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96-400: The area once was a scenic beach area that catered towards Chinese ambassadors and merchants. Around this time, it was called Cheonggwan Street . Beginning around 1945, it became a red light district that provided a variety of services, although namely drinking and prostitution, to American soldiers in the area. The area has since shifted locations and decreased in size somewhat, especially after

192-553: A Michael Ballack goal in the 39th minute, but controversy surrounded the game when United States demanded the referee give a penalty for a goal-line handball by Torsten Frings in the 49th minute, but the referee did not award the penalty. South Korea got another success in Gwangju in a controversial manner, overcoming Spain 5–3 on penalties after a 0–0 draw in which the Spaniards twice thought they had scored while onside; however,

288-420: A ball with the same technical specifications but different colors has been used in the final. South Korea and Japan were selected as hosts by FIFA on 31 May 1996. Initially, South Korea, Japan and Mexico presented three rival bids. South Korea's entry into the race was seen by some as a response to the bid of political and sporting rival Japan. FIFA leaders were split on whom to favor as host as politics within

384-524: A combat role on the Soviet side. He notably participated in the Seishin Operation . Chŏng and a number of other Koryo-saram joined North Korea after the division of Korea . Some Koryo-saram, including Pak Chang-ok , became key figures in that government, where they formed a faction of Soviet Koreans . However, in the mid-1950s, Kim Il Sung purged many Soviet-aligned Korean people, which led to

480-577: A diverse array of legitimate and illegitimate services to the American soldiers, including namely alcohol and prostitution . According to one article, the name came about because of comparisons between the area to the Wild West , where bars would occupy the first floor of buildings, and prostitutes would work on the second floor. Minors were banned from entering the area; this ban remained in effect for decades afterwards. Koreans were banned from entering

576-689: A goal early in the second half, his sixth of the competition for Brazil, to defeat Turkey in a replay of their Group C encounter. In the third-place match in Daegu , Turkey beat the South Koreans 3–2, their first goal coming from Hakan Şükür straight from the opening kick-off (even though South Korea kicked off) in 10.8 seconds, the fastest ever goal in World Cup history. In the final match held in Yokohama, Japan, two goals from Ronaldo secured

672-710: A museum with authentic houses and historical materials on display. In Almaty, there is the Korean Theatre , where one can watch plays in Korean with Russian subtitles. In South Korea, one can visit the various enclaves they live in, as well as visit a history museum in Gwangju Koryoin Village. In New York City, United States, the restaurant Cafe Lily is operated by Koryo-saram, and serves Koryo-saram cuisine. 2002 FIFA World Cup The 2002 FIFA World Cup , also branded as Korea/Japan 2002 ,

768-554: A population of Koryo-saram : ethnic Koreans from the former Soviet Union. A community center for Russian speakers that offers various services is now in the area. According to a 2018 document, the area is off limits for the Navy and Marines of the United States Forces Korea . Koryo-saram Koryo-saram ( Koryo-mar : 고려사람 ; Russian : Корё сарам ) or Koryoin ( Korean : 고려인 ) are ethnic Koreans of

864-570: A relatively mild climate. Their population grew to 2,400 in 1959, 11,000 in 1979 and 13,000 in 1989; most lived in the capital Dushanbe , with smaller concentrations in Qurghonteppa and Khujand . Like Koreans in other parts of Central Asia, they generally possessed higher incomes compared to members of other ethnic groups. However, with the May 1992 onset of civil war in Tajikistan , many fled

960-522: A result, subsequent generations lost the use of the Korean language, which J. Otto Pohl described as "emasculat[ing] the expression of Korean culture in the Soviet Union. Up until the era of glasnost , it was not permitted to speak openly of the deportations. During the August to September 1945 Soviet military campaign to liberate Korea, Koryo-saram Chŏng Sangjin was the only ethnic Korean who had

1056-474: A row. In the third place play-off match against South Korea , Turkey won 3–2, taking third place in only their second ever FIFA World Cup, and scored the fastest goal in the FIFA World Cup history (10.8 seconds after kick-off). The 2002 World Cup was also the last one to use the golden goal rule and the last one to use the same ball for all matches. Starting in 2006 and continuing to the present,

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1152-402: A runner-up from one of the other groups. This format was identical with the tournament structure being used in 1998 . A total of 64 games were played, including the final and a bronze medal game between the two semifinale losers. Group F was considered the group of death as it brought together Argentina, England, Nigeria and Sweden. The fixtures for the group stage were decided based on

1248-559: A surname, Koreans also use clan names (known as bongwan in Korea and pronounced as пой among Koryo-saram) denoting the place of origin. Korean naming practices and Russian naming practices are different – Koryo-saram use Russian name practices, but Korean surnames and sometimes Korean names. But most often Christian names are used from the saints of the Russian Orthodox Church, typical for Russians. Legislation of

1344-592: A theatre, six journals, and seven newspapers (the largest of which, Vanguard , had a circulation of 10,000). The 1937 Census showed 168,259 Koreans in the Soviet Union. However, officials in the Russian Far East viewed the Koreans' ethnic and family ties to the Japanese Empire with suspicion, which would soon set the stage for the deportation of the whole population. In 1937, facing reports from

1440-476: A tradition among modern Koreans, after women began to be given names. The Koreans began to migrate to the Russian Empire in 1864 long before women were allowed to be given names in modern Korean tradition in Korea. Legislation of the Russian Empire required the mandatory presence of the surname of the name and patronymic name for everyone. Including poor serf wives. When they were married they were given

1536-589: Is centered in Almaty , the former capital. For much of the 20th century, this was the only place in Central Asia where a Korean language newspaper (the Koryo Ilbo ) and Korean language theater ( Korean Theatre of Kazakhstan ) were in operation. The censuses of Kazakhstan recorded 96,500 Koryo-saram in 1939, 74,000 in 1959, 81,600 in 1970, 92,000 in 1979, 100,700 in 1989, and 99,700 in 1999. In Kyrgyzstan ,

1632-725: Is estimated that remittances from South Korea to Uzbekistan exceed $ 100 million annually. A number of Koryo-saram communities now exist in South Korea, including Ttaetgol Village , Gwangju Koryoin Village , Hambak Village , Texas Street , and Central Asia Street in Seoul. Several of these communities are also host to Russian speakers of other ethnicities. Koryo-saram have consistently reported feeling social isolation or even employment discrimination when in Korea. The experience of returnees has been portrayed in media, such as

1728-399: The 1953 Busan Station Fire  [ ko ] . The area's character has changed since the late 1980s. Fewer American troops were stationed nearby (U.S. Navy and Marines were prohibited from entering circa 2018), and more Russian sailors arrived. The area began to cater less towards entertainment, and more towards normal businesses. Hundreds of Russians and Koryo-saram (ethnic Koreans of

1824-605: The 2010 census gave a population of 153,156 Koreans in Russia, this time more than half were living in European Russia instead, but Russian Far East remained the federal district with highest number of Koreans. The Korean population there trace their roots back to a variety of sources. Aside from roughly 33,000 CIS nationals, mostly migrants retracing in reverse the 1937 deportation of their ancestors, between 4,000 and 12,000 North Korean migrant labourers can be found in

1920-711: The 2026 World Cup , which will be hosted by the United States, Mexico and Canada. This is also the first ever World Cup to be hosted in Asia, the other being the 2022 World Cup hosted by Qatar twenty years later and the first World Cup to be held outside of Europe and the Americas. The general secretary of South Korea's bidding committee, Song Young-shik, stated that FIFA was interested in staging some matches in North Korea in order to aid Korean reunification , but it

2016-545: The Dungan , who have maintained a higher level of proficiency in their ethnic language. In 1989, the most recent year for which data are available, the number of Russian mother tongue speakers among the Koryo-saram population overtook that of Korean mother tongue speakers. There are a number of places in multiple countries that can be visited to learn about Koryo-saram history and culture. Korean Cultural Centers throughout

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2112-862: The People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD) that there were possibilities that Japanese would have infiltrate the Russian Far East by means of ethnic Korean spies, Joseph Stalin and Vyacheslav Molotov signed Resolution 1428-326 ss, "On the Exile of the Korean Population from border Raions of the Far East Kray", on 21 August. According to the report of Nikolai Yezhov , 36,442 Korean families totalling 171,781 persons were deported by 25 October. The deported Koreans faced difficult conditions in Central Asia: monetary assistance promised by

2208-647: The Primorsky Krai . Prior to the completion of the Trans-Siberian Railway , Koreans outnumbered Russians in the Russian Far East ; the local governors encouraged them to naturalize. The village of Blagoslovennoe was founded in 1870 by Korean migrants. Another Korean village near Zolotoy Rog that Russians called Koreyskaya slabodka (Корейская слабодка, literally means Korean village) and what Koreans called "Gaecheok-ri" (開拓里,개척리)

2304-537: The former Soviet Union , who descend from Koreans that were living in the Russian Far East . Koreans first began settling in the Russian Far East in the late 19th century. Their numbers increased as Koreans fled the Japanese colonization of Korea beginning in 1910 . A number of Koryo-saram became significant Korean independence activists , such as Hong Beom-do and Chŏng Sangjin . In 1937, they were all deported to Central Asia . They have since dispersed throughout

2400-485: The official song of the World Cup , " Boom ". The draw resulted in the following eight groups: In each group, the teams played three matches, one against each of the other teams. Victories were granted 3 points, while a draw was equal to 1 point. After completion of the group stage, the best two teams of each group advanced to the Round of 16 in the knockout stage , in a way so all group winners started out meeting

2496-504: The 2011 film Hanaan , by Koryo-saram director Ruslan Pak. Religion of Koryo-saram After their arrival in Central Asia, the Koryo-saram quickly established a way of life different from that of neighbouring peoples. They set up irrigation works and became known throughout the region as rice farmers. They interacted little with the nomadic peoples around them and focused on education. Although they soon ceased to wear traditional Korean clothing , they adopted Western-style dress rather than

2592-458: The 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine , has motivated several thousand Korean Ukrainians to move to South Korea for safety. Sakhalin Koreans also exist on the island of Sakhalin in Russia, but they are often considered a separate ethnic group. They arrived when Sakhalin was partially under Japanese rule , and were never subjected to the forced deportation to Central Asia. Some of them identify as Koryo-saram, but many do not. This has led to

2688-456: The 20th century. They formed four main groups: those sent for intelligence work during the Japanese colonial period , the Red Army personnel who arrived in 1945–1946, civilian advisors and teachers who arrived in the northern half of the peninsula in 1946–1948 and individuals who repatriated from the Soviet Union to North Korea for personal reasons. Though it was common in most of

2784-450: The AFC viewed co-hosting between the two Asian rivals as the best option. South Korea and Japan were finally faced with a choice of having no World Cup or a shared World Cup and they reluctantly chose to go along with co-hosting. South Korea and Japan were chosen unanimously as co-hosts in preference to Mexico. This was the first World Cup to be hosted by more than one country, the second being

2880-922: The Association of Koreans in Ukraine, is located in Kharkiv, where roughly 150 Korean families reside; the first Korean language school was opened in 1996 under their direction. Some of the most famous Korean-Ukrainians are Vitalii Kim , current governor of Mykolaiv Oblast , Pavlo Lee , actor killed in Russo-Ukrainian war , and Oleksandr Sin , former mayor of Zaporizhzhia . After 2001, many Koreans migrated into Ukraine from Central Asia. The majority of Koryo-saram in Central Asia reside in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan . Korean culture in Kazakhstan

2976-553: The European morning, some schools and businesses chose to open late on match days or set up communal watching events before the start of work. 199 teams attempted to qualify for the 2002 World Cup. The qualification process began with the preliminary draw held in Tokyo on 7 December 1999. Defending champions France and co-hosts South Korea and Japan qualified automatically and did not have to play any qualification matches. This

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3072-633: The Goryeo dynasty; to avoid ambiguity, Korean speakers use a word Goryeoin ( 고려인 ; 高麗人 , meaning the same as "Koryo-saram") to refer to ethnic Koreans in the post-Soviet states. However, the Sino-Korean morpheme "-in" ( 인 ; 人 ) is not productive in Koryo-mal , the dialect spoken by Koryo-saram and as a result, only a few (mainly those who have studied Standard Korean) refer to themselves by this name; instead, "Koryo-saram" has come to be

3168-597: The Korean Centre of Education which opened in Bishkek in 2001. South Korean Christian missionaries are also active in the country. The population in Uzbekistan is largely scattered in rural areas. This population has suffered in recent years from linguistic handicaps, as the Koryo-saram there spoke Russian but not Uzbek . After the independence of Uzbekistan , many lost their jobs due to being unable to speak

3264-453: The Koryo-saram have for the most part adopted. Therefore, Koryo-saram do not use generation names. They use, depending on religion, either a name from Sviatcy or a name arbitrarily chosen from the hanja character used in Korea to form names. Due to deportation and the continuing urbanization of the population after 1952, the command of Korean among the Koryo-saram has continued to fall. This contrasts with other more rural minority groups such as

3360-737: The Koryo-saram is closest to that of the Hamgyong provinces in North Korea and is dominated by meat soups and salty side dishes. It uses similar cooking techniques but is adapted to local ingredients, which resulted in invention of new dishes. One well-known example is morkovcha , a variant of kimchi that uses carrots. It has become popular in many parts of the former Soviet Union. Other examples of dishes include pyanse , kuksu , funchoza , timpeni , khe , chartagi , kadi che ( 가지채 ), kosari che , chirgym che , siryak-tyamuri , and kadyuri . Many Korean surnames, when Cyrillized, are spelled and pronounced slightly differently from

3456-441: The Russian Empire in issuing documents required the father's name. Koreans began with the use of patronymics that were formed from the Korean names of their fathers. Over time, as the proportion of Christians increased, Koreans were given, in accordance with the tradition of the Russian Orthodox Church, names from the general list of revered saints. Currently, 80% of Koryo-saram have a record of their Korean names. This differs from

3552-575: The South Korean police. In addition, South Korea and the People's Republic of China established diplomatic relations in late 1992, and Busan and Shanghai were made sister cities the following year. As such, efforts were made to revive parts of the district's former Chinese character. In 1999, the Shanghai Theme Street was built, with a Chinese-style gate, a Chinese-style community center, and other art projects. In 2007, this area

3648-480: The World Cup for Brazil as they claimed victory over Germany . Ronaldo scored twice in the second half and, after the game, won the Golden Shoe award for the tournament's leading scorer with eight goals. This was the fifth time Brazil had won the World Cup, cementing their status as the most successful national team in the history of the competition. Brazil became the only team since Argentina in 1986 to win

3744-481: The ability to speak Korean has become increasingly rare amongst modern Koryo-saram, they have retained some elements of Korean culture, including Korean names . Koryo-saram cuisine has become popular throughout the former Soviet Union, with the dish morkovcha now widely available in grocery stores there. A significant number of Koryo-saram have either moved temporarily or permanently to South Korea for economic or cultural reasons. The Russo-Ukrainian War , especially

3840-529: The above in advance of the tournament, but older versions were still available on the FIFA and UEFA websites, causing some confusion among those trying to identify the correct criteria. For the second round, quarter-finals, and semi-finals, the qualifiers from Groups A, C, F, and H played their games in Japan while the qualifiers from Groups B, D, E, and G played their games in South Korea. Daegu , South Korea, hosted

3936-504: The area on work visas, although they were often forced into providing prostitution services. In 2003, work visas for Russian dancers ceased to be issued, although it was reported that many bar hostesses were Russian even in 2006. In the 2010s, an investigation into the forced prostitution of Filipinas in this area and several others led to an investigation by the International Crime Investigation Unit of

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4032-529: The area, and Chinese merchants set up there. Around this time, it was called Cheonggwan Street ( 청관거리 ; 淸官거리 ; lit.  Qing Establishment Street). The area received its name around the time of the division of Korea , when the United States Army Military Government in Korea (USAMGIK) occupied the southern half of the peninsula. A shanty town formed next to a nearby American military base. Residents provided

4128-578: The clothing worn by the Central Asian peoples. The ritual life of the Koryo-saram community has changed in various respects. Marriages have taken on the Russian style. At Korean traditional funerals , the coffin is taken out of the house either through the window or a single door threshold; however, if there is more than one door threshold on the way out (e.g. in modern multi-stories buildings), three notches are made on each threshold. The name of

4224-820: The clubs and bars on the street. Koreans feared the area and considered it unsafe due to the drunken antics of soldiers. After the 1953 Busan Station Fire  [ ko ] in the area, businesses moved closer to the Busan station area, where the district now remains. The area gradually lost its association with American servicemen beginning in the late 1980s, as the number of troops stationed in Busan began to decrease. Streets became virtually deserted, with many businesses closing. The Soviet Union collapsed in 1991. In 1993, South Korea and Russia established diplomatic relations. The area then began catering to significant numbers of Russian sailors that moved between Vladivostok and Busan. Russian dancers and Filipina singers came to

4320-464: The country; by 1996, their population had fallen by over half to 6,300 people. Most are engaged in agriculture and retail business. Violence continued even after the end of the civil war; in 2000, suspected Hizb ut-Tahrir members exploded a bomb in a Korean Christian church in Dushanbe, killing 9 and wounding 30. There was some minor return migration of Soviet Koreans to Korea in the first half of

4416-514: The creation of 105 Korean village soviets (councils) in mixed-nationality raion , as well as an entire raion for the Korean nationality, the Pos'et Korean National Raion; these conducted their activities entirely in the Korean language . The Soviet Koreans had a large number of their own official institutions, including 380 Korean schools, two teachers' colleges, one pedagogical school, three hospitals,

4512-528: The dead is traditionally written in hanja ; however, as hardly anyone is left among the Koryo-saram who can write in hanja, the name is generally written in hangul only. On the other hand, the rituals for the first birthday and sixtieth anniversary have been preserved in their traditional form. In New York City, United States, there is the All Nations Baptist Church , a Russian-speaking Christian church for Koryo-saram. The cuisine of

4608-455: The defending champions France being eliminated in the group stage after earning a single point without scoring a goal and second favourites Argentina also being eliminated in the group stage. South Korea managed to reach the semi-finals, beating Poland , Portugal , Italy and Spain en route. They became the first team from outside of the UEFA , CONMEBOL , and CONCACAF regions and one of

4704-472: The draw results, as follows: All times are Korea Standard Time and Japan Standard Time ( UTC+9 ) Groups A, B, C and D based in South Korea. Groups E, F, G and H based in Japan. In the following tables: The teams in the group play were ranked upon In the original version of the rules for the final tournament, the ranking criteria were in a different order, with head-to-head results taking precedence over total goal difference. The rules were changed to

4800-482: The efforts were disallowed by the referee with controversial decisions. The hosts became the first team in the Asian Football Confederation to reach the semi-finals of the World Cup, eclipsing the record of their North Korean counterparts who reached the quarter-finals in 1966 . They also became the first World Cup semi-final team not from UEFA or CONMEBOL since the United States did it in

4896-676: The expulsion of a number of Koryo-saram from the North. Several of them, including Chŏng, returned to Central Asia and continued writing for the Lenin Kichi . Scholars estimated that roughly 470,000 Koryo-saram were living in the Commonwealth of Independent States . The 2002 census gave a population of 148,556 Koreans in Russia, of which 75,835 were male and 72,721 female. More than half were living in Asian Russia . Meanwhile,

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4992-470: The finals for the first time: China , Ecuador , Senegal and Slovenia . As of 2022, this was the last occasion on which the Republic of Ireland and Turkey qualified for a FIFA World Cup finals, and the only time that China have qualified, as well as the last time that Australia and Switzerland failed to qualify. Turkey qualified for the first time since 1954, Poland and Portugal both qualified for

5088-437: The first Asian teams (along with Turkey in this World Cup) to reach the semi-finals of a World Cup. However, the most potent team at the tournament, Brazil , prevailed, winning the final against Germany 2–0, making them the first and only country to have won the World Cup five times. The victory qualified Brazil for the 2003 and subsequently 2005 FIFA Confederations Cups , its fourth and fifth Confederations Cup appearance in

5184-576: The first World Cup in 1930. Turkey defeated Senegal 1–0 in Osaka, with a golden goal scored by İlhan Mansız in the 94th minute. The semi-finals saw two 1–0 games; the first semi-final, played in Seoul, saw Michael Ballack's goal suffice for Germany to eliminate South Korea. However, Ballack had already received a yellow card during the match before, which forced him to miss the final based on accumulated yellow cards. The next day in Saitama saw Ronaldo score

5280-402: The first player to appear in three successive World Cup finals, accepted the trophy on behalf of the team. Ronaldo won the Golden Shoe after scoring eight goals. In total, 161 goals were scored by 109 players, with three of them credited as own goals. Two of those own goals were in the same match, marking the first time in FIFA World Cup history that own goals had been scored by both teams in

5376-541: The first position of the eight groups playing in the group stage. The remaining 24 unseeded teams, were allocated into three pots based on geographical sections, with the: 11 European teams in pot 2; two Asian teams and three South American teams in pot 3; three North American teams and five African teams in pot 4. The general principle was to draw one team from each pot into the eight groups, although with special combined procedures for pot 2 and pot 3, due to comprising more/less than eight teams - but sixteen teams in total. At

5472-601: The first time since 1986 and Costa Rica and Uruguay qualified for the first time since 1990. Sweden, Russia and the Republic of Ireland also returned after missing the 1998 World Cup. 1998 semi-finalists the Netherlands , three-time participants in the 1990s Romania and Colombia , and Bulgaria , Morocco and Norway , who had participated in the previous two finals tournaments, alongside Austria , Chile , Iran , Jamaica , Scotland and Yugoslavia which participated in

5568-467: The formation of a cohesive identity among the Korean deportees. However, in schools for Soviet Korean children, the government switched Korean language from being the medium of instruction to being taught merely as a second language in 1939, and from 1945 stopped it from being taught entirely; furthermore, the only publication in the Korean language was the Lenin Kichi (now called Koryo Ilbo ). As

5664-407: The former Soviet Union) began moving into the area, making it an ethnic enclave. However, the area has still retained some of its red-light district nature, despite government efforts. The area around modern-day Choryang-dong  [ ko ] was originally considered an open, scenic beach area, with white sands and pine trees. A Chinese consulate and land concession to Qing formerly occupied

5760-631: The former Soviet Union, such as the one in Ussuriysk, Russia , offer cultural experiences and sometimes museums on Koryo-saram and Korean history. In Kazakhstan there is a number of places. In Ushtobe, there is a Kazakhstan–Korea Friendship Park that marks where the Koryo-saram first settled in Kazakhstan. It has a Korean cemetery and memorials for Koryo-saram figures. Also in Ushtobe, the Karatal Korean History Center has

5856-604: The former Soviet Union, with significant populations in Siberia , Uzbekistan , and Kazakhstan . Approximately 500,000 Koryo-saram reside in the former Soviet Union, primarily in the now-independent states of Central Asia. There are also large Korean communities in Southern Russia (around Volgograd ), the Russian Far East (around Vladivostok ), the Caucasus , Kyrgyzstan , Turkmenistan , and southern Ukraine . While

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5952-474: The game for Senegal 2–1, which led to Senegal becoming only the second African team to reach the last eight (after Cameroon in 1990 ). Spain and the Republic of Ireland played in Suwon, where Spain led most of the match 1–0 until a late penalty kick scored by Robbie Keane made the match go to extra time, where Spain emerged victorious in a penalty shoot-out. The United States beat CONCACAF rivals Mexico 2–0 in Jeonju with Brian McBride and Landon Donovan scoring

6048-410: The goals. Brazil defeated Belgium 2–0 in Kobe, with an amazing volley by Rivaldo and a splendid counter-attack goal by Ronaldo . Turkey ended co-hosts Japan's run with a 1–0 win in Miyagi, thanks to an Ümit Davala goal in the 12th minute. The other co-hosts, South Korea, defeated Italy 2–1 in extra time in Daejeon with a goal by Ahn Jung-hwan in the 117th minute. South Korea's win ensured that, for

6144-488: The government never materialised, and furthermore, most of the deported were rice farmers and fishermen, who had difficulty adapting to the arid climate of their new home. Estimates based on population statistics suggest that 40,000 deported Koreans died in 1937 and 1938 for these reasons. Nonetheless, the deportees cooperated to build irrigation works and start rice farms; within three years, they had recovered their original standard of living. The events of this period led to

6240-417: The groups playing in Korea. The FIFA Organising Committee decided ahead of the draw to place the defending champions (France) in Group A while the co-hosts South Korea and Japan were placed in Group D and Group H respectively. The procedure for the draw comprised the following six steps: Besides of drawing the teams, the event also featured American vocalist Anastacia giving a debut public performance of

6336-596: The independence movement, making it a centre for nationalist activities, including arms supply; the Japanese attacked it on 4 April 1920 , leaving hundreds dead. By 1923, the Korean population in the Soviet Union had grown to 106,817. The following year, the Soviets began taking measures to control Korean population movement to their territory; however, they were not completely successful until 1931; after that date, they halted all migration from Korea and required existing migrants to naturalise as Soviet citizens. The Soviet policy of korenizatsiya (indigenisation) resulted in

6432-416: The land they had settled on was ceded to Russia by the Convention of Peking in 1860. Many peasants considered Siberia to be a land where they could lead better lives, and so they subsequently migrated there. According to Russian sources early as 1863, 13 Korean households were recorded in Posyet , near Bay of Novgorod. These numbers rose dramatically, and by 1869 Koreans composed 20% of the population of

6528-403: The latest edition, failed to qualify. South Korea set a record by appearing in a fifth successive finals tournament, the first nation from outside Europe or the Americas to achieve this feat. All seven previous World Cup-winning nations ( Argentina , Brazil , England , France , Germany , Italy , and Uruguay ) qualified, which broke the record of most previous champions at a tournament before

6624-448: The national language. Some emigrated to the Russian Far East , but found life difficult there as well. There is also a small Korean community in Tajikistan . Mass settlement of Koreans in the country began during the late 1950s and early 1960s, after the loosening of restrictions on their freedom of movement which had previously kept them confined to Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan. Pull factors for migration included rich natural resources and

6720-458: The newly socialist countries of the Eastern Bloc to receive Soviet-educated personnel who were from the country or had ancestral ethnic connections there, in North Korea such returned members of national diaspora played a more important role than in other countries. Later, labour migration to South Korea would grow to a large size. As of 2005 , as many as 10,000 Uzbekistani nationals worked in South Korea, with most of them being ethnic Koreans. It

6816-406: The officials "thieves of dreams", though FIFA dismissed the incident as human error. This was the first World Cup that featured squads of 23 players, an increase from 22 previously. Of the 23 players, three must be goalkeepers. The FIFA Organising Committee announced the eight seeded teams on 28 November 2001. The historic tradition to seed the hosts (Japan and South Korea) and holders (France)

6912-762: The other 16 stadiums hosted 3 matches each. Notably, no matches were played in Tokyo , making it the second capital of a host country not to have a World Cup venue after Bonn of West Germany in 1974 . South Korea Japan There was much controversy over the refereeing in the tournament. Questionable decisions in the match between Italy and South Korea resulted in 400,000 complaints, and featured in ESPN's 10 most fabled World Cup controversies. The match between Spain and South Korea featured two controversially disallowed Spanish goals, which Iván Helguera referred to as "a robbery" and led to Spanish press brandishing

7008-506: The pattern typical in the US, where Korean American parents often register their children with a Korean given name as their legal middle name (e.g. Daniel Dae Kim , Harold Hongju Koh ). In Korea, until the 20th century, women were generally called by their family name. Nobles received as a pseudo-name the name of the estate in which they lived and this did not change when getting married. The preservation of his wife's name has been preserved as

7104-479: The population has remained roughly stable over the past three censuses: 18,355 (1989), 19,784 (1999), and 17,299 (2009). This contrasts sharply with other non-indigenous groups such as Germans , many of whom migrated to Germany after the breakup of the Soviet Union. South Korea never had any programme to promote return migration of their diaspora in Central Asia, unlike Germany. However, they have established organisations to promote Korean language and culture, such as

7200-604: The preferred term. The early 19th century saw the decline of the Korean Joseon dynasty . A small population of wealthy elite owned the farmlands in the country, and poor peasants found it difficult to survive. Koreans leaving the country in this period were obliged to move toward Russia, as the border with China was sealed by the Qing Dynasty . However, the first Koreans in the Russian Empire, 761 families totalling 5,310 people, had actually migrated to Qing territory;

7296-649: The record was broken again in 2014. The highest ranked team not to qualify for the finals was Colombia (ranked 4th), while the lowest ranked team that did qualify was China PR (ranked 50th). The following 32 teams, shown with final pre-tournament rankings, qualified for the final tournament: South Korea and Japan each provided 10 venues, the vast majority of them newly built for the tournament. Groups A–D played all their matches in South Korea and Groups E–H played all their matches in Japan. The stadiums in Daegu, Suwon, Yokohama and Saitama all hosted 4 matches each, while

7392-734: The region. Smaller numbers of South Koreans and ethnic Koreans from China have also come to the region to settle, invest, and/or engage in cross-border trade. In the Ukrainian 2001 census , 12,711 people defined themselves as ethnic Koreans, up from 8,669 in 1989. Of these only 17.5% gave Korean as their native language. The majority (76%) named Russian as their native language, while 5.5% named Ukrainian . The largest concentrations can be found in Kharkiv , Kyiv , Odesa , Mykolaiv , Cherkasy , Lviv , Luhansk , Donetsk , Dnipro , Zaporizhia and Crimea . The largest ethnic representative body,

7488-449: The romanisations used in the U.S. and the resulting common pronunciations, as can be seen in the table at right. Some surnames of Koryo-saram have a particle "gai" added to them, such as Kogai or Nogai. The origin of this is unclear. The introduction of international passports by newly independent CIS countries, resulted in further differences in pronunciation as Korean surnames had to be transliterated from Cyrillic into Latin. In addition to

7584-508: The same time, the draw also needed to respect the geographical limitation, that each group could not feature more than one team from each confederation, except for the European teams where the limitation was maximum two per group. Finally, special limitations were also stipulated to evenly distribute the presence of teams from each confederation between the groups playing respectively in Korea (group A-D) and Japan (group E-H); however, for political considerations, China could only be drawn for one of

7680-522: The surname of the husband, a patronymic formed on behalf of the father and given a name from the Sviatcy (List of names of saints of the Orthodox Church). In Korea, it is common for siblings and cousins of the same generation to have one hanja syllable in common among all of their names; this is known as dollimja . Russians have no equivalent practice, although they do have patronyms which

7776-463: The term materikovye ( материковые ) for Koryo-saram, meaning " continentals ". The term by which they refer to themselves is composed of two Korean words: " Koryo ", a historical name for Korea, and " saram ", meaning "person" or "people". The word Koryo in "Koryo-saram" originated from the name of the Goryeo (Koryŏ) Dynasty from which "Korea" was also derived. The name Soviet Korean

7872-513: The third-place match while Yokohama , Japan, hosted the final. In the round of 16, Germany beat Paraguay 1–0 with a late goal by Oliver Neuville in Seogwipo. England defeated Denmark in Niigata 3–0, with all goals occurring in the first half of the game. Sweden and Senegal faced off in Ōita and finished 1–1 in regular time and it took a golden goal from Henri Camara in extra time to settle

7968-472: The trophy without needing to win a penalty shoot-out at some stage during the knockout phase and the total number of penalty shoot-outs (2) was the lowest since the four-round knockout format was introduced in 1986. Brazil also became the first team to win every match at a World Cup since 1970 and set a new record for highest aggregate goal difference (+14) for a World Cup winner. Brazil's captain Cafu , who became

8064-571: The very first time in the Cup's history, teams from five continents – Europe, North America, South America, Africa and Asia – reached the quarter-finals of the same tournament. In the quarter-finals, England and Brazil squared off in Shizuoka, where Ronaldinho scored a free-kick goal over England's David Seaman early in the second half as Brazil won 2–1. The United States lost to Germany 1–0 in Ulsan by

8160-539: The world governing body held sway. With Mexico regarded as a long shot, the battle to host the tournament came down to South Korea and Japan. The two Asian rivals went on a massive and expensive PR blitz around the world, prompting Sultan Ahmad Shah , the head of the Asian Football Confederation , to step in. FIFA boss João Havelange had long backed the Japanese bid, but his rival in FIFA, UEFA chief Lennart Johansson , sought to undermine Havelange's plans. UEFA and

8256-412: Was also used, more frequently before the collapse of the Soviet Union. Russians may also lump Koryo-saram under the general label koreytsy ( корейцы ); however, this usage makes no distinctions between ethnic Koreans of the local nationality and the Korean nationals (citizens of North Korea or South Korea). In Standard Korean, the term "Koryo-saram" is typically used to refer to historical figures from

8352-629: Was confiscated and Korean labourers were laid off. However, Korean migration to Russia continued to grow; 1914 figures showed 64,309 Koreans (among whom 20,109 were Russian citizens). Even the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution did nothing to slow migration; after the repression of the 1919 March First Movement in Japanese-colonised Korea , migration actually intensified. Korean leaders in Vladivostok 's Sinhanch'on (literally, "New Korean Village") neighbourhood also provided support to

8448-529: Was designated the Dong District Chinatown Special Zone, with further renovations planned. Beginning in 1993, the character of the area became less catered towards bars and drinking, and more towards regular stores. The OhmyNews reporter felt that, in general, the Russian patrons were better behaved than the American ones, who he felt acted arrogantly because they viewed themselves as protectors of South Korea. However, business

8544-474: Was hosted in South Korea and Japan. By the 2010s, the city invested more and more money into making the district a more general tourist area, and general patronage by Korean customers increased. The area had legitimate customers by day, but nightclub-goers by night. However, these efforts have been considered to have had mixed results, as the area is still known for its prostitution and bars. The area has retained some of its Russian character, particularly through

8640-537: Was officially recognized by the Vladivostok authorities. The 1897 Russian Empire Census found 26,005 Korean speakers (16,225 men and 9,780 women) in the whole of Russia. In the early 20th century, both Russia and Korea came into conflict with Japan. Following the end of the Russo-Japanese War in 1907, Russia enacted an anti-Korean law at the behest of Japan, under which the land of Korean farmers

8736-688: Was ruled out. At the time the decision was made, Japan had never qualified for a World Cup final (although the Japanese did subsequently qualify for the 1998 competition ). The only other countries to have been awarded a World Cup without previously having competed in a final tournament are Italy in 1934 and Qatar in 2022 (Uruguay hosted the first World Cup in 1930 so there was no prior tournament; they were defending Olympic champions from 1928 ). The unusual choice of host proved an issue for football fans in Europe, used to watching international matches on or close to their time zone. With games taking place in

8832-486: Was slower than it had been when American soldiers frequented the area, as the Russians tended to have and spend less money. Regardless, the area became host to an ethnic enclave of Russians by 1999, with about 200 Russians living there year-round, and hundreds more on short-term visas. The city has since made a number of efforts to change the character of the area. One such effort was around the 2002 FIFA World Cup , which

8928-569: Was the 17th FIFA World Cup , the quadrennial football world championship for men's national teams organized by FIFA . It was held from 31 May to 30 June 2002 at sites in South Korea and Japan , with its final match hosted by Japan at International Stadium in Yokohama . During the opening ceremony, the championship was declared opened by President of South Korea Kim Dae-jung . A field of 32 teams qualified for this World Cup, which

9024-508: Was the final World Cup in which the defending champions qualified automatically. 14 places were contested by UEFA teams (Europe), five by CAF teams (Africa), four by CONMEBOL teams (South America), four by AFC teams (Asia) and three by CONCACAF teams (North and Central America and the Caribbean). The remaining two places were decided by playoffs between AFC and UEFA and between CONMEBOL and OFC (Oceania). Four nations qualified for

9120-518: Was the first to be held in Asia , the first to be held outside of the Americas or Europe , as well as the first to be jointly hosted by more than one nation. China , Ecuador , Senegal and Slovenia made their World Cup debuts, with Senegal being the only debutant to qualify from the group stages and make it to the quarterfinals. The tournament had several upsets and surprise results, which included

9216-408: Was upheld while the remaining five seeds were granted to the other five of the top six teams—ranked by their results in the last three FIFA World Cups (ratio 3:2:1) and their FIFA World Ranking position in the last month of the past three years (equal ratio). For the draw, the 32 teams were allocated into four pots; the eight top-seeded teams, were allocated in pot 1 and would be drawn/selected into

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