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86-492: Originally built in the 1920s to house the Afghan royal family , Tajbeg Palace is one of the most impressive landmarks of Darulaman, a district created during the era of Amanullah Khan by a team of European architects in an attempt to modernize Afghanistan. The palace served as the residence of General Secretary Hafziullah Amin . The palace was damaged during the civil war in the 1990s but was fully renovated in 2021. Not far from

172-718: A battle defending the Afghans. One of Ahmad Shah's first military actions was to capture Qalati Ghilji and Ghazni from the Ghilji , and wrest Kabul and Peshawar from Mughal-appointed governor Nasir Khan. In 1749, the Mughal Emperor Ahmad Shah Bahadur was induced to cede Sindh , the Punjab region and the important trans Indus River to Ahmad Shah Durrani in order to save his capital from Afghan attack. Having thus gained substantial territories to

258-660: A daughter of Agha Muhammad Qizilbash was also Shaghasi Barakzai.  Ali Ahmad's sister, the Ulya Mukhadara Zarin Jan Begum was the mother of Humaira Begum who was the Queen consort of Afghanistan. Principality of Qandahar (1818-1855) Emirate of Afghanistan (Emirate of Kabul 1823–1855) Kingdom of Afghanistan (1926–1929) Saqqawist Emirate and the 1928–1929 civil war Kingdom of Afghanistan (restored; 1929–1973) Republic of Afghanistan (1973-1978) The principal language of

344-518: A dialect of Pashto , is the language spoken by Harnai Barakzai. The Barakzai are adherents to the Sunni Sufi branch of Islam, following mostly the Hanafi school of Jurispudence and Maturidi school of theology . In the history Sardar Ata Mohammad Khan Barakzai, another brother of Sultan Mohammed Khan Telai , acting as Governor of Kashmir under Shah Shuja Durrani issued coins in honor of

430-675: A fact some Afghans tried to hide because of international antisemitic sentiments that were present in the late 19th century, peaking in World War II in the form of Fascism . The Barakzai dynasty was the line of rulers in Afghanistan in the 19th and 20th centuries. Following the fall of the Durrani Empire in 1823, chaos reigned in the domains of Ahmad Shah Durrani 's Afghan Empire as various sons of Timur Shah struggled for supremacy. The Afghan Empire ceased to exist as

516-637: A place called "Takht-e-Sulaiman", where he settled as Exil Arch. A direct descendant of Prince Afghana in the 37th generation called Qais heard of the message of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and visited him in Medinah . Qais regarded Muhammad as the awaited Moschiach and embraced Islam under him. He changed his name Qais to Abdul Rashid Pathan and married a daughter of Khalid bin Walid . Qais Abdur Rashid's descendant Sulaiman, also known as "Zirak Khan"

602-454: A reinforcement force. Besides several important generals, he had lost his own son Vishwasrao in the Battle of Panipat. He died on 23 June 1761, and was succeeded by his younger son Madhav Rao I . The victory at Panipat was the high point of Ahmad Shah's—and Afghan—power. However, even prior to his death, the empire began to unravel. In 1762, Ahmad Shah crossed the passes from Afghanistan for

688-579: A single nation state , disintegrating for a brief time into a fragmented collection of small units. Dost Mohammad Khan gained preeminence alongside his brother, Sultan Mohammad Khan in 1823. Dost Mohammad Khan would found the Barakzai dynasty in about 1837. Thereafter, his descendants ruled in direct succession until 1929, when King Amanullah Khan and his brother Inayatullah Khan abdicated and their cousin Mohammed Nadir Shah secured

774-729: A strong relationship with the Princely House of Liechtenstein , RAGE was not yet accredited as an official government by Liechtenstein 's foreign ministry in order to avoid international clashes of interest. Durrani Empire The Durrani Empire , colloquially known as the Afghan Empire , or the Sadozai Kingdom , was an Afghan empire founded by the Durrani tribe of Pashtuns under Ahmad Shah Durrani in 1747, which spanned parts of Central Asia ,

860-458: A treaty with the British , which included a clause stating that he would oppose the passage of foreign troops through his territories. This agreement, the first Afghan pact with a European power, stipulated joint action in case of Franco -Persian aggression against Afghan or British dominions. Only a few weeks after signing the agreement, Shuja was deposed by his predecessor, Mahmud. Much later, he

946-599: Is regarded as the forefather of the Durrani Pashtuns to whom the Barakzai also belonged, next to the Popalzai and Alakozai . It is through Sulaiman's son Barak, that the Barakzai derive their name from, because Barakzai means "children of Barak". It was in honor of their ancestor Prince Afghana of Israel, whom some Muslims venerate as a Saint that the first Barakzai King Sultan Mohammed Khan and his brother Dost Mohammed Khan named their Kingdom "Afghanistan",

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1032-611: The Abdali tribe ) and the commander of Nader Shah Afshar . Following Afshar's death in June 1747, Ahmad secured Afghanistan by taking Kandahar , Ghazni , Kabul , and Peshawar . After his accession as the nation's king, he changed his tribal name from Abdali to Durrani . In 1749, the Mughal Empire had ceded sovereignty over much of northwestern India to the Afghans; Ahmad then set out westward to take possession of Mashhad , which

1118-611: The Amanist Charkhi family, who had plotted against his cousin HM King Nadir Shah . These executions made by Prince Abdul Ghaffar Khan led to Ghulam Nabi Khan Charkhi's daughter convincing a Hazara Amanist called Abdul Khaliq Hazaragi to take revenge for the Charkhi family's massacre and murder King Nadir Shah . The Shaghasi cadet-branch is another prominent and powerful sub-tribe of Barakzai, descending from

1204-684: The Iranian plateau , and the Indian subcontinent . At its peak, it ruled over present-day Afghanistan , much of Pakistan , parts of northeastern and southeastern Iran , eastern Turkmenistan , and northwestern India . Next to the Ottoman Empire , the Durrani Empire is considered to be among the most significant Islamic empires of the second half of the 18th century. Ahmad was the son of Muhammad Zaman Khan (an Afghan chieftain of

1290-695: The Saqqawist Coup led by Habibullah Kalakani . With support from the royal family, the Telai cadet branch killed Kalakani and re-established the second Barakzai Kingdom. The Telai cadet-branch are the descendants of Sultan Mohammad Khan "Telai", 2nd Emir of Afghanistan succeeding his father Payindah Mohammed Khan. The descendants of His Royal Highness Prince Yahya Khan Telai ( Yahya-Khel ) to whom Nadir Shah and Zahir Shah belonged were closely related to Amanullah Khan through marriages. Another Telai branch that had immense power in Afghanistan's military

1376-679: The Sayyid ul Sadatiyya Line of Imamate with a significant international fellowship. As Sufis the Barakzais are devotees of Muhammad 's cousin and son in law Ali ibn Abi Talib , who according to Afghans is buried in Mazar Sharif . The Emirs and Kings acted as custodians of the " Hazrat Ali Mazar ". Kings who are buried in the Hazrat Ali Shrine Complex are the following: It is because of this emphasis made by

1462-611: The Swiss People's Party , Senior WEF-Officials and Research experts on lobbying , anti-corruption and diplomacy some of his special envoys are former US Congressmen including Steve Watkins and Curt Weldon . Envoys of Prince Raphael's Project Afghan Royal Government in Exile (ARGE) were invited in an Ambassador conference in Vaduz , Liechtenstein , which attracted media attention. Although Prince Raphael's Private Office shares

1548-743: The Afghans against the much larger Maratha garrisons in Northwest India and by 1759 Ahmad Shah and his army had reached Lahore and were poised to confront the Marathas. Ahmad Shah Durrani was famous for winning wars much larger than his army . By 1760, the Maratha groups had coalesced into a big enough army under the command of Sadashivrao Bhau. Once again, Panipat was the scene of a confrontation between two warring contenders for control of northern India. The Third Battle of Panipat (14 January 1761), fought between largely Muslim and largely Hindu armies

1634-515: The Age). The jirga concluded near the city of Kandahar with Ahmad Shah Durrani being selected as the new leader of the Afghans, thus the Durrani dynasty was founded. Despite being younger than the other contenders, Ahmad Shah had several overriding factors in his favor. He belonged to a respectable family of political background, especially since his father had served as Governor of Herat who died in

1720-591: The Amirs including Mahadad Khan had disliked Shah Wali's ambitions, and thus had fled to Timur's side, also notifying him of the ongoing situation at Kandahar . Timur Shah had then marched toward Kandahar to face Shah Humayun. Shah Wali, fearing of Timur's march had consulted with Shah Humayun, and had agreed on him marching out to Prince Timur Shah to welcome him. He left Kandahar with over 150 horsemen and had arrived at Prince Timur's force at Farah . Having not sent word, once Shah Wali had dismounted, Timur Shah ordered

1806-503: The Barakzai era, Afghanistan saw much of its territory lost to the British in the south and east, Persia in the west, and Russia in the north. There were also many conflicts within Afghanistan, including the three major Anglo-Afghan wars and the 1928–29 civil war . The Royal Barakzai or "Muhammadzai" are the descendants of the founder of the Barakzai dynasty the Emir ul Umara (Emir of all Emirs) Payindah Mohammed Khan, who plotted against

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1892-889: The Barakzai is Pashto . Formerly, Persian was used as the language for records and correspondence; until the late nineteenth century tombstones were also inscribed in Persian. The language of the Barakzai tribes in Pishin , Quetta , Gulistan and Dukki (District. Loralai) is just like the language spoken in Kandahar . Those who have settled away from Pishin speak local languages (Pushto), such as Multani or Saraiki in Multan , Hindko in Hazara , Urdu in Bhopal and Sindhi in Sindh . Barakzai,

1978-672: The Barakzai that some claim that the Mosque in the Afghan Flag stands for the Hazrat Ali Mazar . Although many Barakzai were practicing the faith of Islam, and integrating conservative Sharia Law in their legal system, they were known for their Anti-Fundamentalist policies, regarding them as politically motivated in the first line. Abdur Rahman Khan's Chief Justice and Naqib al Ashraf Sayyid Mir Fazlullah Agha (father of Sayyid Mir Muhammad Jan ) contributed essentially to

2064-721: The British were landing in the masses on the Indian subcontinent. The "Army of the Indus", full of both British and Indian infantrymen and cavalrymen, was intent on restoring Shah Shuja Durrani , the deposed monarch to the throne of Afghanistan. By March 1839, the British had already crossed into the Emirate of Afghanistan . The Durrani military was based on cavalry armed with flintlocks who performed hit-and-run attacks, combining new technology in firearms with Turco-Mongol tactics. The core of

2150-575: The Durrani Empire after the death of Ali Shah Durrani. The Durrani Empire lost its control over Kashmir to the Sikh Empire in the Battle of Shopian in 1819. Ayub Shah was himself later deposed, and presumably killed in 1823. In the 19th century as a whole, Britain and Russia were interlocked in a battle for influence in South Asia. Russian advance was trudging through Central Asia, while

2236-555: The Durrani Imperial Family, proclaiming himself Emir. The hereditary title Sardar ( Prince ) is bestowed upon all descendants of Emir Payindah Mohammed. The Seraj cadet-branch are the descendants of Emir Dost Mohammed Khan , who alongside his predecessor and brother Sultan Mohammad Khan consolidated Barakzai rule in Afghanistan. The Seraj were mainly the Emirs of the first Emirate of Afghanistan that ended with

2322-554: The Durrani Pashtuns. A few months before his death, Ahmad Shah summoned Timur Shah from Herat and publicly declared him heir to the Durrani Empire. Ahmad Shah made this decision without consulting with his tribal council, as a result the authority of the Durrani Emperor was put into question and created a growing rift that would toil the Durrani empire for years to come, as the tribal council had in majority, supported Ahmad Shah's eldest son and Timur Shah's brother, Sulaiman,

2408-427: The Durrani army were the 10,000 sher-bacha (blunderbuss)-carrying mounted ghulams (slave-soldiers) of which a third were previously Shia soldiers ( Qizilbash ) of Nader Shah. Many others were also former troops of Nader Shah. The bulk of the army were Afghan irregular tribal cavalry armed with lance and broadsword. Mounted archers were still used but were uncommon due to the difficulty of training them. Infantry played

2494-468: The Durrani empire per se was at an end, and Afghanistan was embroiled in civil war. Much of the territory conquered by Ahmad Shah fell to others in this half century. By 1818, the Sadozai rulers who succeeded Ahmad Shah controlled little more than Kabul and the surrounding territory within a 160-kilometer radius. They not only lost the outlying territories but also alienated other tribes and lineages among

2580-520: The German government, drafted plans for renovating the palace for official use, requiring funds from private donations from wealthy Afghans. These plans were on indefinite hold as the Afghan government sought to establish peace and stability. A similar plan was approved for the nearby Darul Aman Palace which was completely renovated and opened to the public on Afghan Independence Day, August 2019. In 2021,

2666-681: The Kandahari Durranis . Ahmad Shah's decision could have been influenced by his illness, which had affected his brain and his mental state. However, choosing Timur Shah as a successor was likely to restrict power of the Senior Generals and the Durrani Tribal Council, which he deemed as a threat to his dynasty in the future. When Ahmad Shah was on his death bed, Sadar Jahan Khan had capitalized on Timur Shah's far proximity with him ruling over Herat, and poisoned

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2752-507: The King's mountain, taking as much treasure as they could and marched to Kandahar. Shah Wali Khan had also announced to everyone that the king was ill and had given orders to not disturb him except his trusted officials. To make the deception more believable, Ahmad Shah's chief eunuch, Yaqut Khan had brought food for the "Sick" Ruler. Shah wali Khan had then notified Sulaiman that Ahmad Shah was dead and proclaimed Sulaiman as king. However, many of

2838-576: The Law despite being a King. Under Prince Daoud Khan's regime, Fundamentalists were regarded as political enemies of the regime, being suppressed next to Communists . After the fall of the Taliban in the year 2001, negotiations about the re-establishment of the Kingdom of Afghanistan were held, including negotiations about the re-installation of His Majesty Zahir Shah as Shah . However, pressure from

2924-670: The Nation . In 1709, Mirwais Hotak chief of the Ghilji tribe of Kandahar Province , gained independence from the Safavid Persians. From 1722 to 1725, his son Mahmud Hotak briefly ruled large parts of Iran and declared himself as Shah of Persia . However, the Hotak dynasty came to a complete end in 1738 after being toppled and banished by the Afsharids who were led by Nader Shah Afshar of Persia . The year 1747 marks

3010-657: The Northwest of India. Ahmad Shah sacked the Mughal capital and withdrew with the booty he coveted. To counter the Afghans, Peshwa Balaji Bajirao sent Raghunathrao . He defeated the Rohillas and Afghan garrisons in Punjab and succeeded in ousting Timur Shah and his court from India and brought Lahore, Multan, Kashmir and other subahs on the Indian side of Attock under Maratha rule. Thus, upon his return to Kandahar in 1757, Ahmad

3096-715: The Palace and killed PDPA general secretary Hafizullah Amin , who had resided there since December 20. During the Soviet–Afghan War it served as the headquarters of the Soviet 40th Army . The palace was severely damaged in the years after the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan , when different Afghan mujahideen factions fought for control of Kabul after the fall of PDPA leader Mohammad Najibullah 's Moscow -backed government in 1992. The Afghan government, in conjunction with

3182-521: The Sikh Empire in the early 19th century. The dynasty would become heirs of Afghanistan for generations, up until Dost Muhammad Khan and the Barakzai dynasty deposed the Durrani dynasty in Kabul, leading to its supersession by the Emirate of Afghanistan . The Durrani Empire is considered to be the foundational polity of the modern nation-state of Afghanistan, with Ahmad being credited as its Father of

3268-635: The Sikhs rebelled again and rebuilt their holy city of Amritsar. Ahmad Shah tried several more times to subjugate the Sikhs permanently, but failed. Durrani's forces instigated the Vaḍḍā Ghallūghārā when they killed thousands of Sikhs in the Punjab in 1762. Ahmad Shah also faced other rebellions in the north, and eventually he and the Uzbek Emir of Bukhara agreed that the Amu Darya would mark

3354-464: The Sikhs, forcing them to return Multan toward Durrani Suzerainty after it was seized after the death of Ahmad Shah Durrani . Timur Shah, having secured Punjab , also faced recurring rebellions against him, including an assassination attempt early in his reign at Peshawar . Timur Shah would encounter harsh resistance and rebellion, prominently those of Fayz Allah Khan, Azad Khan, and Arsalan Khan. Timur Shah in his reign also fought against Shah Murad ,

3440-603: The Sufi Saint Nund Rishi and renovated his shrine. Some Barakzai including the Mir Muhammad Jan Khel sub-cadet branch of the Telai (known by the surname Dakik ) are Islamic Scholars following the Hanbali school of jurispudence and Athari school of Theology . The Mir Muhammad Jan Khel are venerated as successors ( Emir/Mir ) of their ancestor Muhammad 's family ( Ahlul-Bayt ) according to

3526-407: The Yahya-Khel of the Telai cadet branch ran for Presidency of Afghanistan in 2009 and 2014. After the Fall of Kabul in 2021 Prince Raphael Dakik of the Mir Muhammad Jan-Khel of the Telai cadet branch, assessed the re-establishment of the Barakzai Dynasty through lobbyistical measures in an experiment called "Royal Afghan Government in Exile" (RAGE). Next to Swiss Politicians especially from

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3612-421: The brothers of Emir Sultan Mohammed Khan and Emir Dost Mohammed Khan. Shaghasi Khel are descendants of Mirdaad Khan Barakzai, Işik Aqasi (Minister of the Royal Court "Chemberlain") during the reign of the Kandahari Sardars ( Dost Muhammad Khan's brothers), as well as the reign of Dost Muhammad Khan 1863 - 1866 and 1868 - 1879. His father, Bazar Khan Barakzai was a local Barakzai chief, and his grandfather

3698-432: The castle or Tapa-e Taj Beg (Taj Beg hill), a palace for the Queen of the Timurids is said to have been found a long time ago. Terraced garden designs were preferred by Timurids and Moguls, and today some ruins remain. The Timurids and their successors, the Moguls, have kinship relations with the Pashtun tribes of Abdali Durrani and later Yusufzai. The daughter-in-law of Ahmad Khan Abdali (the wife of Timur Shah Durrani )

3784-447: The death of Emperor Aurangzeb , who died in 1707. In 1751–52, the Ahamdiya treaty was signed between the Marathas and Mughals , when Balaji Bajirao was the Peshwa . Through this treaty, the Marathas controlled virtually the whole of India from their capital at Pune and the Mughal rule was restricted only to Delhi (the Mughals remained the nominal heads of Delhi). Marathas were now straining to expand their area of control towards

3870-471: The death of Timur Shah, three of his sons, the governors of Kandahar, Herat and Kabul, contended for the succession. Zaman Shah , governor of Kabul, held the field by virtue of being in control of the capital, and became shah at the age of twenty-three. Many of his half-brothers were imprisoned on their arrival in the capital for the purpose, ironically, of electing a new shah. The quarrels among Timur's descendants that threw Afghanistan into turmoil also provided

3956-421: The definition of the conservative ratio legis of the Emirate of Afghanistan, that was later adopted in the Kingdom . Sayyid Mir Fazlullah Agha was especially supsicious towards Fundamentalist Shiite Movements , whom he regarded as fundamentalist proxies of the Shiite Qajar Dynasty . He was also credited for anti-corruption enforcement and rule of law in Afghanistan by forcing Abdur Rahman Khan to adhere to

4042-434: The definitive appearance of an Afghan political entity independent of both the Persian and Mughal empires. In June of that year a loya jirga (grand council) was called into session. The jirga lasted for nine days and two chief contestants emerged: Hajji Jamal Khan of the Mohammadzai lineage and Ahmad Khan of the Sadozai. Mohammad Sabir Khan, a noted darwish (holy man), who had earlier predicted that Ahmad Khan would be

4128-411: The delicate balance of Durrani tribal politics that Ahmad Shah had established and may have prompted Painda Khan and other Durrani chiefs to plot against the shah. Painda Khan and the chiefs of the Nurzai and the Alizai Durrani clans were executed, as was the chief of the Qizilbash clan. Painda Khan's son fled to Iran and pledged the substantial support of his Barakzai followers to a rival claimant to

4214-451: The division of their lands. Ahmad Shah retired to his home in the mountains east of Kandahar, where he died in 1772. He had succeeded to a remarkable degree in balancing tribal alliances and hostilities, and in directing tribal energies away from rebellion. He earned recognition as Ahmad Shah Baba, or "Father" of Afghanistan. Ahmad Shah 's successors governed so ineptly during a period of profound unrest that within fifty years of his death,

4300-415: The ear of the Shah. This had worked as Timur Shah was denied an by Ahmad Shah on his deathbed, as a result, Timur Shah had begun mobilizing his forces for the inevitable conflict with his brother. Timur Shah's plans were stalled, however, as a rebellion by Darwish Ali Khan under the Sunni Hazaras, likely instigated by the Sulaiman faction had risen up. Timur Shah had crushed this revolt quickly and Darwish Khan

4386-405: The east without a fight, Ahmad Shah turned westward to take possession of Mashhad , which was ruled by Nader Shah Afshar's grandson, Shahrukh Afshar . Ahmad Shah next sent an army to subdue the areas north of the Hindu Kush mountains. In short order, the powerful army brought under its control the Tajik , Hazara , Uzbek , Turkmen , and other tribes of northern Afghanistan. Ahmad Shah invaded

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4472-614: The expansion of China's Qing dynasty up to the eastern border of Kazakhstan, Ahmad Shah attempted to rally neighboring Muslim khanates and the Kazakhs to unite and attack China, ostensibly to liberate its western Muslim subjects. Ahmad Shah halted trade with Qing China and dispatched troops to Kokand . However, with his campaigns in India exhausting the state treasury, and with his troops stretched thin throughout Central Asia, Ahmad Shah lacked sufficient resources to do anything except to send envoys to Beijing for unsuccessful talks. The Mughal power in northern India had been declining after

4558-759: The former governor of Kabul was Mahmoud Khan Yawar and the later one was Ali Ahmad Khan (both Shaghasi) Barakzai. Abdul Aziz Khan (later Minister of war, and Prime Minister, Mohammad Sarwar Khan and Abdul Karim Khan were Naib -ul- Hukuma's (all of them were Shaghasi) Barakzai. In Mazar-e-Sharif and Herat Abdul Karim and Mohammad Ibrahim Khan (later Minister) were also Khan Naib -ul- Hukuma's, and Abdul Rahman and Nik Mohammad Khan were Firqa Meshar (all of them were Shaghasi) Barakzai. Abdul Karim Khan in Paktya, and Dost Mahammad Khan Nazim (later Naib Salar, Sipah Salar, Dar-ul-Adalat, and Hakim-e-Ala ) in Ghazni, Uruzgan and Kandahar were equally (Shaghasi) Barakzai, Mohammad Alam Khan in Lugar and Kuchi and other governors were

4644-497: The governor of Kandahar. Prominent figures in court who supported the Sulaiman faction were Shah Wali Khan, Ahmad Shah's Wazir, and Sardar Jahan Khan. The court had attempted to urge Ahmad Shah to reconsider his decision, coinciding with the fact that the eldest son should ascend to the throne. Ahmad had ignored this, and quoted: "Timur Shah was infinitely more capable of governing you than his brother". As well as accusing Sulaiman of being "Violent without clemency", and out of favour with

4730-404: The growing influential Qizilbash and Mongol guards consisted in his army. Timur Shah would also move the capital of the Durrani Realm from Kandahar to Kabul , as a better base of operation to combat any threat arriving from anywhere, as Kabul was essentially the heart of the empire. After consolidating his power, Timur Shah marched against the Sikh's in 1780 in a Jihad , and decisively defeated

4816-423: The killing of Shah Wali. Angu Khan Bamiza'i assassinated Shah Wali Khan and his two sons, including 2 of his sisters children. Shah Sulayman surrendered the throne to Timur Shah following this, and became a loyal follower of him according to the depiction of Amir Habibullah Khan. Timur Shah ascended the throne in November 1772. After his father, Ahmad Shah Durrani 's death, he fought his brother Humayun Mirza for

4902-442: The lancing of Zaman Shah's eyes, and had succeeded Zaman Shah on the throne of the Durrani Empire. Zaman Shah's overthrow in 1801 was not the end of civil strife in Afghanistan, but the beginning of even greater violence. Mahmud Shah's first reign lasted for only two years before he was replaced by Shuja Shah . Yet another of Timur Shah's sons, Shuja Shah (or Shah Shuja), ruled for only six years. On June 7, 1809, Shuja Shah signed

4988-524: The leader of the Afghans, rose in the jirga and said Why all this verbose talk? God has created Ahmad Khan a much greater man than any of you; his life is the most noble of all the Afghan families. Maintain, therefore, God's work, for His wrath will weigh heavily upon you if you destroy it. Ahmad Khan reputedly hesitated to accept the open decision of the jirga , so Sabir Khan again intervened. He placed some wheat or barley sheaves in Ahmad Khan's turban, and crowned him Badshah, Durr-i-Dauran (Shah, Pearl of

5074-441: The monarchy ended de jure under Musahiban Mohammad Zahir Shah and de facto under his cousin Sardar Mohammad Daoud Khan . The Barakzai dynasty was established by Dost Mohammad Khan after the Durrani dynasty of Ahmad Shah Durrani was removed from power. As the Pahlavi era in Iran, the Muhammadzai era was known for its progressivist modernity , practice of Sufism , peaceful security and neutrality , in which Afghanistan

5160-402: The palace had been completely rebuilt. 34°27′17.38″N 69°6′48.04″E  /  34.4548278°N 69.1133444°E  / 34.4548278; 69.1133444 Barakzai dynasty The Barakzai dynasty ( Pashto : بارکزایی , "Sons of Barak"), also known as the Muhammadzai dynasty ("the ruling sub-clan of the Barakzai"), ruled what is now Afghanistan from 1823 to 1978, when

5246-436: The pretext for the interventions of outside forces. The efforts of the Sadozai heirs of Timur to impose a true monarchy on the truculent Pashtun tribes, and their efforts to rule absolutely and without the advice of the other major Pashtun tribal leaders, were ultimately unsuccessful. The Sikhs started to rise under the command of Sikh chief, Ranjit Singh , who succeeded in wresting power from Zaman's forces. Later, when Zaman

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5332-415: The regions south of the Indus River , till Sutlej river. Following Ahmad's death in 1772, his son Timur Shah Durrani became the next ruler of the Durrani dynasty . Under Timur, the city of Kabul became the new capital of the Durrani Empire while Peshawar served as its winter capital . However, the empire had begun to crumble by this time, and faced territorial losses of Peshawar, Multan and Kashmir to

5418-480: The remnants of the Mughal Empire a third time, and then a fourth, consolidating control over the Kashmir and Punjab regions, with Lahore being governed by Afghans. He sacked Delhi in 1757 but permitted the Mughal dynasty to remain in nominal control of the city as long as the ruler acknowledged Ahmad Shah's suzerainty over Punjab, Sindh, and Kashmir. Leaving his second son Timur Shah to safeguard his interests, Ahmad Shah left India to return to Afghanistan. Alarmed by

5504-431: The rule of his rival cousin Mohammad Nadir Shah , siding with the British . His son Assadullah, whose nickname was "Sharza" became a general in the US Air Force , representing Telai interests in Washington DC . Another well known son of Prince Abdul Aziz was Brigade General Sardar Abdul Ghafar Khan, who acted as commander of the Personal Royal Brigade of his cousin King Nadir Shah . Prince Abdul Ghafar Khan executed

5590-432: The ruler of Bukhara who attempted raids into Afghan Turkestan and Khorasan, often harassing the Durrani vassal of the Afsharid dynasty centred in Mashhad . In conclusion, Timur Shah spent most of his reign consolidating the empire, while also fighting off rebellion, he prove himself as a competent leader from holding the unstable empire apart. Timur Shah died on 20 May 1793, succeeded by his son, Zaman Shah Durrani After

5676-622: The same. To the Shaghasi Khel is related King Amanullah Khan's mother Queen Sarwar Sultana Begum, Siraj ul-Khwatin , the Aliya Hazrat ( b . at Kabul, 1875; d . at Istanbul, Turkey, 1965), eldest daughter of Loinab Sher Dil Khan Shaghasi, by his third wife, Benazir Begum, a lady form the Popalzai clan. Ali Ahmad Khan Shaghasi (1883–1929) who was declared Emir of Afghanistan twice in 1929 son of General Loinab Khushdil Khan, sometime Governor of Kabul and Kandahar, by his wife Sahira Begum, daughter of Amir al-Mumenin, Amir al-Kabir, Amir Dost Muhammad Khan, Amir of Afghanistan, by his wife,

5762-413: The side of Ethnic Tajiks who threatened to revolt against Zahir Shah and pressure from the government of Pakistan on the question of the Durand Line , forced Zahir Shah to renounce his claim to the throne, he accepted the title of Baba-e-Millat ( transl.   Father of the Nation ), which weakened his political role. Since then Prince Ali of the Seraj cadet branch and Prince Nadir Naeem of

5848-474: The sixth time to subdue the Sikhs . From this time and on, the domination and control of the Empire began to loosen, and by the time of Durrani's death he had lost parts of Punjab to the Sikhs, as well as earlier losses of northern territories to the Uzbeks, necessitating a compromise with them. He assaulted Lahore and, after taking their holy city of Amritsar , massacred thousands of Sikh inhabitants, destroyed their revered Golden Temple . Within two years,

5934-413: The surname Dakik (Persian for "Exact") after the Saur Revolution . Next to the title Sultan (above Sardar /Prince but below Shah /King), they also bear the title Mir and Sayyid to denote their descent to Muhammad through General Mir Muhammad Jan. Another known son of Prince Abdul Aziz was Field Marshal Prince Amir Muhammad Khan Telai, who proclaimed himself Shah in exile in Peshawar contesting

6020-441: The throne after defeating Habibullah Kalakani . The most prominent and powerful sub-clan of the Barakzai Pashtun tribe is the Mohammadzai , from which the 1823–1973 Afghanistan ruling dynasty comes. Prior the seizing of the Durrani empire by the Barakzai dynasty, Loy Qandahar was captured by the Dil Brothers, Sardar Pur Dil Khan , Sardar Kohan Dil Khan , Sardar Sher Dil Khan , Sardar Mir Dil Khan , Sardar Rahim Dil Khan , in

6106-408: The throne, Zaman's younger brother, Mahmud Shah . The clans of the chiefs Zaman had executed joined forces with the rebels, and they took Kandahar without bloodshed. Mahmud Shah had then proceeded to march to Kabul, where he met Zaman Shah and his army on the way from Ghanzi to Kabul, Zaman Shah was decisively defeated, including portions of his army fleeing to Mahmud Shah's cause. Mahmud Shah ordered

6192-406: The throne, with Humayun supported by Shah Wali Khan. Shah Wali was killed by Timur Shah as he attempted to ride into his camp and beg for peace and mercy. Timur Shah then marched to Kandahar , forcing Humayun to either flee or stay as a devout supporter for Timur Shah. With his throne secured, he began consolidating his power, with efforts to drive power away from the Durrani Pashtuns, and more toward

6278-653: The year 1818 and declared their independence, which lasted as an independent state until 1855, when Amir Dost Mohammad Khan unified Qandahar with Kabul. At the start of Barakzai rule over Emirate of Kabul in March 1823, the Afghans lost their former stronghold of the Peshawar Valley to the Sikh Khalsa Army of Ranjit Singh at the Battle of Nowshera . The Afghan forces in the battle were supported by Azim Khan , half-brother of Dost Mohammad Khan. During

6364-751: Was Sardar Yasin Khan Omar Khanzai (Barakzai) , resident of Maruf District (at that time part of Arghistan District) of Kandahar, and one of the notable Sardars of Kandahar during the reigns of Timur Shah Durrani and brother to Muhammad of the Mohammadzai . The Shaghasi's were even more powerful than the Mohammadzai's during the ruling of Emir Sher Ali Khan - Emir of Afghanistan, and Emir Amanullah Khan - Emir of Afghanistan (February 28, 1919 – 1926), later King of Afghanistan (1926 - January 14, 1929). Prominent Afghan historian, Abdul Hai Habibi denotes that during King Amanullah Khan 's reign,

6450-428: Was Prince Abdul Qayyum Khan, who acted as Governor of many central Afghan Provinces. Prince Abdul Qayyum Khan's son was the Afghan father of physics and Royal Afghan UN ambassador Professor Prince Abdul Khalek Khan Telai, who was a Murid (religious novice) of his father-in-law Mir Muhammad Jan son of Mir Fazlullah Agha . Prince Abdul Khalek's descendants consequently call themselves the Mir Muhammad Jan Khel and chose

6536-459: Was blinded by his brother, Ranjit Singh gave him asylum in Punjab. Zaman's downfall was triggered by his attempts to consolidate power. Although it had been through the support of the Barakzai chief, Painda Khan Barakzai, that he had come to the throne, Zaman soon began to remove prominent Barakzai leaders from positions of power and replace them with men of his own lineage, the Sadozai. This upset

6622-420: Was campaigning in 1810, another one of Timur Shah's sons placed himself in rule at Kabul. Abbas Mirza ruled for a short period of time before being defeated by Mahmud Shah once he returned from campaign. Ali Shah was another son of Timur Shah . He seized power for a brief period in 1818–1819. in 1818 or 1819, He was strangled by his brother, Isma'il. Ayub Shah was another son of Timur Shah, who took control of

6708-628: Was forced to return to India and face the formidable attacks of the Maratha Confederacy. Ahmad Shah declared a jihad (or Islamic holy war) against the Marathas , and warriors from various Afghan tribes joined his army, including the Baloch people under the command of Khan of Kalat Mir Nasir I of Kalat . Suba Khan Tanoli (Zabardast Khan) was selected as army chief of all military forces. Early skirmishes were followed by victory for

6794-494: Was imprisoned; however, he later escaped. Timur Shah had then lured him into Herat , offering pardon, where then Timur Shah had ordered his execution where his nephew, Muhammad Khan would be appointed in his place. During the revolt of Darwish, Ahmad Shah had died of his illness in 1772. Shah Wali Khan and Sardar Jahan Khan kept the Shah's death a secret by placing the body on a palanquin covered by thick curtains. They had then left

6880-572: Was invited to the palace by Queen Soraya to describe Western lifestyle and customs to the Queen and the King's mother . On December 27, 1979, the Soviet Union launched its intervention in Afghanistan. That evening, the Soviet military launched Operation Storm-333 , in which some 700 troops, including 54 KGB spetsnaz special forces troops from the Alpha Group and Zenith Group, stormed

6966-561: Was referred to as the "Switzerland of Asia". The Barakzai claim descent from the children of Israel in a direct line through the first Israeli King Saul , whose family intermarried with the family of his successor King David . King Saul's grandson the Prince (Malak) Afghana was grown up by King Solomon , acting as his commander in chief and Manager in the construction of the Temple Mount . However Prince Afghana sought refuge in

7052-438: Was reinstated by the British, ruling during 1839–1842. Two of his sons also ruled for a brief period in 1842. Mahmud's second reign lasted 9 years, where he had further attempted to consolidate power, but was deposed by his brother in 1818, Mahmud's reign was also disputed in 1810, while he was campaigning, another one of Timur Shah Durrani 's sons had seized the throne, but was defeated by Shah Mahmud in 1810. While Mahmud Shah

7138-732: Was ruled by the Afsharid dynasty under Shahrokh Shah , who also acknowledged Afghan suzerainty. Subsequently, Ahmad sent an army to subdue the areas north of the Hindu Kush down to the Amu Darya , and in short order, all of the different Afghan tribes began to join his cause. Under Ahmad, the Afghans invaded India on eight occasions , subjugating parts of Kashmir and the majority of Punjab . In early 1757, he sacked Delhi , but permitted Mughal emperor Alamgir II to remain in nominal control as long as he acknowledged Afghan suzerainty over

7224-599: Was that of His Royal Highness Field Marshal Prince Abdul Aziz Khan Telai and his children. Prince Abdul Aziz Telai was son of the Afghan King HM Sultan Mohammed Khan Telai and acted as a Field Marshal of the Afghan Army, preceding his grand-nephew Muhammad Nadir Shah as Minister of war under his other grand-nephew King Amanullah Khan . Prince Abdul Aziz additionally acted as Governor of Kandahar and Badakhshan . His eldest son

7310-569: Was the daughter of Alamgir II . According to some historians, the palace seems to have been renovated by Zaman Shah Durrani in 1795 (1210 AH), which was subsequently destroyed in military conflicts, and the ruins from ancient times remain. Foreign soldiers of ISAF have documented ruins of the former castle. The new palace was constructed in the 1920s to house the Afghan royal family . The Swedish memoir writer Aurora Nilsson (also known as Rora Asim Khan ), who lived in Afghanistan with her Afghan husband in 1926–27, describes in her memoirs how she

7396-467: Was waged along a twelve-kilometer front. There were rebellions in the north in the region of Bukhara . The Durranis decisively defeated the Marathas in the Third Battle of Panipat on 14 January 1761. The defeat at Panipat resulted in heavy losses for the Marathas, and was a huge setback for Peshwa Balaji Rao. He received the news of the defeat of Panipat on 24 January 1761 at Bhilsa , while leading

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