammad Yousafzai , an Afghan political exile who

2205-662: The command of Shapur I gives a more clear description. The languages used are Parthian, Middle Persian, and Greek. In Greek inscription says "ego ... tou Arianon ethnous despotes eimi" , which translates to "I am the king of the kingdom ( nation ) of the Iranians". In Middle Persian, Shapur says "ērānšahr xwadāy hēm" and in Parthian he says "aryānšahr xwadāy ahēm" . The Avesta clearly uses airiia- as an ethnic name ( Videvdat 1; Yasht 13.143–44, etc.), where it appears in expressions such as airyāfi daiŋˊhāvō ("Iranian lands"), airyō šayanəm ("land inhabited by Iranians"), and airyanəm vaējō vaŋhuyāfi dāityayāfi ("Iranian stretch of

2268-403: The cult of Ohrmazd. The academic usage of the term Iranian is distinct from the state of Iran and its various citizens (who are all Iranian by nationality), in the same way that the term Germanic peoples is distinct from Germans . Some inhabitants of Iran are not necessarily ethnic Iranians by virtue of not being speakers of Iranian languages. Some scholars such as John Perry prefer

2331-419: The expansion of the Slavic peoples , the Germanic peoples , the Turkic peoples , and the Mongolic peoples ; many were subjected to Slavicization and Turkification . Modern Iranian peoples include the Baloch , the Gilaks , the Kurds , the Lurs , the Mazanderanis , the Ossetians , the Pamiris , the Pashtuns , the Persians, the Tats , the Tajiks , the Talysh , the Wakhis , the Yaghnobis , and

2394-435: The fall of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), GBAO remained part of the newly independent country of Tajikistan . On 4 March 1991 the Pamiri political group La'li Badakhshan (Tajik: Лаъли Бадахшон , lit.   'the ruby of Badakhshan') was formed in Dushanbe . The founder of this organization was Atobek Amirbekov, a Pamiri born in Khorog who had worked at the Dushanbe Pedagogical Institute as

2457-645: The first year of independence in Tajikistan. Since the end of 1992, the Pamiris' national movement has declined, which was primarily due to the sharp deterioration of socio-economic conditions and the civil war (1992–1997) that unfolded in Tajikistan. Together with Gharmis , the Pamiris were part of the United Tajik Opposition (UTO), a coalition of different nationalist, liberal democratic and Islamist parties. A United Nation investigation reported that in December 1992 in Dushanbe "buses were routinely searched, and persons with identity cards revealing they were of Pamiri or Gharmi origin were forced out and either killed on

2520-447: The four friends ' ) is used by the Pamiri Isma'ilis to refer to the Sunni Muslims who acknowledge the first four caliphs ( Abu Bakr , Umar , Uthman and Ali). Shāh Ẓiyāyī regards those who have faith in the Panj-tan as true believers, unlike those who only say "four four" (chār chār), i.e. the Sunnis. The use of the term Dīn-i Panj-tanī, a local equivalent of the term Shi'a in the context of Badakhshan, expresses an allegiance to

2583-411: The good Dāityā"). In the late part of the Avesta (Videvdat 1), one of the mentioned homelands was referred to as Airyan'əm Vaējah which approximately means "expanse of the Iranians". The homeland varied in its geographic range, the area around Herat ( Pliny 's view) and even the entire expanse of the Iranian Plateau ( Strabo 's designation). The Old Persian and Avestan evidence is confirmed by

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2646-439: The influence of the late Abashevo culture , a collection of Corded Ware settlements in the forest steppe zone north of the Sintashta region that were also predominantly pastoralist . Allentoft et al. (2015) also found close autosomal genetic relationship between peoples of Corded Ware culture and Sintashta culture. Shirinsho Shotemur Shotemur was born on December 1, 1899 in Shughnon District , Tajikistan , to

2709-425: The interaction of two antecedent cultures. Its immediate predecessor in the Ural-Tobol steppe was the Poltavka culture , an offshoot of the cattle-herding Yamnaya horizon that moved east into the region between 2800 and 2600 BC. Several Sintashta towns were built over older Poltavka settlements or close to Poltavka cemeteries, and Poltavka motifs are common on Sintashta pottery. Sintashta material culture also shows

2772-470: The literature of Avesta . The earliest epigraphically attested reference to the word arya- occurs in the Bistun Inscription of the 6th century BC. The inscription of Bistun (or Behistun ; Old Persian : Bagastana ) describes itself to have been composed in Arya [language or script]. As is also the case for all other Old Iranian language usage, the arya of the inscription does not signify anything but Iranian . In royal Old Persian inscriptions,

2835-399: The mid-1st millennium BC, the territory of the Iranian peoples stretched across the entire Eurasian Steppe ; from the Danubian Plains in the west to the Ordos Plateau in the east and the Iranian Plateau in the south. The ancient Iranian peoples who emerged after the 1st millennium BC include the Alans , the Bactrians , the Dahae , the Khwarazmians , the Massagetae , the Medes ,

2898-582: The most widely spoken Pamiri languages. Eastern Iranian (mainly Saka ( Scythian )), Tocharian , and probably Dardic tribes, as well as pre-Indo-European substrate populations took part in the formation of the Pamiris: in the 7th and 2nd centuries BC the Pamir Mountains were inhabited by tribes known in written sources as the Sakas. They were divided into different groupings and recorded with various names, such as Saka Tigraxauda ("Saka who wear pointed caps "), Saka Haumavarga (" Saka who revere hauma "), Saka Tvaiy Paradraya ("Saka who live beyond

2961-432: The political realm, probably, were subjugated by Muslims . In the 12th century, Badakhshan was annexed to the Ghurid state. Between the 10 and 16th centuries Wakhan, Shughnan and Rushan together with Darvaz (the last two were united in the 16th century) were governed by the local feudal dynasties and actually were independent. In 1895, Badakhshan was divided between Afghanistan , which was under British influence, and

3024-423: The republic, with a few exceptions, notably Shirinshoh Shotemur , a Shughni who held the position of chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic during the 1930s; and Nazarshoh Dodkhudoev , a Rushani  [ ru ] who served as chairman of the Presidium of the Tajik Supreme Soviet in the 1950s. Literacy in GBAO increased from 2% in 1913 to almost 100% in 1984. In

3087-401: The same script. In the 1930s, Pamiri intellectuals tried to create an alphabet for Pamiri languages. They started to create an alphabet for the Shughni language, the most widely spoken language in the Pamirs, based on the Latin script . In 1931, the first textbook in Shughni for adults was published, one of the authors of which was the young Shughni poet Nodir Shambezoda (1908–1991). During

3150-445: The same time he headed the Tajik communist section. During his lifetime Shirinsho Shotemur held many leading positions in the Tajik government and in the communist party. In 1937 Shotemur was charged with participation in an anti-Soviet nationalistic organization and arrested in Moscow. Later the same year the Military board of the Supreme Court of the USSR sentenced Shotemur to death. He was executed on October 27, 1937. In 1956 Shotemur

3213-418: The southeastern branch of Iranian languages. However, according to Encyclopædia Iranica , the Pamiri languages and Pashto belong to the North-Eastern Iranian branch. According to Boris Litvinsky  [ ru ] : The common Shughni-Rushani language existed approximately 1,300–1,400 years ago, but it later split … in much earlier times, however, there was a common Pamiri language which developed into

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3276-474: The spot or taken away and later found dead or never heard from again." The self-proclaimed Autonomous Republic of Badakhshan  [ ru ] formally existed until November 1994. According to Suhrobsho Davlatshoev, "the Tajikistani civil war crystallized and strengthened the ethnic consciousness of Pamiris in some respect." Starting in the 2020s, the Tajikistani government cracked down on Pamiri activism, cultural practices, and institutions, as well as

3339-404: The sun and the moon indicate the possibility of some continuation of pre-Islamic religious practices, such as mehrparastī (a pre-Islamic practice of worshipping the sun and the moon), and Manichaean and Zoroastrian customs and rites in the Pamirs. Zoroastrianism was a dominant religion and tradition for thousands of years, such that many of its traditions survived including specific features of

3402-433: The term Iranic as the name for the linguistic family of this category (many of which are spoken outside Iran), while Iranian for anything about the country Iran. He uses the same analogue as in differentiating German from Germanic or differentiating Turkish and Turkic . German scholar Martin Kümmel also argues for the same distinction of Iranian from Iranic . The Proto-Indo-Iranians are commonly identified with

3465-411: The term arya- appears in three different contexts: In the Dna and Dse, Darius and Xerxes describe themselves as "an Achaemenid, a Persian, son of a Persian, and an Aryan, of Aryan stock". Although Darius the Great called his language arya- ("Iranian"), modern scholars refer to it as Old Persian because it is the ancestor of the modern Persian language. The trilingual inscription erected by

3528-446: The use of the Pamiri language . Subsequently, there was an exodus of ethnic Pamiris from Tajikistan and Russia. As Alexei Bobrinsky's  [ ru ] records testify, during his discussions with the Pamiris in the beginning of the 20th century, Pamiris underlined their Iranian origin. Although the Soviet ethnographers called the Pamiris as "Mountain Tajiks" the majority of the Pamiri intelligentsia see themselves as belonging to

3591-436: The verbal root of ar- in Old Iranian arya- . The following are according to 1957 and later linguists: Unlike the Sanskrit ārya- ( Aryan ), the Old Iranian term has solely an ethnic meaning. Today, the Old Iranian arya- remains in ethno-linguistic names such as Iran , Alan , Ir , and Iron . In the Iranian languages , the gentilic is attested as a self-identifier included in ancient inscriptions and

3654-535: Was carried out at the Ferdowsi State Public Library in Dushanbe. As Tohir Kalandarov notes, "this remains a black spot in Tajikistan's history." Although Pamiri languages belong to the same group of Eastern-Iranian languages they exclude common understanding among themselves. Tajik language , called as forsi (Persian) by Pamiris, was used for communication as between them and with neighboring peoples as well. Though Shughni communities are habitually spread only in Tajikistan and Afghanistan traditionally Shughni language

3717-638: Was handed a British Death Sentence for his contributions to the Anglo-Afghan War who was also a founder of Tajikistan and arrested on false charges, then killed in 1937. They were together decorated as Heroes of Tajikistan on 27 June 2006. Shirinsho Shotemur was awarded with prestigious state awards during his lifetime, as well as posthumously, including awards from the Republic of Tajikistan in 1999 and 2006. In 1930 Shirinsho Shotemur married Alexandra Mikhailovna Kiselyova, who had recently moved to Tajikistan. Shotemur has two sons - Shirinsho Jr. (1931), and Rustam (1936). After Shirinsho's arrest in 1937, his wife

3780-426: Was hiding from a Sunni fanaticism in Shughnan. Many religious practices are associated with Nasir's mission by the Pamiri Isma'ili community to this day, and people in the community venerate him as a hazrat [majesty], hakim [sage], shah [king], sayyid [descendant of the Prophet], pir-i quddus [holy saint], and hujjat [proof]. The community also considers him to be a member of the Prophet Muhammad's family,

3843-487: Was not allowed to live with her children. Later the same year she died. For political reasons, Shirinsho Shotemur Jr. faced problems entering university after school. Eventually, a friend helped the family change his younger brother's name to Rustam Arturovich Avotyn to avoid further problems. Shotemur Sr.'s other family members in the Tajik SSR were also subject to repression. Thus, Shirinsho Jr. and Rustam had no contact with their Tajik relatives until their father's name

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3906-409: Was posthumously rehabilitated by Military board of the Supreme Court of the USSR. Shirinsho Shotemur was one of the main initiators of establishing the Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic within the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic in 1924. As of 1927 Shotemur was the Tajik ASSR's representative in the Uzbek SSR. In 1929, Shirinsho Shotemur successfully insisted on joining Sughd Province to

3969-402: Was sent off to political prisoners' family camp in Siberia. His children, who were at their grandparents house at the time of arrest, grew up with Alexandra's mother. In 1940 the boys received a letter from their mother, in which she wrote in a coded language that she would return. However, on the way home she was detained again and sent to Krasnoyarsk. Even after her final return in 1944 Alexandra

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