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48-599: See text. Tetraodontiformes ( / t ɛ t r ə . ɒ ˈ d ɒ n t ɪ f ɔːr m iː z / ), also known as the Plectognathi , is an order of ray-finned fishes which includes the pufferfishes and related taxa. This order has been classified as a suborder of the order Perciformes, although recent studies have found that it, as the Tetraodontoidei , is a sister taxon to the anglerfish order Lophiiformes , called Lophiodei, and have placed both taxa within

96-461: A cohors (plural cohortes ). Some of the plant families still retain the names of Linnaean "natural orders" or even the names of pre-Linnaean natural groups recognized by Linnaeus as orders in his natural classification (e.g. Palmae or Labiatae ). Such names are known as descriptive family names. In the field of zoology , the Linnaean orders were used more consistently. That is,

144-516: A coma lasting several days. The source of tetrodotoxin in puffers has been a matter of debate, but it is increasingly accepted that bacteria in the fish's intestinal tract are the source. Saxitoxin , the cause of paralytic shellfish poisoning and red tide , can also be found in certain puffers. In September 2012, the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources in the Philippines issued

192-509: A capital letter. For some groups of organisms, their orders may follow consistent naming schemes . Orders of plants , fungi , and algae use the suffix -ales (e.g. Dictyotales ). Orders of birds and fishes use the Latin suffix -iformes meaning 'having the form of' (e.g. Passeriformes ), but orders of mammals and invertebrates are not so consistent (e.g. Artiodactyla , Actiniaria , Primates ). For some clades covered by

240-405: A comparatively easy predation target. Its tail fin is mainly used as a rudder, but it can be used for a sudden evasive burst of speed that shows none of the care and precision of its usual movements. The puffer's excellent eyesight, combined with this speed burst, is the first and most important defense against predators. The pufferfish's secondary defense mechanism, used if successfully pursued,

288-515: A completely vegetarian diet if their environment is lacking resources, but prefer an omnivorous food selection. Larger species of pufferfish are able to use their beak-like front teeth to break open clams, mussels, and other shellfish. Some species of pufferfish have also been known to enact various hunting techniques ranging from ambush to open-water hunting. The tetraodontids have been estimated to have diverged from diodontids between 89 and 138 million years ago. The four major clades diverged during

336-570: A distinct rank of biological classification having its own distinctive name (and not just called a higher genus ( genus summum )) was first introduced by the German botanist Augustus Quirinus Rivinus in his classification of plants that appeared in a series of treatises in the 1690s. Carl Linnaeus was the first to apply it consistently to the division of all three kingdoms of nature (then minerals , plants , and animals ) in his Systema Naturae (1735, 1st. Ed.). For plants, Linnaeus' orders in

384-559: A few species such as the Mbu pufferfish can reach lengths greater than 50 cm (20 in). Tetraodontiformes , or pufferfish, are most significantly characterized by the beak-like four teeth – hence the name combining the Greek terms "tetra" for four and "odous" for tooth. Each of the top and bottom arches is fused together with a visible midsagittal demarcation, which are used to break apart and consume small crustaceans . The lack of ribs,

432-548: A lethal effect on large predators, such as sharks, but it can kill humans. Larval pufferfish are chemically defended by the presence of TTX on the surface of skin, which causes predators to spit them out. Not all puffers are necessarily poisonous; the flesh of the northern puffer is not toxic (a level of poison can be found in its viscera ) and it is considered a delicacy in North America. Toxin level varies widely even in fish that are poisonous. A puffer's neurotoxin

480-418: A pelvis, and pelvic fins are also unique to pufferfish. The notably missing bone and fin features are due to the pufferfish' specialized defense mechanism, expanding by sucking in water through an oral cavity. Pufferfish can also have many varied structures of caltrop -like dermal spines, which account for the replacement of typical fish scales, and can range in coverage extent from the entire body, to leaving

528-436: A shape usually reminiscent of a pufferfish. They have a functional mouth and eyes, and must eat within a few days. Brackish-water puffers may breed in bays in a manner similar to marine species, or may breed more similarly to the freshwater species, in cases where they have moved far enough upriver. Reproduction in freshwater species varies quite a bit. The dwarf puffers court with males following females, possibly displaying

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576-494: A similar courting behavior, minus the crest/keel display. Eggs are laid, though, on a flat piece of slate or other smooth, hard material, to which they adhere. The male will guard them until they hatch, carefully blowing water over them regularly to keep the eggs healthy. His parenting is finished when the young hatch and the fry are on their own. In 2012, males of the species Torquigener albomaculosus were documented while carving large and complex geometric, circular structures in

624-484: A warning not to eat puffer fish, after local fishermen died upon consuming puffer fish for dinner. The warning indicated that puffer fish toxin is 100 times more potent than cyanide . Pufferfish, called pakapao in Thailand , are usually consumed by mistake. They are often cheaper than other fish, and because they contain inconsistent levels of toxins between fish and season, there is little awareness or monitoring of

672-419: Is determined by a taxonomist , as is whether a particular order should be recognized at all. Often there is no exact agreement, with different taxonomists each taking a different position. There are no hard rules that a taxonomist needs to follow in describing or recognizing an order. Some taxa are accepted almost universally, while others are recognized only rarely. The name of an order is usually written with

720-503: Is likely an example of honestly signaled aposematism . Dolphins have been filmed expertly handling pufferfish amongst themselves in an apparent attempt to get intoxicated or enter a trance-like state. Many marine puffers have a pelagic , or open-ocean, life stage. Spawning occurs after males slowly push females to the water surface or join females already present. The eggs are spherical and buoyant. Hatching occurs after roughly four days. The fry are tiny, but under magnification have

768-527: Is not necessarily as toxic to other animals as it is to humans, and puffers are eaten routinely by some species of fish, such as lizardfish and sharks . Puffers are able to move their eyes independently, and many species can change the color or intensity of their patterns in response to environmental changes. In these respects, they are somewhat similar to the terrestrial chameleon . Although most puffers are drab, many have bright colors and distinctive markings, and make no attempt to hide from predators. This

816-423: Is to fill its extremely elastic stomach with water (or air when outside the water) until it is much larger and almost spherical in shape. Even if they are not visible when the puffer is not inflated, all puffers have pointed spines, so a hungry predator may suddenly find itself facing an unpalatable, pointy ball rather than a slow, easy meal. Predators that do not heed this warning (or are "lucky" enough to catch

864-466: The Acanthuriformes . The Tetraodontiformes are represented by 10 extant families and at around 430 species overall. The majority of the species within this order are marine but a few may be found in freshwater. They are found throughout the world. Tetraodontiformes is a name first used for this order in 1940 by Lev Berg , the order was originally proposed in 1817 as the " Les Plectognathes ",

912-719: The Cretaceous between 80 and 101 million years ago. The oldest known pufferfish genus is Eotetraodon , from the Lutetian epoch of Middle Eocene Europe, with fossils found in Monte Bolca and the Caucasus Mountains . The Monte Bolca species, E. pygmaeus , coexisted with several other tetraodontiforms, including an extinct species of diodontid, primitive boxfish ( Proaracana and Eolactoria ), and other, totally extinct forms, such as Zignoichthys and

960-528: The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature , several additional classifications are sometimes used, although not all of these are officially recognized. In their 1997 classification of mammals , McKenna and Bell used two extra levels between superorder and order: grandorder and mirorder . Michael Novacek (1986) inserted them at the same position. Michael Benton (2005) inserted them between superorder and magnorder instead. This position

1008-536: The Late Cretaceous ( Santonian to Campanian ) of Italy and Slovenia , both in the former Tethyan region. These comprise the families Cretatriacanthidae and Protriacanthidae . Plectocretacicus from the Cenomanian of Lebanon has also been proposed as a tetraodontiform, but this has been more recently questioned. Tetraodontiformes include a variety of body shapes, all radical departures from

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1056-815: The Systema Naturae and the Species Plantarum were strictly artificial, introduced to subdivide the artificial classes into more comprehensible smaller groups. When the word ordo was first consistently used for natural units of plants, in 19th-century works such as the Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis of Augustin Pyramus de Candolle and the Genera Plantarum of Bentham & Hooker, it indicated taxa that are now given

1104-421: The anglerfishes . Tetraodontiformes suffixes ifirmes , meaning "in the form of", onto the genus name], Tetraodon , of the type species of Tetraodontidae, the best known and most widely distributed family in the order. Tetraodon means "four tooth" and alludes to the four fused teeth, separated by a central suture, in the jaws. The oldest tetraodontiforms are the extinct suborder Plectocretacicoidei from

1152-604: The pufferfishes and porcupinefishes is the ability to inflate their bodies to greatly increase their normal diameter; this is accomplished by sucking water into a diverticulum of the stomach . Many species of the Tetraodontidae , Triodontidae , and Diodontidae are further protected from predation by tetrodotoxin , a powerful neurotoxin concentrated in the animals' internal organs. Tetraodontiforms have highly modified skeletons , with no nasal , parietal , infraorbital , or (usually) lower rib bones. The bones of

1200-449: The spinacanthids . The extinct genus, Archaeotetraodon is known from Miocene -aged fossils from Europe. Pufferfish can be lethal if not served properly. Puffer poisoning usually results from consumption of incorrectly prepared puffer soup, fugu chiri , or occasionally from raw puffer meat, sashimi fugu . While chiri is much more likely to cause death, sashimi fugu often causes intoxication, light-headedness, and numbness of

1248-460: The Plectognathi. Cuvier divided this into two families "Les Gymnodontes" and "Les Sclerodermes" . In 1940 Berg first used the term Tetraodontiformes for this order and this name is the currently accepted name as it follows the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature rule that a name for a family or higher taxa must have its root based on the type species of that grouping. In this case

1296-573: The Tetraodontiformes prey mostly on hard-shelled invertebrates , such as crustaceans and shellfish . The Molidae are conspicuous even within this oddball order; they lack swim bladders and spines, and are propelled by their very tall dorsal and anal fins. The caudal peduncle is absent and the caudal fin is reduced to a stiff rudder-like structure. Molids are pelagic rather than reef-associated and feed on soft-bodied invertebrates, especially jellyfish . The Tetraodontiformes contains

1344-529: The closely related porcupinefish , which have large external spines (unlike the thinner, hidden spines of the Tetraodontidae, which are only visible when the fish have puffed up). The majority of pufferfish species are toxic , with some among the most poisonous vertebrates in the world. In certain species, the internal organs, such as the liver, and sometimes the skin, contain tetrodotoxin , and are highly toxic to most animals when eaten; nevertheless,

1392-424: The crests and keels unique to this subgroup of species. After the female accepts his advances, she will lead the male into plants or another form of cover, where she can release eggs for fertilization. The male may help her by rubbing against her side. This has been observed in captivity, and they are the only commonly captive-spawned puffer species. Target-group puffers have also been spawned in aquaria, and follow

1440-411: The danger. Consumers are regularly hospitalized and some even die from the poisoning. Cases of neurological symptoms, including numbness and tingling of the lips and mouth, have been reported to rise after the consumption of puffers caught in the area of Titusville, Florida , US. The symptoms generally resolve within hours to days, although one affected individual required intubation for 72 hours. As

1488-426: The family Balistidae – are ostraciiform swimmers , meaning the body is rigid and incapable of lateral flexure. Because of this, they are slow-moving and rely on their pectoral, dorsal, anal, and caudal fins for propulsion rather than body undulation . However, movement is usually quite precise; dorsal and anal fins aid in manoeuvring and stabilizing. In most species, all fins are simple, small, and rounded, except for

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1536-710: The following suborders and families: † means extinct. This cladogram of extant Tetraodontiformes is based on Santini et al., 2013. Triodontidae (threetooth puffer) [REDACTED] Aracanidae (deepwater boxfishes) [REDACTED] Ostraciidae (boxfishes) [REDACTED] Triacanthidae (triplespines) [REDACTED] Triacanthodidae (spikefishes) [REDACTED] Balistidae (triggerfishes) [REDACTED] Monacanthidae (filefishes) [REDACTED] Molidae (ocean sunfishes) [REDACTED] Diodontidae (porcupinefishes) [REDACTED] Tetraodontidae (pufferfishes) [REDACTED] Order (biology) What does and does not belong to each order

1584-957: The frontal surface empty. Tetraodontidae typically have smaller spines than the sister family Diodontidae , with some spines not being visible until inflation. They are most diverse in the tropics , relatively uncommon in the temperate zone , and completely absent from cold waters . Most pufferfish species live in marine or brackish waters, but some can enter fresh water. About 35 species spend their entire lifecycles in fresh water. These freshwater species are found in disjunct tropical regions of South America ( Colomesus asellus and Colomesus tocantinensis ), Africa (six Tetraodon species), and Southeast Asia ( Auriglobus , Carinotetraodon , Dichotomyctere , Leiodon and Pao ). The puffer's unique and distinctive natural defenses help compensate for its slow locomotion. It moves by combining pectoral , dorsal , anal , and caudal fin motions. This makes it highly maneuverable, but very slow, so

1632-714: The jaw are modified and fused into a sort of " beak "; visible sutures divide the beaks into " teeth ". This is alluded to in their name, derived from the Greek words τετρα- tetra meaning "four" and ὀδούς odous meaning "tooth" and the Latin forma meaning "shape". Counting these teeth-like bones is a way of distinguishing similar families, for example, the Tetraodontidae ("four-toothed"), Triodontidae ("three-toothed"), and Diodontidae ("two-toothed"). Their jaws are aided by powerful muscles, and many species also have pharyngeal teeth to further process prey items, because

1680-399: The lips. Pufferfish tetrodotoxin deadens the tongue and lips, and induces dizziness and vomiting, followed by numbness and prickling over the body, rapid heart rate, decreased blood pressure , and muscle paralysis . The toxin paralyzes the diaphragm muscle and stops the person who has ingested it from breathing. People who live longer than 24 hours typically survive, although possibly after

1728-511: The meat of some species is considered a delicacy in Japan (as 河豚, pronounced fugu ), Korea (as 복, bok , or 복어, bogeo ), and China (as 河豚, hétún ) when prepared by specially trained chefs who know which part is safe to eat and in what quantity. Other pufferfish species with nontoxic flesh, such as the northern puffer , Sphoeroides maculatus , of Chesapeake Bay , are considered a delicacy elsewhere. The species Torquigener albomaculosus

1776-708: The orders in the zoology part of the Systema Naturae refer to natural groups. Some of his ordinal names are still in use, e.g. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) and Diptera (flies, mosquitoes, midges, and gnats). In virology , the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses 's virus classification includes fifteen taxomomic ranks to be applied for viruses , viroids and satellite nucleic acids : realm , subrealm , kingdom , subkingdom, phylum , subphylum , class, subclass, order, suborder, family, subfamily , genus, subgenus , and species. There are currently fourteen viral orders, each ending in

1824-449: The pelvic fins which, if present, are fused and buried. Again, in most members, the gill plates are covered over with skin, the only gill opening a small slit above the pectoral fin. The tetraodontiform strategy seems to be defense at the expense of speed, with all species fortified with scales modified into strong plates or spines – or with tough, leathery skin (the filefishes and ocean sunfish). Another striking defensive attribute found in

1872-564: The precursor of the currently used International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants . In the first international Rules of botanical nomenclature from the International Botanical Congress of 1905, the word family ( familia ) was assigned to the rank indicated by the French famille , while order ( ordo ) was reserved for a higher rank, for what in the 19th century had often been named

1920-429: The puffer suddenly, before or during inflation) may die from choking, and predators that do manage to swallow the puffer may find their stomachs full of tetrodotoxin (TTX), making puffers an unpleasant, possibly lethal, choice of prey. This neurotoxin is found primarily in the ovaries and liver , although smaller amounts exist in the intestines and skin , as well as trace amounts in muscle. It does not always have

1968-502: The rank of family (see ordo naturalis , ' natural order '). In French botanical publications, from Michel Adanson 's Familles naturelles des plantes (1763) and until the end of the 19th century, the word famille (plural: familles ) was used as a French equivalent for this Latin ordo . This equivalence was explicitly stated in the Alphonse Pyramus de Candolle 's Lois de la nomenclature botanique (1868),

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2016-453: The seabed sand in Amami Ōshima , Japan. The structures serve to attract females and to provide a safe place for them to lay their eggs. Information on breeding of specific species is very limited. T. nigroviridis , the green-spotted puffer, has recently been spawned artificially under captive conditions. It is believed to spawn in bays in a similar manner to saltwater species, as their sperm

2064-478: The streamlined body plan typical of most fishes. These forms range from nearly square or triangular ( boxfishes ), globose ( pufferfishes ) to laterally compressed ( filefishes and triggerfishes ). They range in size from Rudarius excelsus (a filefish), measuring just 2 cm (0.79 in) in length, to the ocean sunfish , the largest of all bony fishes at up to 3 m (9.8 ft) in length and weighing over 2 tonnes. Most members of this order – except for

2112-465: The suffix -virales . Pufferfish See text Tetraodontidae is a family of primarily marine and estuarine fish of the order Tetraodontiformes . The family includes many familiar species variously called pufferfish , puffers , balloonfish , blowfish , blowers , blowies , bubblefish , globefish , swellfish , toadfish , toadies , toadle , honey toads , sugar toads , and sea squab . They are morphologically similar to

2160-701: The type species is Tetraodon lineatus Linnaeus, 1758. The 5th edition of Fishes of the World recognises the order as a derived order within the Actinopterygii and as a monophyletic order within the Percomorpha . Other authorities have proposed that it is not an order but that it is a clade, the Tetraodontoidei, within the order Acanthuriformes and is most closely related to the Lophiodei,

2208-418: Was adopted by Systema Naturae 2000 and others. In botany , the ranks of subclass and suborder are secondary ranks pre-defined as respectively above and below the rank of order. Any number of further ranks can be used as long as they are clearly defined. The superorder rank is commonly used, with the ending -anae that was initiated by Armen Takhtajan 's publications from 1966 onwards. The order as

2256-523: Was described by David Attenborough as "the greatest artist of the animal kingdom" due to the males' unique habit of wooing females by creating nests in sand composed of complex geometric designs. The family name comes from the name of its type genus Tetraodon ; it is traced from the Greek words τετρα tetra meaning "four" and ὀδούς odoús meaning "teeth". The Tetraodontidae contains 193 to 206 species of puffers in 27 or 28 genera: Pufferfish are typically small to medium in size, although

2304-554: Was found to be motile only at full marine salinities, but wild breeding has never been observed. Xenopterus naritus has been reported to be the first bred artificially in Sarawak, Northwestern Borneo, in June 2016, and the main purpose was for development of aquaculture of the species. Pufferfish diets can vary depending on their environment. Traditionally, their diet consists mostly of algae and small invertebrates. They can survive on

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