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51-658: Tariye Gbadegesin is a Nigerian-American businesswoman and corporate executive who is the chief executive officer of the Climate Investment Funds (CIF), effective 1 March 2024. She is the first African woman to serve in that role. She is based in Washington, DC , United States. Before that, she served as the CEO of the Lagos, Nigeria -based ARM Harith Infrastructure Investments, a joint investment fund owned by

102-890: A Nigerian Father from the Niger Delta region of Nigeria were academics in Nigeria and in the US. Born in Ibadan, she grew up in Port Harcourt , the capital city of Rivers State in the Niger Delta . Her mother led the Institute of Pollution Studies and the Niger Delta Wetlands Center organizations dedicated to environmental protection and community development in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Her father

153-488: A company's business decisions, including those in operations, marketing, business development , finance, human resources , etc. The use of the CEO title is not necessarily limited to describing the head of a company. For example, the CEO of a political party is often entrusted with fundraising, particularly for election campaigns. In some countries, there is a dual board system with two separate boards, one executive board for

204-402: A facade of charm and eloquence. Traits such as courage and risk-taking, generally considered desirable, are often found alongside these psychopathic tendencies. Tara Swart, a neuroscientist at MIT Sloan School of Management , has suggested that individuals with psychopathic traits thrive in chaotic environments and are aware that others do not. As a result, they may intentionally create chaos in

255-462: A formal delegation of authority regarding business administration . Typically, responsibilities include being an active decision-maker on business strategy and other key policy issues, as well as leader , manager, and executor roles. The communicator role can involve speaking to the press and to the public, as well as to the organization's management and employees; the decision-making role involves high-level decisions about policy and strategy. The CEO

306-735: A proposed new Constitution for the United States to replace the 1776–1778 Articles. The Confederation Congress received and submitted the new Constitution document to the states, and the Constitution was later ratified by enough states (nine were required) to become operative in June 1788. On September 13, 1788, the Confederation Congress set the date for choosing the new electors in the Electoral College that

357-487: A quorum for the last time; afterward, although delegates would occasionally appear, there were never enough to officially conduct business. The last meeting of the Continental Congress was held March 2, 1789, two days before the new Constitutional government took over; only one member was present at said meeting, Philip Pell , an ardent Anti-Federalist and opponent of the Constitution, who was accompanied by

408-903: A quorum. Nonetheless, the Congress still managed to pass important laws, most notably the Northwest Ordinance of 1787. The country incurred a massive debt as a result of the War of Independence. In 1784, the total Confederation debt was nearly $ 40 million. Of that sum, $ 8 million was owed to the French and Dutch. Of the domestic debt, government bonds, known as loan-office certificates, composed $ 11.5 million, certificates on interest indebtedness $ 3.1 million, and continental certificates $ 16.7 million. The certificates were non-interest bearing notes issued for supplies purchased or impressed, and to pay soldiers and officers. To pay

459-904: A related development, British politician Andy McDonald received praise for educating a CEO on the role of trade unions. This occurred as the restaurant chain McDonald's faced scrutiny in the UK Parliament over allegations of a toxic workplace culture. Congress of the Confederation The Congress of the Confederation , or the Confederation Congress , formally referred to as the United States in Congress Assembled ,

510-551: A source of criticism following a dramatic rise in pay relative to the average worker's wage . For example, the relative pay was 20-to-1 in 1965 in the US, but had risen to 376-to-1 by 2000. The relative pay differs around the world, and, in some smaller countries, is still around 20-to-1. Observers differ as to whether the rise is due to competition for talent or due to lack of control by compensation committees. In recent years, investors have demanded more say over executive pay. Lack of diversity amongst chief executives has also been

561-504: A source of criticism. In 2018, 5% of Fortune 500 CEOs were women. In 2023 the number rose to 10.4% of for Women CEO's of Fortune 500 companies . The reasons for this are explained or justified in various ways, and may include biological sex differences, male and female differences in Big Five personality traits and temperament, sex differences in psychology and interests, maternity and career breaks, hypergamy , phallogocentrism ,

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612-925: A subsidiary of Diageo Plc . She sits on the Advisory Council of the Millennium Challenge Corporation in Washington D.C., United States. She is also a member of the Advisory Committee on Infrastructure for the United Nations Principles for Responsible Investing . In addition, she co-chairs the steering committee for the Voluntary Carbon Markets Integrity Initiative launched by the Government of

663-402: Is often used in lieu of chief executive officer. Business publicists since the days of Edward Bernays (1891–1995) and his client John D. Rockefeller (1839–1937) and even more successfully the corporate publicists for Henry Ford , promoted the concept of the " celebrity CEO". Business journalists have often adopted this approach, which assumes that the corporate achievements, especially in

714-418: Is sometimes included as one such subordinate executive officer, but, as suggested by Anthony Johndrow, CEO of Reputation Economy Advisors, it can also be seen as "simply another way to add emphasis to the role of a modern-day CEO – where they are both the external face of, and the driving force behind, an organization culture". In the US, the term "chief executive officer" is used primarily in business, whereas

765-427: Is tasked with implementing the goals, targets and strategic objectives as determined by the board of directors. As an executive officer of the company, the CEO reports the status of the business to the board of directors, motivates employees, and drives change within the organization. As a manager, the CEO presides over the organization's day-to-day operations. The CEO is the person who is ultimately accountable for

816-479: Is to prevent a conflict of interest and too much power being concentrated in the hands of one person. In the United States, the board of directors (elected by the shareholders ) is often equivalent to the supervisory board, while the executive board may often be known as the executive committee (the division/subsidiary heads and C-level officers that report directly to the CEO). In the United States, and in business,

867-676: The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union were signed by delegates of Maryland at a meeting of the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia , which then declared the Articles ratified. As historian Edmund Burnett wrote, "There was no new organization of any kind, not even the election of a new President." The Congress still called itself the Continental Congress. Nevertheless, despite its being generally

918-712: The C-suite . The term "chief executive officer" is attested as early as 1782, when an ordinance of the Congress of the Confederation of the United States of America used the term to refer to governors and other leaders of the executive branches of each of the Thirteen Colonies . In draft additions to the Oxford English Dictionary published online in 2011, the Dictionary says that

969-527: The Committee of the States when Congress was in recess and performed other administrative functions. He was not, however, an executive in the way the later President of the United States is a chief executive since all of the functions he executed were under the direct control of Congress. There were ten presidents of Congress under the Articles. The first, Samuel Huntington , had been serving as president of

1020-640: The Continental Army , journeyed to Annapolis after saying farewell to his officers (at Fraunces Tavern ) and men who had just reoccupied New York City after the departing British Army . On December 23, at the Maryland State House , where the Congress met in the Old Senate Chamber, he addressed the civilian leaders and delegates of Congress and returned to them the signed commission they had voted him back in June 1775, at

1071-916: The G20 , administered by the World Bank in collaboration with the African Development Bank , the Asian Development Bank , the Inter-American Development Bank , the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank . CIF invests in climate mitigation projects in 72 developing nations in the world. Gbadegesin is a Non-Executive Director at Guinness Nigeria Plc ,

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1122-491: The Second Continental Congress . The Congress continued to refer itself as the " Continental Congress " throughout its eight-year history, although modern historians separate it from the two earlier congresses, which operated under slightly different rules and procedures until the later part of American Revolutionary War . The membership of the Second Continental Congress automatically carried over to

1173-661: The "Congress of the Confederation" on April 15, 1783, the Treaty of Paris was further signed on September 3, 1783, and ratified by the Confederation Congress then sitting at the Maryland State House in Annapolis on January 14, 1784. This formally ended the American Revolutionary War between Great Britain and the thirteen former colonies , which on July 4, 1776 , had declared independence. In December 1783, General George Washington , commander-in-chief of

1224-465: The Asset & Resource Management Company Limited ("ARM") of Nigeria and Harith General Partners (Pty) Limited ("Harith") of South Africa . Gbadegesin was also the co-chair of the Voluntary Carbon Markets Integrity Initiative (VCMI), a global initiative to mobilize high integrity carbon markets. She is an American and Nigerian national. Her American mother with origins from Maine in the United States and

1275-535: The CEO is also the president, is the vice president (VP). An organization may have more than one vice president, each tasked with a different area of responsibility (e.g., VP of finance, VP of human resources). Examples of subordinate executive officers who typically report to the CEO include the chief operating officer (COO), chief financial officer (CFO), chief strategy officer (CSO), chief marketing officer (CMO) and chief business officer (CBO). The public relations -focused position of chief reputation officer

1326-791: The Confederation opened in the last stages of the American Revolution . Combat ended in October 1781, with the surrender of the British after the Siege and Battle of Yorktown . The British, however continued to occupy New York City, while the American delegates in Paris, named by the Congress, negotiated the terms of peace with Great Britain . Based on preliminary articles with the British negotiators made on November 30, 1782, and approved by

1377-409: The Congress of the Confederation, and had the same secretary as the Second Continental Congress, Charles Thomson . The Congress of the Confederation was succeeded by the Congress of the United States as provided for in the new Constitution of the United States , drafted on September 17, 1787, in Philadelphia , ratified by each of the states, and adopted by the Congress in 1788. On March 1, 1781,

1428-510: The Congressional secretary. Pell oversaw the meeting and adjourned the Congress sine die . The Continental Congress was presided over by a president (referred to in many official records as President of the United States in Congress Assembled ), who was a member of Congress elected by the other delegates to serve as a neutral discussion moderator during meetings. Elected to a non-renewable one-year term, this person also chaired

1479-806: The Continental Congress since September 28, 1779. The Second Continental Congress was meeting at the Old Pennsylvania State House ( Independence Hall ), in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, at the time the Articles of Confederation entered into force on March 1, 1781, but left after an anti-government protest by several hundred soldiers of the Continental Army in June 1783 . Congress moved its meeting site successively to Princeton, New Jersey ; Annapolis, Maryland ; Trenton, New Jersey , and then in January 1785 New York City , which remained

1530-522: The Maryland state capital. The Annapolis Convention in 1786 which included additional state representatives who joined the sessions, first attempted to look into improving the earlier original Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union. There were enough problems to bear further discussion and deliberation that the Convention called for a wider meeting to recommend changes and meet the next year in

1581-528: The UK, chief executive and chief executive officer are used in local government , where their position in law is described as the "head of paid service", and in business and in the charitable sector . As of 2013 , the use of the term director for senior charity staff is deprecated to avoid confusion with the legal duties and responsibilities associated with being a charity director or trustee, which are normally non-executive (unpaid) roles. The term managing director

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1632-544: The United Kingdom and the Children's International Investment Fund . Chief executive officer CEOs find roles in various organizations, including public and private corporations , nonprofit organizations , and even some government organizations (notably state-owned enterprises ). The governor and CEO of a corporation or company typically reports to the board of directors and is charged with maximizing

1683-422: The arena of manufacturing, are produced by uniquely talented individuals, especially the "heroic CEO". In effect, journalists celebrate a CEO who takes distinctive strategic actions. The model is the celebrity in entertainment, sports, and politics – compare the " great man theory ". Guthey et al. argues that "...these individuals are not self-made, but rather are created by a process of widespread media exposure to

1734-576: The beginning of the conflict. With that simple gesture of acknowledging the first civilian power over the military, he took his leave and returned by horseback the next day to his home and family at Mount Vernon near the colonial river port city on the Potomac River at Alexandria in Virginia . Congress had little power, and without the external threat of a war against the British, it became quite difficult to get enough delegates to meet to form

1785-617: The case of a partnership , an executive officer is a managing partner, senior partner, or administrative partner. In the case of a limited liability company , an executive officer is any member, manager, or officer. Depending on the organization, a CEO may have several subordinate executives to help run the day-to-day administration of the company, each of whom has specific functional responsibilities referred to as senior executives, executive officers or corporate officers. Subordinate executives are given different titles in different organizations, but one common category of subordinate executive, if

1836-450: The day-to-day business and one supervisory board for control purposes (selected by the shareholders). In these countries, the CEO presides over the executive board and the chairperson presides over the supervisory board, and these two roles will always be held by different people. This ensures a distinction between management by the executive board and governance by the supervisory board. This allows for clear lines of authority. The aim

1887-506: The executive officers are usually the top officers of a corporation, the chief executive officer (CEO) being the best-known type. The definition varies; for instance, the California Corporate Disclosure Act defines "executive officers" as the five most highly compensated officers not also sitting on the board of directors. In the case of a sole proprietorship , an executive officer is the sole proprietor. In

1938-562: The existence of old boy networks , tradition, and the lack of female role models in that regard. Some countries have passed laws mandating boardroom gender quotas. In 2023 Rockefeller Foundation awarded a grant to Korn Ferry to research strategies and then action a plan to help more women to become CEO's. There are contentious claims that a significant number of CEO's have psychopathic tendencies, often characterized by power-seeking behavior and dominance. These individuals can often conceal their ruthlessness and antisocial behavior behind

1989-458: The interest and principal of the debt, Congress had twice proposed an amendment to the Articles granting them the power to lay a 5% duty on imports, but amendments to the Articles required the consent of all thirteen states: the 1781 impost plan had been rejected by Rhode Island and Virginia, while the revised plan, discussed in 1783, was rejected by New York. Without revenue, except for meager voluntary state requisitions, Congress could not even pay

2040-544: The interest on its outstanding debt. The states, meanwhile, regularly failed or refused to meet the requisitions requested of them by Congress. To that end, in September 1786, after resolving a series of disputes regarding their common border along the Potomac River, delegates of Maryland and Virginia called for a larger assembly to discuss various situations and governing problems to meet in Annapolis, Maryland ,

2091-507: The late Spring of 1787 in Philadelphia . The Confederation Congress itself endorsed this and issued invitations for the states to send delegates. After meeting in secret all summer in the Old Pennsylvania State House , which by then was renamed Independence Hall , from the famous actions of there eleven years earlier. The Philadelphia Convention , under the presidency of former General George Washington , issued

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2142-409: The point that their actions, personalities, and even private lives function symbolically to represent significant dynamics and tensions prevalent in the contemporary business atmosphere". Journalism thereby exaggerates the importance of the CEO and tends to neglect harder-to-describe broader corporate factors. There is little attention to the intricately organized technical bureaucracy that actually does

2193-474: The same exact governing body, with some changes in membership over the years as delegates came and went individually according to their own personal reasons and upon instructions of their state governments, some modern historians would later refer to the Continental Congress after the ratification of the Articles as the Congress of the Confederation or the Confederation Congress. The Congress of

2244-409: The term "executive director" is used primarily in the not-for-profit sector. These terms are generally mutually exclusive and refer to distinct legal duties and responsibilities. The CEO is the highest-ranking executive in a company, making corporate decisions, managing operations, allocating resources, and serving as the main point of communication between the board of directors and the company. In

2295-467: The use of "CEO" as an acronym for a chief executive officer originated in Australia , with the first attestation being in 1914. The first American usage cited is from 1972. The responsibilities of an organization's CEO are set by the organization's board of directors or other authority, depending on the organization's structure. They can be far-reaching or quite limited, and are typically enshrined in

2346-406: The value of the business, which may include maximizing the profitability , market share , revenue , or another financial metric. In the nonprofit and government sector, CEOs typically aim at achieving outcomes related to the organization's mission, usually provided by legislation . CEOs are also frequently assigned the role of the main manager of the organization and the highest-ranking officer in

2397-457: The work. Hubris sets in when the CEO internalizes the celebrity and becomes excessively self-confident in making complex decisions. There may be an emphasis on the sort of decisions that attract the celebrity journalists . Research published in 2009 by Ulrike Malmendier and Geoffrey Tate indicates that "firms with award-winning CEOs subsequently underperform, in terms both of stock and of operating performance". Executive compensation has been

2448-802: The workplace. This perspective is explored in the book Snakes in Suits , co-authored by Robert D. Hare . However, Scott Lilienfeld has argued that the attention given to psychopathy in the workplace by both the media and scholars has far exceeded the available scientific evidence. Emilia Bunea, writing in Psychology Today , has linked psychopathic traits in managers to workplace bullying , employee dissatisfaction, and turnover intentions. Despite this, Bunea cautions that excessive worry about supposed psychopathic managers could discourage individuals from pursuing careers in corporations and deter employees from addressing issues with difficult bosses. In

2499-535: Was set up for choosing a President as January 7, 1789, the date for the Electors to vote for the President as on February 4, 1789, and the date for the Constitution to become operative as March 4, 1789, when the new Congress of the United States should convene. The Congress of the Confederation continued to conduct business for another month after setting the various dates. On October 10, 1788, Congress formed

2550-936: Was the Minister of Science and Technology for the Federal Government of Nigeria from 2000 to 2007. She holds a Bachelor of Economics degree from Amherst College and a Master of Business Administration from the Harvard School of Business . Her business career spans over 20 years. Past employers include the Africa Finance Corporation , the International Monetary Fund , the Boston Consulting Group and Price Waterhouse Coopers . As CEO of CIF, she leads an US$ 11 billion investment fund owned by

2601-498: Was the governing body of the United States from March 1, 1781, until March 3, 1789, during the Confederation period . A unicameral body with legislative and executive function, it was composed of delegates appointed by the legislatures of the several states . Each state delegation had one vote. The Congress was created by the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union upon its ratification in 1781, formally replacing

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