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63-668: The Tama River ( 多摩川 , Tama-gawa ) is a major river in Yamanashi , Kanagawa and Tokyo Prefectures on Honshū , Japan. It is officially classified as a Class 1 river by the Japanese government . It is 138 kilometres (86 mi) long, and has a 1,240 square kilometres (480 sq mi) basin. The river flows through the Greater Tokyo Area , on the dividing line between Tokyo and Kanagawa Prefectures. In Tokyo, its banks are lined with parks and sports fields, making

126-556: A brief description, coined the binomial name Anas galericulata and cited the earlier publications. The mandarin duck is now placed together with the wood duck in the genus Aix that was introduced in 1828 by the German ornithologist Friedrich Boie . The species is monotypic : no subspecies are recognised. The genus name is the Ancient Greek word for an unknown diving bird mentioned by Aristotle . The specific epithet

189-632: A comeback after the 1969 designation of the river as a wildlife protection zone. The expanse of greenery between the levees and the river itself attract additional wildlife. In the summer of 2002, Tama-chan , a normally arctic male bearded seal first spotted in the Tama River by the Maruko Bridge , became a major nationwide celebrity. In recent years the Tama River has been settled by a larger number of non-native species including red-eared slider turtles and tropical fish like piranhas . It

252-425: A decrease in the costs from parental care and incubation. Additionally, female parasitic ducks can reduce their risks from predation . While there was speculation that larger clutch sizes can lead to an increase in resource competition, research has found that the number of parasite eggs had no negative influence on the success of eggs from the host . Over generations, conspecific brood parasitism can increase

315-472: A few low to mid-rise office buildings. High-rises were virtually nonexistent until the late 2000s, with the bottoming of Tokyo's two-decade-long real estate bubble collapse. This has changed with increased rail passenger services due to double tracking and line extensions and thru-services. The skyline has visibly changed at Futako-Tamagawa Station and Musashi-Kosugi Station but there are also renewed developments from Keio-Tamagawa Station area downstream as

378-528: A nearby body of water. Mandarins feed by dabbling or walking on land. They mainly eat plants and seeds , especially beech mast. The species will also add snails, insects and small fish to its diet. The diet of mandarin ducks changes seasonally; in the fall and winter, they mostly eat acorns and grains. In the spring, they mostly eat insects, snails, fish and aquatic plants. In the summer, they eat dew worms, small fish, frogs, mollusks, and small snakes. They feed mainly near dawn or dusk, perching in trees or on

441-701: A single bird, dubbed Mandarin Patinkin , was seen in New York City 's Central Park . The habitats it prefers in its breeding range are the dense, shrubby forested edges of rivers and lakes. It mostly occurs in low-lying areas, but it may breed in valleys at altitudes of up to 1,500 m (4,900 ft). In winter, it additionally occurs in marshes, flooded fields, and open rivers. While it prefers fresh water, it may also be seen wintering in coastal lagoons and estuaries. In its introduced European range, it lives in more open habitat than in its native range, around

504-400: A steep increase in the numbers of ayu migrating upstream. Other fish such as loach inhabit the river, as do crabs, turtles and crayfish. Japanese cormorants , kingfishers , white wagtails , eastern spot-billed ducks , grey herons , little egrets , Japanese white-eyes , mandarin ducks , and black-headed gulls are among birds often seen at the river. Various types of ducks have made

567-504: A symbol of conjugal affection and fidelity, and are frequently featured in Chinese art. A Chinese proverb for loving couples uses the mandarin duck as a metaphor: "Two mandarin ducks playing in water" (simplified Chinese: 鸳鸯戏水 ; traditional Chinese: 鴛鴦戲水 ; pinyin: yuānyāng xì shuǐ ). A mandarin duck symbol is also used in Chinese weddings because in traditional Chinese lore, they symbolize wedded bliss and fidelity. Because

630-533: Is a perching duck species native to the East Palearctic . It is  sexually dimorphic , with males showing a dramatic difference from the females. It is medium-sized, at 41–49 cm (16–19 in) long with a 65–75 cm (26–30 in) wingspan. It is closely related to the North American wood duck , the only other member of the genus Aix . 'Aix' is an Ancient Greek word which

693-463: Is a rugby club named after the river, called Tamariba Club .) There are also many playgrounds, park spaces and golf driving ranges found on the side of the river as it passes through the city. A bike path and running track travels the length of the river through urban Tokyo, extending to the river mouth in Tokyo bay. The areas around Tama River on both sides have generally been suburban in nature, with

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756-430: Is assumed that life for tropical fish became possible because of higher water temperature of river due to global warming and waste water from sewage treatment plants. Those higher temperatures now allow tropical pet fish abandoned by their owners to survive the cold Japanese winters. In the early 2000s a Kawasaki man named Mitsuaki Yamasaki established a "fish shelter" to house pet fish that owners would otherwise dump into

819-437: Is from Latin galericulatum meaning a "peruke" or "wig". The mandarin duck is among the more diminutive types of waterfowl, with a shorter height and smaller overall body size than the dabbling ducks , and is slightly smaller than its American wood duck relatives. The adult male has a petite, red bill, large white crescent above the eye and reddish face and "whiskers". The male's breast is purple with two vertical white bars,

882-466: Is landlocked, with high mountains surrounding the central Kōfu Basin. Mount Fuji and the Fuji Five Lakes region is located on the southern border with Shizuoka. Mount Fuji provides rain shadow effects, and as a result, the prefecture receives only about 818 mm of rainfall a year. As of April 1, 2012, 27% of the total land area of the prefecture was designated as Natural Parks , namely

945-480: Is the capital and largest city of Yamanashi Prefecture, with other major cities including Kai , Minamiarupusu , and Fuefuki . Yamanashi Prefecture is one of only eight landlocked prefectures, and the majority of the population lives in the central Kōfu Basin surrounded by the Akaishi Mountains , with 27% of its total land area being designated as Natural Parks . Yamanashi Prefecture is home to many of

1008-574: Is the source of the historic Tamagawa Aqueduct built by the Tamagawa brothers in 1653 to supply water to Edo (present day Tokyo). Further downstream, the river forms the boundary between Tokyo and the city of Kawasaki in Kanagawa Prefecture . Its mouth on the heavily industrialised Tokyo Bay is next to Haneda Airport . Tama River is very prone to flooding, and has wrought havoc on surrounding areas throughout history. On occasions

1071-782: The Chichibu Tama Kai , Fuji-Hakone-Izu , and Minami Alps National Parks; Yatsugatake-Chūshin Kōgen Quasi-National Park ; and Minami Alps Koma and Shibireko Prefectural Natural Parks. 78% of the prefecture is covered by forests, making it one of the most densely wooded prefectures in Japan. Land cultivated for agriculture is mainly restricted to the lower elevations of the Kōfu basin. Thirteen cities are located in Yamanashi Prefecture: These are

1134-661: The Heian period , Kai Province was created in this area. Among the many Kaigenji generations, those of the Takeda , Ogasawara, and Nanbu families were particularly prosperous. During the Sengoku period of the 16th century, Takeda Shingen attained the status of daimyō and built Tsuzuji Mansion and the Yōgai Castle in Kōfu. From this base, he attempted to unify and control Japan. After Takeda's death in 1582, Kai-no-Kuni came under

1197-548: The highest mountains in Japan , and Mount Fuji , the tallest mountain in Japan and cultural icon of the country, is partially located in Yamanashi Prefecture on the border with Shizuoka Prefecture. The name Yamanashi Prefecture literally means Pear Mountain. Nashi specifically refers to a local Japanese breed of pears. As in most other Japanese regions, prehistoric society in Yamanashi progressed through

1260-492: The 1920s however, tenancy and contract disputes between landowners and farmers in Yamanashi grew increasingly common. In 1926, the Minobu Railway Line connecting Kōfu with Shizuoka Prefecture opened, bringing an end to Fuji River transportation. The Koumi Line connecting Kobuchizawa to Kiyosato was opened by Japanese National Railways (JNR) in 1933, providing access to hitherto remote highland areas on

1323-578: The 1990s, rapid growth in car ownership, out of town shopping, and improved transportation links to Tokyo, caused a drop in commercial activity and land values in the center of the prefectural capital Kōfu . To counterbalance this trend the prefectural government launched a city center revitalization plan in 2008, promoting downtown tourist attractions such as redeveloped land North of Kōfu station, Maizuru Castle Park and new residential, cultural and government office facilities. Planned changes in transportation infrastructure also promise to significantly impact

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1386-757: The 20th century, a large, feral population was established in Great Britain ; more recently, small numbers have bred in Ireland, concentrated in the parks of Dublin . Now, about 7,000 are in Britain. Owing to its different habitat preferences compared to native water birds, the mandarin duck appears to have had no negative impacts on native wildfowl as a result of its introduction to the UK, as it does not engage in competition with other ducks over their habitats. Additional populations of mandarin ducks can be found on

1449-416: The 21st century, with the population peaking at roughly 890,000 around the turn of the millennium. The natural scenery and cultural sights of Yamanashi are popular destinations for both domestic and international tourists due to the prefecture's proximity to the crowded Tokyo conurbation and ease of access by road and rail. Mount Fuji , the Fuji Five Lakes region, the highland resort region of Kiyosato ,

1512-473: The Chinese, they believe that these ducks mate for life. For these reasons, pairs of wooden-carved mandarin ducks called wedding ducks are often given as wedding gifts and play a significant role in Korean marriage . Similarly, in Japanese the ducks are called oshidori ( おしどり/オシドリ/鴛鴦 ) and are used in the phrase oshidori fūfu ( おしどり夫婦 , "a couple of lovebirds/happily married couple") . In addition,

1575-653: The English name "The Chinese teal". He based his hand-coloured etching on a live specimen kept by the merchant Matthew Decker on his estate at Richmond in Surrey. Decker was a director of the East India Company . When in 1758 the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his Systema Naturae for the tenth edition , he placed the mandarin duck with the ducks and geese in the genus Anas . Linnaeus included

1638-593: The European continent, the largest of which is in the region of Berlin . Isolated populations exist in the United States. The town of Black Mountain, North Carolina , has a limited population, and a free-flying feral population of several hundred mandarins exist in Sonoma County, California . This population is the result of several ducks escaping from captivity, then reproducing in the wild. In 2018,

1701-634: The Fifth Station in the late evening and climbing through the night to witness the sunrise at the summit. Although not as tall, Mount Minobu, a popular place for Buddhist pilgrimage, offers extensive views from the summit of the mountain. Parts of the Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park , Chichibu-Tama-Kai National Park , and Minami Alps National Park are all located in Yamanashi. Given the area's volcanic activity, natural hot springs, or onsens , are found in abundance. Some of

1764-681: The Fujizakura Country Club in Fujikawaguchiko has also hosted the Fujisankei Classic golf tournament, an annual event on the Japan Golf Tour . 35°37′N 138°37′E  /  35.617°N 138.617°E  / 35.617; 138.617 Mandarin duck This is an accepted version of this page Anas galericulata Linnaeus, 1758 The mandarin duck ( Aix galericulata )

1827-567: The Geese. One kind particularly I cannot forbear mentioning, because of the surprizing beauty of its male, call'd Kinmodsui , which is so great, that being shew'd its picture in colours, I could hardly believe my own Eyes, till I saw the Bird it self, it being a very common one." In 1747 the English naturalist George Edwards included an illustration and a description of the species in the second volume of his A Natural History of Uncommon Birds . He used

1890-694: The Kōshū-Katsunuma battle, Kōfu Castle had been captured by troops loyal to the Emperor Meiji . The province was renamed Kōfu Prefecture in 1869 and then Yamanashi Prefecture in 1871. The anniversary of this event on November 20, 1872, is now celebrated as Prefectural Citizen's Day in Yamanashi. In the early part of the Meiji period (1868–1911), industrial promotion policies furthered sericulture , silk textile production and wine making industries. In 1903, after seven years of construction, including

1953-517: The Yamanashi economy in the coming decades; under mountains in the eastern part of the prefecture is a completed 42.8 km section of the SCMaglev test track, a section of the planned Chūō Shinkansen . The maglev line is designed to ultimately connect Tokyo , Nagoya , and Osaka with a station also planned to the South of Kōfu . Central Government permission to proceed with an extension to

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2016-547: The building of a nearly three mile long tunnel at the Sasago Pass, the Chūō Railway Line from Hachiōji and central Tokyo finally reached Kōfu . The reduced journey times to the capital and the port of Yokohama brought significant change to local industry and culture. Agricultural production in farming communities was still on a small scale at the turn of the century and land reforms had yet to be introduced. From

2079-628: The city of Kōfu, the Senga Falls , Koshu wineries , the temple of Erin-ji in Koshu, and the Kuonji Temple at Minobu are a few of the most popular places to visit. The Fuji-Q Highland amusement park at Fujiyoshida with roller coasters Eejanaika , and Takabisha , the world's steepest roller coaster, is also a popular destination for day trips. It also features Do-Dodonpa , the world's fastest accelerating roller coaster. At one point, it

2142-421: The combination of urban convenience and wide open river space is an uncommon amenity in Tokyo's typically claustrophobic urban area. The live-action outdoor night scenes from the opening FMV sequence of the original first Resident Evil video game (known in Japan as "BIOHAZARD", where initial development and filming of all FMV scenes took place) were filmed near a riverbank of Tama, in heavily grassed parts of

2205-951: The control of the Oda and Toyotomi clans before being subsumed into the Tokugawa shogunate during the Edo period . Beneath the Edo shogunate, the Kōfu clan (based in Kuninaka, or Central and Western Yamanashi) and the Yamura clan (based in Gunnai, or Eastern Yamanashi) were formed, but in 1724 the area came under the direct control of the Shogunate. With the development of the Kōshū Kaidō (highway) and Fuji River transport, goods, materials and culture flowed into

2268-456: The early 20th century have dramatically reduced the amount of flood damage, although a 1974 typhoon caused floodwaters to burst a levee in Komae , washing away 19 houses. The levees have not been breached since 1974. Projects to further upgrade the levees have been underway since 1990. As with most major rivers in Japan, the levees are built some distance away from the river itself to accommodate

2331-462: The edges of lakes, water meadows, and cultivated areas with woods nearby. Compared to other ducks, mandarins are shy birds, preferring to seek cover under trees such as overhanging willows , and form smaller flocks, but may become bolder as a result of becoming tame from frequent interaction with humans. In the wild, mandarin ducks breed in densely wooded areas near shallow lakes, marshes or ponds. They nest in cavities in trees close to water during

2394-544: The existing test track was granted on May 27, 2011. At the end of 2013 construction was already well advanced as far as Fuefuki . JR Central is considering opening a demonstration service from a new station in Kōfu by the 2020 Summer Olympics so that visitors can also ride on the experimental track through the Yamanashi mountains. Yamanashi Prefecture is bordered by Tokyo , Kanagawa Prefecture , Saitama Prefecture , Shizuoka Prefecture , and Nagano Prefecture . The prefecture

2457-610: The extra floodwater. The open expanse between the levees and the river in the middle is covered in grass and shrubbery, forming a useful belt of greenery and wide open space which is used as playing fields in many places. Despite this extra space, the large amount of floodwater produced by Typhoon Hagibis in October 2019 flooded areas of Kawasaki City's Musashi-Kosugi Station and nearby areas, causing infrastructural damage and power outages. Rapid post-war urbanization of surrounding areas took its toll on Tama River, whose water quality in

2520-489: The eye-stripe of mandarin ducklings (and wood ducklings) stops at the eye, while in mallard ducklings it reaches all the way to the bill. Various mutations of the mandarin duck are found in captivity. The most common is the white mandarin duck. Although the origin of this mutation is unknown, the constant pairing of related birds and selective breeding is presumed to have led to recessive gene combinations, leading in turn to genetic conditions including leucism . The species

2583-410: The flanks ruddy, and he has two orange feathers at the back (large feathers that stick up similar to boat sails). The female is similar to the female wood duck, with a grayish-lavender tone to her plumage, and a white eye-ring and stripe running back from the eye. The female is paler on the underside, has a small white flank stripe, and a pale tip to its bill. Both the males and females have crests, but

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2646-778: The ground during the day. Like many other bird species, Mandarin ducks display conspecific brood parasitism . Typically, Mandarin ducks lay their eggs in nests of their own relatives or other bird species. In the Zuojia Nature Reserve in Northeast China , 46.1% of Mandarin ducks were found to practice conspecific brood parasitism. Female ducks lay their eggs in different nests for a wide variety of reasons. For example, when there are nest limitations or there are little resources available, female ducks are more likely to practice conspecific brood parasitism. When females practice this behavior, they can benefit from

2709-538: The hunting, fishing and gathering stage of the Jōmon period , then the rice-producing stage of the Yayoi period and subsequent village and regional formation. The Maruyama and Choshizuka Kofun (earthen burial mounds) located on Sone Hill of Nakamichi Town (Southern Kōfu ) are believed to have been built from the end of the 4th century. From these remains it can be assumed that the people of Sone Hill had great influence. During

2772-522: The male and female plumages of the mandarin duck are so unalike, 'yuan-yang' is frequently used colloquially in Cantonese to mean an "odd couple" or "unlikely pair" – a mixture of two different types of the same category; for example, the drink yuanyang and yuan-yang fried rice. Mandarin ducks featured on the flag of Weihaiwei during British rule. For Koreans , mandarin ducks represent peace, fidelity, and plentiful offspring. Similar to

2835-709: The mandarin duck is habitat loss due to loggers. Hunters are also a threat to the mandarin duck, because often they are unable to recognize the mandarin in flight and as a result, many are shot by accident. Mandarin ducks are not hunted for food, but are still poached because their extreme beauty is prized. The Chinese refer to mandarin ducks as yuanyang ( simplified Chinese : 鸳鸯 ; traditional Chinese : 鴛鴦 ; pinyin : yuānyāng ), where 'yuan' ( 鴛 ) and 'yang' ( 鴦 ) respectively stand for male and female mandarin ducks. In traditional Chinese culture, mandarin ducks are believed to be lifelong couples, unlike other species of ducks. Hence they are regarded as

2898-556: The more well known are Shimobe Onsen, Isawa Onsen and Yamanami Onsen. The mascot of the prefecture is Hishimaru (菱丸), a Kai Ken dog who is based on the local Sengoku-era daimyō Takeda Shingen. He wears a kabuto with the crest of the Takeda clan . Ventforet Kōfu , the J2 League association football (soccer) team is based in Kōfu . The team's home ground is the Yamanashi Chuo Bank Stadium . Since 2005

2961-440: The net number of offsprings found within each generation. Overall, other duck species that have utilized this behavior to lay their eggs were able to increase their reproductive success by more than double. Predation of the mandarin duck varies between different parts of its range. Mink , raccoon dogs , otters , polecats , Eurasian eagle-owls , and grass snakes are all predators of the mandarin duck. The greatest threat to

3024-589: The prefecture. At first with limited success in 1946, but on a much more sustained basis in 1951, dairy farming, introduced by American Paul Rusch , became a feature of highland pastures surrounding the town of Kiyosato . Small scale manufacturing industries and commerce grew at rapid speed during the expansion of the post-war Japanese economy. The 1982 opening of the Chūō Expressway also led to significant growth in service industries, transport logistics and tourism. In common with many similar sized cities during

3087-522: The purple crest is more pronounced on the male. Like many other species of ducks, the male undergoes a moult after the mating season into eclipse plumage. When in eclipse plumage, the male looks similar to the female but can be distinguished by its bright yellow-orange or red beak, lack of any crest, and a less-pronounced eye-stripe. Mandarin ducklings are almost identical in appearance to wood ducklings, and very similar to mallard ducklings. The ducklings can be distinguished from mallard ducklings because

3150-684: The region. By the mid-19th century, the contradictions of military government and clan system caused stability to erode and resistance to erupt across Japan, paving the way for the Meiji Restoration of 1868. During the Boshin War , the Battle of Kōshū-Katsunuma on the 29 March 1868 was a significant battle between pro-Imperial and Tokugawa shogunate forces immediately prior to the Imperial Forces march on Edo Castle . Preceding

3213-592: The river a popular picnic spot. The Tama's source is on Mt. Kasatori in Koshu in Yamanashi Prefecture . From there, it flows eastward into mountainous western Tokyo, where the Ogōchi Dam forms Lake Okutama . Below the dam, it takes the name Tama and flows eastwards through Chichibu Tama Kai National Park to the city of Ōme . It then flows southeast between Tama Hills and Musashino Terrace . At Hamura

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3276-440: The river even changed its course after massive floods, sometimes dividing pre-existing settlements in two. As a result, there are several locations where the place names on opposing sides of the river are the same, such as Todoroki . The current course was set as a result of a 1590 flood. Levees have been in place for hundreds of years, but floodwaters have breached them numerous times in history. Extensive engineering projects in

3339-572: The river. A large number of stray cats live along the river. Some homeless people live near the Tama River. Near the outskirts of Tokyo, the river is a popular kayaking spot, with the Japan National Slalom Kayak competitions being held on the Tama River where it passes through Mitake. This section of river is also a budding white water rafting and hydrospeeding destination being so accessible from Tokyo. Companies operate from early spring until late autumn. The boulders on

3402-400: The riverbed around Mitake also form one of Tokyo's premier climbing ( bouldering ) spots. Some of Japan's famous boulder problems can be found here, on boulders such as 'Ninja rock' and 'Deadend'. Further down, sports fields appear on both banks of the river, with many teams practicing or playing a range of sports here on a regular basis, including baseball, soccer and rugby union . (There

3465-435: The shore's premises, roughly 20 kilometers (12.4 miles) away from Tokyo, sometime in late August/early September 1995. Filming at Tama was done in roughly 12 hours and lasted from 17:00 to 05:00 the next day. The asteroid 1089 Tama was named after the Tama River. 35°31′18″N 139°47′54″E  /  35.521784°N 139.798333°E  / 35.521784; 139.798333 (mouth) Yamanashi Prefecture Kōfu

3528-471: The slopes of Mt. Yatsugatake in the North of the prefecture. The capital city, Kōfu , suffered extensive damage during a major air raid on the night of 6 July 1945. From 1945 onwards, as part of economic initiatives introduced under the post war Government of Occupation , agricultural land reforms significantly increased the number of individual farms and promoted fruit farming and viticulture throughout

3591-473: The spring. A single clutch of nine to twelve eggs is laid in April or May. Although the male may defend the brooding female and his eggs during incubation, he himself does not incubate the eggs and leaves before they hatch. Shortly after the ducklings hatch, their mother flies to the ground and coaxes the ducklings to leap from the nest. After all of the ducklings are out of the tree, they will follow their mother to

3654-680: The top domestic producer of grapes, peaches, plums as well as wine . In addition, roughly 40% of the mineral water bottled in Japan comes from Yamanashi, mainly from around the Southern Alps , Mount Fuji , and Mitsutōge areas. The quality of the water sources in the Southern Alps prompted Suntory Group to open the Hakushu distillery in the northern Yamanashi town of Hokuto . Per Japanese census data, Yamanashi prefecture had negative population growth from 1950 to 1970 and again in

3717-499: The towns and villages in each district : Yamanashi has a sizable industrial base in and around Kōfu city, with jewelry and robotics industries being particularly prominent. The headquarters of FANUC , manufacturer of factory automation systems, is based in Oshino in the south of the prefecture. The prefecture is also host to numerous fruit farms and vineyards. Yamanashi is one of the major fruit producing regions in Japan, being

3780-502: The urban areas plummeted from 1950s onwards rendering it uninhabitable for most species. Pollution control measures and the river's official designation as a wildlife protection zone have now led to the return of many species. Carp , rainbow trout , cherry salmon , iwana ( char ), ugui (big-scaled redfin) and ayu all inhabit Tama River in sufficient numbers for limited commercial fishing to take place in upstream areas. Recent moves to fit weirs with fish ladders have resulted in

3843-619: Was also the world's fastest roller coaster before Cedar Point 's Top Thrill Dragster took the record in 2003. The natural topography of the region makes Yamanashi popular with mountaineering, hiking and climbing enthusiasts throughout the year. The highest mountain in Japan, Mount Fuji , at 3,776 m (12,388 ft) and the second highest mountain in Japan, Mount Kita , at 3,193 m (10,476 ft) are both located within Yamanashi. The Mt. Fuji summer hiking season in July and August attracts thousands of overnight hikers typically starting at

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3906-518: Was once widespread in East Asia, but large-scale exports and the destruction of its forest habitat have reduced populations in eastern Russia and in China to below 1,000 pairs in each country; Japan, however, is thought to still hold some 5,000 pairs. The Asian populations are migratory , overwintering in lowland eastern China and southern Japan. Specimens frequently escape from collections, and in

3969-719: Was used by Aristotle to refer to an unknown diving bird, and 'galericulata' is the Latin for a wig, derived from galerum , a cap or bonnet. Outside of its native range, the mandarin duck has a large introduced population in the British Isles and Western Europe , with additional smaller introductions in North America. The mandarin duck was described and illustrated in 1727 by the German explorer Engelbert Kaempfer in his The History of Japan . He wrote: "Of Ducks also there are several differing kinds, and as tame as

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