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64-577: Talian may refer to: Talian dialect , a dialect spoken in Brazil Talian, Iran , a village in Tehran province, Iran People with the surname [ edit ] Jozef Talian (born 1985), Slovak footballer Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Talian . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

128-572: A quantity similar to that of districts in the state. Inside the sinople rhombus, jalde stars symbolized the municipalities. According to the 2022 Brazilian census conducted by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), Santa Catarina has a total population of 7.6 million and a population density of 79.5 inhabitants per square kilometre. This ranks it as the tenth most populous state in Brazil , accounting for 3.75% of

192-483: A significant portion of the state's territory. Comprising basaltic sediments (lava flows), interspersed with sandstone deposits, its eastern boundary is a mountainous edge known as the Serra Geral . In the north of the state, the edge of the basaltic plateau is situated inland. Moving southwards, it progressively approaches the coast until, at the border with Rio Grande do Sul, it starts to descend directly towards

256-552: A uniquely southern Brazilian dialect emerged. Veneto became the basis for Italian-Brazilian regionalism. Talian has been very much influenced not only by other Italian languages but also Portuguese , the national language of Brazil; this can be seen in the employment of numerous non-Venetian loanwords . It has been estimated that there have been 130 books published in Talian, including works of both poetry and prose. Similar to Riograndenser Hunsrückisch ( hunsriqueano riograndense ),

320-726: Is formed by a group of massifs isolated by the deep valleys of the rivers that descend to the Atlantic Ocean. Behind the Serra do Mar , the Palaeozoic plateau extends. Its flattened area is divided into spaces separated by rivers, which flow eastward. The Palaeozoic plateau decreases in altitude from north to south. In the southern portion of the state, it merges with the coastal plain, since the Serra do Mar does not extend to this region of Santa Catarina. The Basaltic plateau encompasses

384-572: Is mainly a Venetian dialect mixed with Italian dialects from the Veneto region as well as Lombardy and other Italian regions, influenced by local Portuguese . Italian settlers first began arriving into these regions in a wave of immigration lasting from approximately 1875 to 1914. These settlers were mainly from Veneto , a region in Northern Italy , where Venetian was spoken, but also from Trentino and Friuli-Venezia Giulia . In

448-568: Is one of the 27 federative units of Brazil . It is located in the centre of the country's Southern region . It is bordered to the north by the state of Paraná , to the south by the state of Rio Grande do Sul , to the east by the Atlantic Ocean , and to the west by the Argentine province of Misiones . The state covers an area of approximately 95,730.69 square kilometres (37,000 sq mi), comparable to Hungary , and ranking as

512-583: Is situated at latitudes lower than Santa Catarina. Despite this, it is in the higher areas of the Santa Catarina southern plateau where there is a higher occurrence of snowfall in Brazil during the winter months. The state also holds the record for the lowest temperature recorded in Brazilian territory by official bodies. The temperature reached −14 °C in Caçador on 11 June 1952. On the other hand,

576-664: Is the Iguazu River , and that of the Uruguay River . The latter has as its main tributaries the Pelotas , Canoas , Chapecó , and Do Peixe rivers. Fully embedded within the Atlantic Forest biome, the original vegetation of Santa Catarina encompasses two formations: forests and grasslands . On the plateau, they occur in the form of mixed coniferous ( Araucaria ) forests with broadleaved trees and, in

640-720: Is the past participle of the verb itself. Etymologically, the name Catherine derives from the Greek term εκατερινα , meaning "pure" or "immaculate". At the outset of the 16th century , the area now known as the state of Santa Catarina was populated by the Carijós, a tribe belonging to the Tupi-Guarani group . These Indigenous peoples were catechised (educated and pacified in the Catholic faith) starting from 1549. Expeditions from Portugal and Spain commenced exploration of

704-539: The Japanese . In Santa Catarina, two different groups of languages are spoken: indigenous languages and allochthonous languages , some of which are minority languages. There are three indigenous or native languages: Kaingang , Mbyá-Guarani , and Xokleng . With the European settlement of the state, allochthonous or immigrant languages emerged and persist today. These languages include Portuguese (by far

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768-640: The Juliana Republic in July 1839. Defeated by the troops of the Empire of Brazil , the rebels left Laguna. The new South American country had a short duration because, when its independence was proclaimed, it stopped paying the Riograndense Republic due to lack of resources. The last Ragamuffin trenches were demolished in 1840. European colonisation, especially from Germany and Italy ,

832-539: The Köppen-Geiger climate classification system , Santa Catarina predominantly features a humid subtropical climate ( Cfa ) in the coastal lowlands and the lower altitude areas of the plateau, whilst the remainder of the plateau is characterised by a subtropical oceanic climate ( Cfb ). Both have the four seasons well-defined and a rainfall regime evenly distributed throughout the year. The humid subtropical climate (Cfa) records average temperatures of 20 °C in

896-409: The island now known as Santa Catarina around 1675, is said to have given the place its name. There, he built a chapel dedicated to Catherine of Alexandria , whom, it is claimed, one of his daughters was named after. Other authors attribute the origin of the name to Sebastian Cabot , who is said to have dedicated the island. At that time, the renowned Venetian explorer and cartographer passed through

960-431: The seventh smallest Brazilian state by area . With a population of 7.6 million inhabitants in 2022, it is the tenth most populous state in Brazil . Its capital is Florianópolis , the second most populous city in the state after Joinville . Alongside Espírito Santo , Santa Catarina is one of the two states whose capital is not the largest city. Jorginho Mello , a member of the conservative Liberal Party , has been

1024-674: The southern Brazilian states of Rio Grande do Sul , Santa Catarina and Paraná , as well as in Espírito Santo . Nowadays, there are approximately 3 million people of Italian ancestry in Rio Grande do Sul, about 30% of the local population, and approximately 1.7 million people in Espírito Santo, which accounts for 65% of the local population. According to some estimates, there are up to one million Italian descendants; Ethnologue reported 4,000,000 Italian descendants in

1088-493: The 16th century. From the outset of Brazil's colonisation, the lands of Brazil's southern region did not greatly interest the Portuguese colonisers. This was due to the absence of precious metals and its colder climate (as frosts hindered the cultivation of sugarcane ). The Portuguese only began to take an interest in the region in the mid- 17th century . The settlement of Nossa Senhora da Graça do Rio de São Francisco

1152-732: The Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Governorate of New Andalusia to the west. These extinct states were delimited by the Treaty of Tordesillas . The captaincy was elevated to the status of a province with the declaration of independence of Brazil . The province of Santa Catarina suffered profound consequences from the Ragamuffin War , which took place in Rio Grande do Sul in 1835. The revolutionaries, led by Giuseppe Garibaldi and David Canabarro , invaded Laguna and declared

1216-565: The Santa Catarina coast in the early years following Brazil's discovery by Europeans. Sebastian Cabot , en route to the Rio de la Plata , navigated past the island then known as Dos Patos , bestowing upon it the name Santa Catarina in 1526. In 1534, John III of Portugal awarded the mainland territories to Pedro Lopes de Sousa . Nevertheless, these lands remained largely uninhabited, with Jesuits , Spanish, and Portuguese settlers exploring them but failing to establish any permanent settlements throughout

1280-436: The Serra do Mar. Meanwhile, towards the south, it gradually narrows. The Serra do Mar occupies the coastal lowland in the western part. In the north of the state, it forms the mountainous edge of a reasonably average plateau. It has a very different feature from what is found in other states such as Paraná and São Paulo . In Santa Catarina, it constitutes a range of mountains, with points above one thousand metres. This range

1344-691: The Spanish to surrender the invaded region. The Captaincy of Our Lady of the Rosary of Paranaguá was founded by the Marquis of Cascais in 1656. It replaced the Captaincy of Santana, which began at the mouth of the Paranaguá Bay and ended in the current city of Laguna . It is bounded by the Captaincy of Santo Amaro (part of the second section of São Vicente ) to the north, the salty waters of

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1408-522: The Talian dialect to be an integral part of the historical heritage of their respective states. In 2009, the city of Serafina Corrêa , in Rio Grande do Sul, elected Talian as co-official language, alongside Portuguese . Finally, in 2014 Talian was declared to be part of the cultural heritage of Brazil ( Língua e referência cultural brasileira ) by the National Institute of Historic and Artistic Heritage . In 2015 Serafina Corrêa received

1472-557: The area between 1526 and 1527. He is thought to have consecrated it to Saint Catherine , or rather, honoured his wife, Catarina Medrano. The name of the state is derived from that of the island. The state's native inhabitants are called Catarinenses or Barrigas-Verdes (lit. Green-Belly). The origin of the term comes from the waistcoat worn by the soldiers of the Portuguese military forces, under Joaquim Francisco do Livramento. These troops, in 1753, departed from Santa Catarina to fight in Rio Grande do Sul and secured for Brazil

1536-413: The backlanders. Moreover, Paraná and Santa Catarina were disputing the region where they lived, which is why the area was called Contestado. The disagreement between the two federative units and the armed conflict of the caboclos only ended completely in 1916. Santa Catarina's territory was invaded by the rebellious forces, which came from Rio Grande do Sul, in 1930. However, Florianópolis resisted until

1600-464: The best in Brazil. The state leads in life expectancy and public safety , and boasts the lowest rates of homicide , illiteracy , poverty and extreme poverty in the country. It holds also the third-highest Human Development Index (HDI), the third-highest GDP per capita , and the third-lowest rates of infant mortality . Additionally, it is the federative unit with the least economic inequality in Brazil. Francisco Dias Velho, who arrived on

1664-480: The colonisation of the far west and the centre of the state by Italian-Brazilian settlers has contributed to the progress of Santa Catarina. These settlers came from Rio Grande do Sul. Santa Catarina is one of the three states in the Southern Region of Brazil. It is bordered to the north by the state of Paraná , to the south by the state of Rio Grande do Sul , to the east by the Atlantic Ocean , and to

1728-508: The conquest of the Captaincy of Santa Catarina . Originating from Catholicism , the name honours the state's patron saint. The Romans worshipped an ancient deity, Sancus , who ensured promises and oaths were not violated, mandating their fulfilment. From his name comes the Latin verb sancire, "to consecrate". Sanctus, "holy, consecrated, which must, above all, be treated with respect",

1792-484: The country's total population. The state's largest city, Joinville , has a population of 616,317, making it the 34th most populous city in Brazil. Meanwhile, its capital, Florianópolis , which is the state's second-largest city, has a population of 537,211, ranking it 39th among Brazilian municipalities by population. The population grew by approximately 1.3 million inhabitants since 2010, representing an increase of 21.79% between 2010 and 2022. In 2022, around 50.71% of

1856-426: The country. It holds also the third-highest GDP per capita , and the third-lowest rates of infant mortality and illiteracy . Additionally, it is the federative unit with the least economic inequality in Brazil.  †  Region seat  ††  State capital and region seat population Ethnicities and racial groups of Santa Catarina in 2022 According to the 2022 Brazilian census ,

1920-399: The governor of the state since 2023. It is one of the Brazilian states with the most mountainous terrain, where 52% of the territory is located above 600 metres. According to the Köppen-Geiger climate classification system , Santa Catarina predominantly features a humid subtropical climate ( Cfa ) in the coastal lowlands and the lower altitude areas of the plateau, whilst the remainder of

1984-536: The highest relief . Four geomorphological units, ranging from the coast to the interior, form the state's relief: the coastal lowland, the Serra do Mar, the Palaeozoic plateau, and the Basaltic plateau. The lowest altitudes are found in the coastal lowland, which encompasses lands located below 200 metres. In the northern part, it is quite wide, extending far inland through the valleys of the rivers that flow from

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2048-459: The highest temperature reached 44.6 °C in Orleans on 6 January 1963. The hottest localities in the state are located in the regions of the southern coast, Itajaí Valley, and extreme west. This is because here lies the city considered the hottest in Santa Catarina, Itapiranga . In these regions, temperatures can exceed 40 °C in the summer or on other extreme occasions. The rivers that flow through

2112-558: The incursion of polar air masses is more common, some being stronger and more extensive, causing temperatures to fall below zero in various cities. The majority of these cities are located in the Midwest, North Plateau, and South Plateau. Notably, Bom Jardim da Serra , São Joaquim , Urubici , and Urupema , situated on the South Plateau, rank among the coldest municipalities in the country. A large part of Rio Grande do Sul

2176-422: The index into indicators of income, education, and life expectancy, the state ranks 4th in income (with an index of 0.759), 3rd in education (with an index of 0.790), and 3rd in life expectancy (with an index of 0.827). The socioeconomic indicators of Santa Catarina rank among the best in Brazil. The state leads in public safety , and boasts the lowest rates of homicide , poverty and extreme poverty in

2240-422: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talian&oldid=933198995 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Talian dialect Talian

2304-442: The lowland and foothills of the Serra do Mar, solely as broadleaved forest. The grasslands appear as scattered patches within the mixed forest. The main ones are those of São Joaquim, Lages , Curitibanos , and Campos Novos . In the fauna of Santa Catarina, about 600 species of birds, 150 mammals, and 140 systematic denominations of amphibians are catalogued. There are 1,150 Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths), in addition to

2368-519: The lowlands and the Uruguay Valley, and 18 °C in the western extremity of the state. Conversely, the temperate subtropical climate ( Cfb ) sees average temperatures ranging between 16 and 18 °C. There is a significant difference between summer and winter temperatures, leading to a considerable thermal amplitude throughout the year. Winters vary from cool to cold, with some regions experiencing about 25 days of frost annually. During this period,

2432-525: The main German dialect spoken by southern Brazilians of German origin, Talian has suffered great deprecation since the 1940s. At that time, president Getúlio Vargas started the so-called Nationalization Campaign to force non-Portuguese speakers of Brazil to "better integrate" into the national mainstream culture. Speaking Talian or German in public, especially in education and press, was forbidden. Sample text: Talian has historically been spoken mainly in

2496-550: The most widely spoken and used language in the state), Talian and other Italian dialects, High German variants, and Low German variants such as the Pomeranian dialect near Blumenau and Pomerode . Certain dialects were born in the region. Among them is Portuñol , a combination of Portuguese and Spanish spoken in the border regions with Argentina . And Katarinensisch, part of the Hunsrik dialect, originating from

2560-399: The national apple production, and Santa Catarina tops, competing with the Rio Grande do Sul. The São Joaquim region is responsible for 35% of the apple planting. Santa Catarina is also a national leader in the production of onions. In 2017, it produced 630,000 tons, especially in the municipalities of Alfredo Wagner, Angelina and Rancho Queimado. In banana production, Santa Catarina was

2624-1157: The national language of Germany. Other linguistic nuclei on a smaller scale include Spanish, Polish , Lithuanian , Japanese , Arabic , Yiddish and others. According to the 2010 population census, the population of Santa Catarina comprises Roman Catholics (73.07%); Protestants or Evangelicals (20.4%); Spiritists (1.58%); Jehovah's Witnesses (0.74%); Mormons (0.11%); the Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church (0.17%); Buddhists (0.05%); new Eastern religions (0.04%), among which Messianics constitute 0.03%; Muslims (0.01%); Orthodox Christians (0.07%); followers of Umbanda (0.14%); Jewish (0.02%); Spiritualists (0.03%); adherents of esoteric traditions (0.17%); Indigenous religions (0.03%); practitioners of Candomblé (0.09%); and Hindus (0.01%). Another 3.27% had no religion , including atheists (0.29%) and agnostics (0.6%); 0.29% followed other Christian denominations; 0.21% had an undetermined faith; 0.04% were unsure, 0.04% followed other Eastern religions, and 0.03% did not declare. With only 1.12% of

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2688-514: The national territory, Santa Catarina was the eighth-largest producer of maize and the eleventh-largest producer of soybeans in Brazil, in the year 2017. When production per unit area is considered, the State becomes the national leader in corn, with an average of 8,100 kilograms per hectare, and second in soybeans, with 3.580 kilos per hectare. In 15 years, there has been a 118% growth in corn productivity and 58% in soybean. In 2019, corn production in

2752-889: The north, the Saí-Guaçu river in the municipality of Itapoá ; to the south, the Mampituba river in Praia Grande ; to the east, the Ponta dos Ingleses in Florianópolis ; to the west, the confluence of the Uruguay and Pepiri-Guazu rivers in Itapiranga , on the border with Argentina . Santa Catarina has 77% of its territory above 300 metres and 52% above 600 metres, making it one of the Brazilian federative units with

2816-536: The plateau is characterised by an oceanic climate ( Cfb ). The state of Santa Catarina is one of the oldest states in Brazil. It separated from São Paulo in 1738, with José da Silva Pais serving as its first governor. The state was established to extend Portuguese dominions to southern Brazil, reaching as far as the Rio de la Plata region. It is also the oldest state in the South Region of Brazil, predating Rio Grande do Sul (1807) and Paraná (1853). The state

2880-487: The population (3,859,258 people) were female , whilst about 49.28% of the population (3,751,103 people) were male . The Human Development Index of Santa Catarina is considered high according to the UNDP . According to the latest Atlas of Human Development in Brazil, released in 2023 with data pertaining to 2021, the state has the 3rd highest HDI among the federal units in Brazil, with an overall index of 0.792. Breaking down

2944-462: The population of Santa Catarina was primarily composed of White Brazilians (76.28%), mixed race individuals (19.22%), Afro-Brazilians (4.07%), indigenous peoples (0.25%) and Asian Brazilians (0.18%). Historically, the region was primarily inhabited by the Kaingang , Xokleng , and Guarani peoples, whose populations were reduced since the beginning of colonisation but have survived to

3008-667: The present day. During colonial Brazil , Spanish colonisers were the first to initiate settlement in the territory of Santa Catarina. However, the territory later came under Portuguese control, marked by Portuguese immigration and the arrival of African slaves . Subsequently, the territory experienced further population growth with the arrival of more Portuguese (especially Azoreans ) and other European immigrants ( Italians , Germans , Poles , Ukrainians , Lithuanians , Jews , Dutch , Belgians , Swiss , Austrians , French , English , Irish , Norwegians , Swedes , Danes , Czechs , Slovaks , Greeks , and Russians ), as well as by

3072-409: The registration of about 2,300 vascular plants . The flag of Santa Catarina is a rectangle divided into three horizontal bands: the upper and lower, sips, and the central, argent. In the middle you can see a sinople rhombus with the coat of arms in the center. On August 15, 1895, Santa Catarina received a flag, designed by José Artur Boiteux. It had thirteen horizontal stripes of sips and argent in

3136-400: The revolutionary squadron led by Custódio José de Melo . The armed conflicts spread throughout the coast of Santa Catarina. Defeated in 1894, the revolutionaries were severely punished by the loyalist troops. Hercílio Luz was elected governor in 1894 and developed a policy for the pacification of the region and the repair of the infrastructural problems that the state had suffered. Desterro

3200-420: The sea. The plateau area is reasonably average and slopes gently westward. The rivers, flowing towards the neighbouring state of Paraná, have carved deep valleys into it. The lands of the mixed ombrophilous forest are infertile, as are the soils of the grasslands , which are utilised for dairy and beef cattle farming. The soils of the humid subtropical forest are characterised by their fertility. According to

3264-483: The south of Brazil these immigrants settled as smallholders in the region of Encosta da Serra. There they created three settlements: Conde D'Eu (now Garibaldi ), Dona Isabel (now Bento Gonçalves ), and Campo dos Bugres (now Caxias do Sul ). As more people arrived, the Italian settlement expanded beyond these localities. Approximately 100,000 immigrants from Northern Italy arrived between 1875 and 1910. As time went by,

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3328-432: The state harvested 2.3 million tons (Brazil produced 116 million tons this year, being the largest producer in the world). The state was the second-largest rice producer in the country in 2020, second only to the Rio Grande do Sul, harvesting around 1.1 million tons of the product. Total national production was 10.5 million tons this year. The three Southern States of the country are responsible for 95% of

3392-562: The state reached 2.8 million tons (in 2018, Brazil was the third-largest producer in the world, with 82 million tons. However, the annual demand for corn in the state is 7 million tons—97% is for animal consumption, especially for pigs and broilers (83.8%), as Santa Catarina has the largest pig population among Brazilian states and the second largest in poultry. The corn deficit is covered by interstate imports, mainly from Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Paraná and Goiás, and from countries like Argentina and Paraguay. In soy production, in 2019

3456-576: The state's territory are part of both autonomous systems delineated by the Serra Geral and Serra do Mar mountain ranges. The South Atlantic basin is made up of inter-delimited basins, such as those of the Itajaí-Açu , Tubarão , Araranguá , Tijucas , and Itapocu rivers. In the interior of the state, two basins come together to form the Plata basin : that of the Paraná , whose most important tributary

3520-519: The territory disputed by the Spanish. With this objective, immigration from Madeira Island and the Azores was sought. An insular defensive system was implemented. From 1748 to 1756, around five thousand Azorean immigrants began to populate the island and the coastline of the captaincy. Disputes between Portugal and Spain led to the occupation and destruction of the island of Santa Catarina by Spanish troops in 1777. The First Treaty of San Ildefonso forced

3584-658: The title of national capital of Talian. In 2019 Nova Erechim was recognized as the capital of Talian in Santa Catarina . In 2021, Governor Ratinho Júnior sanctioned state law 20,757, which makes the municipality of Colombo the capital of Talian in Paraná . Newspapers in the Talian-speaking region feature articles written in the language. There are some radio programs broadcast in Talian. Santa Catarina (state) Santa Catarina ( Brazilian Portuguese: [ˈsɐ̃tɐ kataˈɾinɐ] )

3648-481: The triumph of the revolution throughout the country . During the Second World War , it was necessary to address the issue of Nazi infiltration in the state. In this area, the Brazilian military effort was not compromised by groups of Germans, following a futile attempt. Up until 1945, intervenors governed the state throughout President Getúlio Vargas 's administration. Since the 1950s, encouragement for

3712-578: The west by the Argentine province of Misiones . The state covers an area of approximately 95,730.69 square kilometres (37,000 sq mi), comparable to Hungary , and ranking as the seventh smallest Brazilian state by area . Its territory is entirely below the Tropic of Capricorn , in the southern temperate zone of the planet. It follows the UTC−03:00 time zone ( Brasília time ), three hours behind Greenwich Mean Time . Its extreme points are: to

3776-443: The year 2006, but these numbers do not reflect absolutely the number of Talian speakers. During the " Estado Novo " period of the government of Getúlio Vargas , the use of Talian was declared illegal. As a result of the traumas of Vargas' policies, there is, even to this day, a stigma attached to speaking these languages. In 2009, the legislative assemblies of the states of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina approved laws declaring

3840-531: Was boosted in the second half of the 19th century. The colonies of Dona Francisca, later Joinville , were established in 1850; Blumenau in 1852; and Brusque in 1860. The province adhered to the proclamation of the Republic . However, the appointed governor rebelled against the federal government of the time, supporting the Federalist Revolution in 1893. Desterro became the naval base of

3904-477: Was established by Manuel Lourenço de Andrade and his friends in 1658. The present-day city was the first permanent settlement in the region. The settlement of Nossa Senhora do Desterro , on the island of Santa Catarina, was established by the Paulista bandeirante Francisco Dias Velho in 1675. At that time, the notable settler was accompanied by his heirs, slaves, and servants. In 1676, the settlement of Laguna

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3968-406: Was initiated by Domingos de Brito Peixoto. The Captaincy of Santa Catarina, initially linked to São Paulo , was founded in 1738. It was separated from São Paulo and incorporated into Rio de Janeiro's in 1739. From the 1740s onwards, initiated by Alexandre de Gusmão , minister of King John V , Portugal began a colonisation and settlement project in southern Brazil, aiming to secure possession of

4032-405: Was populated by various peoples throughout its history, such as the indigenous Carijós people of the Tupi-Guarani group, and later became an important destination for Azorean Portuguese , Italian , German , and other European immigrants. African slaves and their descendants also contributed to the formation of the state's population. The socioeconomic indicators of Santa Catarina rank among

4096-455: Was renamed Florianópolis, in honour of Floriano Peixoto , following a turn of events that cost the lives of the defenders of the revolution. The Contestado War began in 1912. This conflict pitted the needy inhabitants of the region located between the Negro , Iguazu , Canoas , and Uruguay rivers against the official forces. José Maria de Santo Agostinho, a healer considered sacred, led

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