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105-649: The Bangladesh Technical Education Board is a state regulatory board responsible for monitoring and developing technical and vocational education in the secondary level (SSC), 2-year higher secondary level (HSC/Vocational), 4-year Diploma in Agriculture, 4-year Diploma in Engineering degree and 4-year Diploma in Medical Technology degree throughout the People's Republic of Bangladesh . The board sets

210-598: A broad Scotch accent, upon Scotland and upon the utter degeneration of everything." In 1870, he was elected president of the London Library, and in November he wrote a letter to The Times in support of Germany in the Franco-Prussian War . His conversation was recorded by a number of friends and visitors in later years, most notably William Allingham , who became known as Carlyle's Boswell . In

315-608: A cheap little man-servant", worked on the farm, his mother with her one maid-servant, and his two youngest sisters, Jean and Jenny. He had constant contact with the rest of his family, most of whom lived close by at Mainhill, a farm owned by his father. Jane made a successful visit in September 1825. Whilst there, Carlyle wrote German Romance (1827), a translation of German novellas by Johann Karl August Musäus , Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué , Ludwig Tieck , E. T. A. Hoffmann , and Jean Paul . In Hoddam Hill, Carlyle found respite from

420-799: A collection of his earlier writings in the form of the Critical and Miscellaneous Essays , facilitated in Boston with the aid of Emerson. Carlyle presented his second lecture series in April and June 1838 on the history of literature at the Marylebone Institution in Portman Square . The Examiner reported that at the end of the second lecture, "Mr. Carlyle was heartily greeted with applause." Carlyle felt that they "went on better and better, and grew at last, or threatened to grow, quite

525-592: A coma. For a moment he awakened, and Mary heard him speak his final words: "So this is Death—well ..." He thereafter lost his speech and died on the morning of 5 February. An offer of interment at Westminster Abbey , which he had anticipated, was declined by his executors in accordance with his will. He was laid to rest with his mother and father in Hoddam Kirkyard in Ecclefechan, according to old Scottish custom. His private funeral, held on 10 February,

630-436: A combination of skill and community help are implied, such as medical, care-giving, and veterinary occupations. Occupations where rewards are seen more in spiritual or other non-financial terms, such as religious occupations, are also seen as vocations. Borderline occupations, where community service and more personal reward are more evenly balanced, such as politics , may often be regarded as vocations. In Protestantism ,

735-802: A companion and guide, and wrote a series of brief articles on the Irish question in 1848. These were "Ireland and the British Chief Governor", "Irish Regiments (of the New Æra)", and "The Repeal of the Union", each of which offered solutions to Ireland's problems and argued to preserve England's connection with Ireland. Carlyle wrote an article titled "Ireland and Sir Robert Peel " (signed "C.") published in April 1849 in The Spectator in response to two speeches given by Peel wherein he made many of

840-618: A corrective to Julius Hare 's unsatisfactory 1848 biography. In late September and early October, he made his second trip to Paris, where he met Adolphe Thiers and Prosper Mérimée ; his account, "Excursion (Futile Enough) to Paris; Autumn 1851", was published posthumously. In 1852, Carlyle began research on Frederick the Great , whom he had expressed interest in writing a biography of as early as 1830. He travelled to Germany that year, examining source documents and prior histories. Carlyle struggled through research and writing, telling von Ense it

945-659: A flaming affair." He published two essays in 1838, "Sir Walter Scott", being a review of John Gibson Lockhart 's biography, and "Varnhagen von Ense's Memoirs". In April 1839, Carlyle published "Petition on the Copyright Bill ". A third series of lectures was given in May on the revolutions of modern Europe, which the Examiner reviewed positively, noting after the third lecture that "Mr. Carlyle's audiences appear to increase in number every time." Carlyle wrote to his mother that

1050-461: A general calling to serve God and a particular calling to engage in some employment by which one's usefulness is determined. Calvinism developed complex ideas about different types of vocations of the first type, connected with the concepts of predestination , irresistible grace , and the elect. There are the vocatio universalis , the vocatio specialis , only extended to some. There were also complex distinctions between internal and external, and

1155-483: A history of German literature, from which he drew material for essays "The Nibelungen Lied", "Early German Literature" and parts of "Historic Survey of German Poetry" (each 1831). He published early thoughts on the philosophy of history in "Thoughts on History" (1830) and wrote his first pieces of social criticism, "Signs of the Times" (1829) and "Characteristics" (1831). "Signs" garnered the interest of Gustave d'Eichthal ,

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1260-562: A history of the House of Guise and its relation to Scottish history, which was first published in 1981. Carlyle made a second expedition to Germany in 1858 to survey the topography of battlefields, which he documented in Journey to Germany, Autumn 1858 , published posthumously. In May 1863, Carlyle wrote the short dialogue "Ilias (Americana) in Nuce" (American Iliad in a Nutshell) on the topic of

1365-690: A large expansion of Carlyle's social circle. He became acquainted with scores of leading writers, novelists, artists, radicals, men of science, Church of England clergymen, and political figures. Two of his most important friendships were with Lord and Lady Ashburton ; though Carlyle's warm affection for the latter would eventually strain his marriage, the Ashburtons helped to broaden his social horizons, giving him access to circles of intelligence, political influence, and power. Carlyle eventually decided to publish Sartor serially in Fraser's Magazine , with

1470-496: A lay clergy , with most members receiving no compensation for the execution of their callings. Prominent church leader J. Reuben Clark said, "In the service of the Lord, it is not where you serve but how. In the [church], one takes the place to which one is duly called, which place one neither seeks nor declines." Prior to beginning service, a person is presented to church membership for a sustaining vote to that calling. The person

1575-467: A member of the Saint-Simonians , who sent Carlyle Saint-Simonian literature, including Henri de Saint-Simon 's Nouveau Christianisme (1825), which Carlyle translated and wrote an introduction for. Most notably, he wrote Sartor Resartus . Finishing the manuscript in late July 1831, Carlyle began his search for a publisher, leaving for London in early August. He and his wife lived there for

1680-460: A more rigorous observance of their faith through the contemplative lifestyle of the hermits and monks and nuns . Use of the word "vocation" before the sixteenth century referred firstly to the "call" by God to an individual, or calling of all humankind to salvation , particularly in the Vulgate , and more specifically to the "vocation" to the priesthood , or to the religious life , which

1785-446: A number of essays there which earned him money and augmented his reputation, including "Life and Writings of Werner ", "Goethe's Helena", "Goethe", "Robert Burns|Burns", "The Life of Heyne " (each 1828), "German Playwrights", "Voltaire", "Novalis" (each 1829), "Jean Paul Friedrich Richter Again" (1830), "Cruthers and Jonson; or The Outskirts of Life: A True Story", "Luther's Psalm", and "Schiller" (each 1831). He began but did not complete

1890-608: A particular person, consecration as a religious dedication, ordination to priestly ministry in the Church and even a holy life as a single person. In the broader sense, Christian vocation includes the use of one's gifts in their profession, family life, church and civic commitments for the sake of the greater common good. In both the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Churches , a candidate to

1995-648: A poor farmer's daughter then working as a servant. They had nine children, of whom Thomas was the eldest. Margaret was pious and devout and hoped that Thomas would become a minister. She was close to her eldest son, being a "smoking companion, counsellor and confidante" in Carlyle's early days. She suffered a manic episode when Carlyle was a teenager, in which she became "elated, disinhibited, over-talkative and violent." She suffered another breakdown in 1817, which required her to be removed from her home and restrained. Carlyle always spoke highly of his parents, and his character

2100-581: A professorship of history at Edinburgh. Carlyle was the principal founder of the London Library in 1841. He had become frustrated by the facilities available at the British Museum Library , where he was often unable to find a seat (obliging him to perch on ladders), where he complained that the enforced close confinement with his fellow readers gave him a "museum headache", where the books were unavailable for loan, and where he found

2205-609: A study of his own, German scholar Gerhart von Schulze-Gävernitz found himself overwhelmed by the amount of material already written about Carlyle—in 1894. Authors on whom Carlyle's influence was particularly strong include Matthew Arnold , Elizabeth Barrett Browning , Robert Browning , Arthur Hugh Clough , Dickens, Disraeli, George Eliot, Elizabeth Gaskell , Frank Harris , Kingsley, George Henry Lewes , David Masson , George Meredith , Mill, Margaret Oliphant , Luigi Pirandello , Marcel Proust , Ruskin, George Bernard Shaw , and Walt Whitman . Germaine Brée has shown

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2310-865: A substitute for the fifth Book of Euclid as could have been given in that space". Carlyle's translation of Goethe's Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship (1824) and Travels (1825) and his biography of Schiller (1825) brought him a decent income, which had before then eluded him, and he garnered a modest reputation. He began corresponding with Goethe and made his first trip to London in 1824, meeting with prominent writers such as Thomas Campbell , Charles Lamb , and Samuel Taylor Coleridge , and gaining friendships with Anna Montagu, Bryan Waller Proctor , and Henry Crabb Robinson . He also travelled to Paris in October–November with Edward Strachey and Kitty Kirkpatrick , where he attended Georges Cuvier 's introductory lecture on comparative anatomy , gathered information on

2415-408: A thread, my tongue ... dry as charcoal: the people were there, I was obliged to stumble in, and start. Ach Gott! " Despite his inexperience as a lecturer and deficiency "in the mere mechanism of oratory," reviews were positive and the series proved profitable for him. During Carlyle's lecture series, The French Revolution: A History was officially published. It marked his career breakthrough. At

2520-682: A translation of Adrien Marie Legendre 's Elements of Geometry . In January 1822, Carlyle wrote "Goethe's Faust" for the New Edinburgh Review , and shortly afterwards began a tutorship for the distinguished Buller family, tutoring Charles Buller and his brother Arthur William Buller until July; he would work for the family until July 1824. Carlyle completed the Legendre translation in July 1822, having prefixed his own essay "On Proportion ", which Augustus De Morgan later called "as good

2625-507: A vote of 657 to 310. Carlyle travelled to Scotland to deliver his "Inaugural Address at Edinburgh" as Rector in April 1866. During his trip, he was accompanied by John Tyndall , Thomas Henry Huxley , and Thomas Erskine . One of those that welcomed Carlyle on his arrival was Sir David Brewster, president of the university and the commissioner of Carlyle's first professional writings for the Edinburgh Encyclopædia . Carlyle

2730-592: A way of life. In the broadest sense, as stated in the Catechism of the Catholic Church , " Love is the fundamental and innate vocation of every human being". More specifically, in the Eastern Orthodox and Catholic Churches, this idea of vocation is especially associated with a divine call to service to the Church and humanity through particular vocational life commitments such as marriage to

2835-521: Is first cited from 1560 by the OED. In Evangelicalism , the sense of deliberate purpose before God is generally an expected part of the choice to seek ministerial work in the first place and is often referred to as a calling or call . The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints describes a calling as "a duty, position, or responsibility in the Church that is issued to a member by priesthood leaders .... [it is] an opportunity to serve." The church uses

2940-636: Is hardly a superior or active mind of this generation that has not been modified by Carlyle's writings; there has hardly been an English book written for the last ten or twelve years that would not have been different if Carlyle had not lived. Carlyle's two most important followers were Emerson and Ruskin . In the 19th century, Emerson was often thought of as "the American Carlyle", and he described himself in 1870 as "Lieutenant" to Carlyle's "General in Chief". Ruskin publicly acknowledged that Carlyle

3045-538: Is lost. The law classes ended in March 1820 and he did not pursue the subject any further. In the same month, he wrote several articles for David Brewster 's Edinburgh Encyclopædia (1808–1830), which appeared in October. These were his first published writings. In May and June, Carlyle wrote a review-article on the work of Christopher Hansteen , translated a book by Friedrich Mohs , and read Goethe's Faust . By

3150-470: Is represented in Woolner's medallion, which is by far the best likeness of him in the days of his strength. His head was extremely long, with the chin thrust forward; his neck was thin; the mouth firmly closed, the under lip slightly projecting; the hair grizzled and thick and bushy. His eyes, which grew lighter with age, were then of a deep violet, with fire burning at the bottom of them, which flashed out at

3255-589: Is still the usual sense in Roman Catholicism . Roman Catholicism recognizes marriage, religious, and ordained life as the three vocations. Martin Luther , followed by John Calvin , placed a particular emphasis on vocations, or divine callings, as potentially including most secular occupations, though this idea was by no means new. Later, Martin Luther taught that each individual was expected to fulfill their God-appointed task in everyday life. Although

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3360-479: Is then set apart to serve in the calling by the laying on of hands . Since the establishment of Vocational Guidance in 1908 by the engineer Frank Parsons , the use of the term "vocation" has evolved, with emphasis shifting to an individual's development of talents and abilities in the choice and enjoyment of a career. This semantic expansion has meant some diminution of reference to the term's religious meanings in everyday usage. Leland Ryken argues for seeing

3465-592: The Edinburgh Review , "Jean Paul Friedrich Richter" (1827). "Richter" was the first of many essays extolling the virtues of German authors, who were then little-known to English readers; "State of German Literature" was published in October. In Edinburgh, Carlyle made contact with several distinguished literary figures, including Edinburgh Review editor Francis Jeffrey , John Wilson of Blackwood's Magazine , essayist Thomas De Quincey , and philosopher William Hamilton . In 1827 Carlyle attempted to land

3570-604: The American Civil War . Upon publication in August, the "Ilias" drew scornful letters from David Atwood Wasson and Horace Howard Furness . In the summer of 1864, Carlyle lived at 117 Marina (built by James Burton ) in St Leonards-on-Sea , in order to be nearer to his ailing wife who was in possession of caretakers there. Carlyle planned to write four volumes but had written six by the time Frederick

3675-878: The Burgher secession Presbyterian church. James Carlyle was a stonemason, later a farmer, who built the Arched House wherein his son was born. His maxim was that "man was created to work, not to speculate, or feel, or dream." Nicholas Carlisle , an English antiquary, traced his ancestry back to Margaret Bruce, sister of Robert the Bruce . As a result of his disordered upbringing, James Carlyle became deeply religious in his youth, reading many books of sermons and doctrinal arguments throughout his life. He married his first wife in 1791, distant cousin Janet, who gave birth to John Carlyle and then died. He married Margaret Aitken in 1795,

3780-768: The Revolutions of 1848 . While embracing the latter as necessary in order to cleanse society of various forms of anarchy and misgovernment, he denounced their democratic undercurrent and insisted on the need for authoritarian leaders. These events inspired his next two works, " Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question " (1849), in which he coined the term " Dismal Science " to describe political economy, and Latter-Day Pamphlets (1850). The illiberal content of these works sullied Carlyle's reputation for some progressives, while endearing him to those that shared his views. In 1851, Carlyle wrote The Life of John Sterling as

3885-723: The Russo-Turkish War on the side of the Turks. Another letter to the Times in May 1877 "On the Crisis ", urging against the rumoured wish of Disraeli's to send a fleet to the Baltic Sea and warning not to provoke Russia and Europe at large into a war against England, marked his last public utterance. The American Academy of Arts and Sciences elected him a Foreign Honorary Member in 1878. On 2 February 1881, Carlyle fell into

3990-496: The Second Reform Bill . In 1868, he wrote reminiscences of John Wilson and William Hamilton , and his niece Mary Aitken Carlyle moved into 5 Cheyne Row, becoming his caretaker and assisting in the editing of Jane's letters. In March 1869, he met with Queen Victoria , who wrote in her journal of "Mr. Carlyle, the historian, a strange-looking eccentric old Scotchman, who holds forth, in a drawling melancholy voice, with

4095-851: The University of Edinburgh where he excelled in mathematics, inventing the Carlyle circle . After finishing the arts course, he prepared to become a minister in the Burgher Church while working as a schoolmaster. He quit these and several other endeavours before settling on literature, writing for the Edinburgh Encyclopædia and working as a translator. He found initial success as a disseminator of German literature , then little-known to English readers, through his translations, his Life of Friedrich Schiller (1825), and his review essays for various journals. His first major work

4200-713: The creation of jobs as an essential part of its service to the common good". These books have attempted to define or clarify the term vocation. Thomas Carlyle Defunct Thomas Carlyle (4 December 1795 – 5 February 1881) was a Scottish essayist, historian, and philosopher from the Scottish Lowlands . A leading writer of the Victorian era , he exerted a profound influence on 19th-century art, literature, and philosophy. Born in Ecclefechan , Dumfriesshire, Scotland, Carlyle attended

4305-426: The curriculum , develops learning materials, grants affiliation to technical and vocational institutions, governs admissions, conducts examination, and awards diploma certifications. These institutions are affiliated with this board. 41, Nazipur Institute Of Engineering Technology , Naogaon, Bangladesh Vocational A calling , in the religious sense of the word, is a religious vocation (which comes from

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4410-422: The diaconate and priesthood is referred to as being called to this service in the Church. The term is also used for those in consecrated life . In Protestant churches, the decision of a church to invite for appointment a particular minister - to "invite in due form to the pastorate of a church (Presbyterian or Nonconformist)" ( OED ) may be referred to as a call , such as extending a call to so and so , and

4515-419: The political economy of laissez-faire as the " Dismal Science ", and rebuked "big black Democracy ", while championing " Hero archy (Government of Heroes)". James Anthony Froude recalled his first impression of Carlyle: He was then fifty-four years old; tall (about five feet eleven), thin, but at that time upright, with no signs of the later stoop. His body was angular, his face beardless, such as it

4620-478: The " Condition-of-England Question " to address the impact of the Industrial Revolution , Carlyle's social and political philosophy is characterised by medievalism , advocating a " Chivalry of Labour" led by " Captains of Industry ". In works of social criticism such as Past and Present and Latter-Day Pamphlets , he attacked utilitarianism as mere atheism and egoism , criticised

4725-644: The "intolerable fret, noise and confusion" that he had experienced in Edinburgh, and observed what he described as "the finest and vastest prospect all round it I ever saw from any house", with "all Cumberland as in amphitheatre unmatchable". Here, he completed his "Conversion" which began with the Leith Walk incident. He achieved "a grand and ever -joyful victory", in the "final chaining down, and trampling home, 'for good,' home into their caves forever, of all" his " Spiritual Dragons ". By May 1826, problems with

4830-399: The "respectable Sub-Librarian". Carlyle's eventual solution, with the support of a number of influential friends, was to call for the establishment of a private subscription library from which books could be borrowed. Carlyle had chosen Oliver Cromwell as the subject for a book in 1840 and struggled to find what form it would take. In the interim, he wrote Past and Present (1843) and

4935-402: The "vocatio efficax" and "inefficax" types of callings. Hyper-Calvinism rejects the idea of a "universal call", a vocation, to repent and believe, held by virtually all other Christian groups. The Puritan minister Cotton Mather discussed the obligations of the personal calling, writing of "some special business, and some settled business, wherein a Christian should for the most part spend

5040-571: The Chair of Moral Philosophy at St. Andrews without success, despite support from an array of prominent intellectuals, including Goethe. He also made an unsuccessful attempt for a professorship at the University of London . In May 1828, the Carlyles moved to Craigenputtock , the main house of Jane's modest agricultural estate in Dumfriesshire, which they occupied until May 1834. He wrote

5145-522: The Defence were supported by John Ruskin , Alfred, Lord Tennyson , Charles Dickens , and Charles Kingsley . From December 1866 to March 1867, Carlyle resided at the home of Louisa Baring, Lady Ashburton in Menton , where he wrote reminiscences of Irving, Jeffrey, Robert Southey , and William Wordsworth . In August, he published "Shooting Niagara : And After?", an essay in response and opposition to

5250-408: The Great . He viewed history as a "Prophetic Manuscript" that progresses on a cyclical basis, analogous to the phoenix and the seasons. His historiographical method emphasises the relationship between the event at hand and all those which precede and follow it, which he makes apparent through use of the present (rather than past) tense in his French Revolution and in other histories. Raising

5355-534: The Great . Although deep in grief, Carlyle remained active in public life. Amidst controversy over governor John Eyre 's violent repression of the Morant Bay rebellion , Carlyle assumed leadership of the Eyre Defence and Aid Fund in 1865 and 1866. The Defence had convened in response to the anti-Eyre Jamaica Committee , led by Mill and backed by Charles Darwin , Herbert Spencer , and others. Carlyle and

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5460-618: The Heroic in History . Carlyle wrote to his brother John afterwards, "The Lecturing business went of [ sic ] with sufficient éclat; the Course was generally judged, and I rather join therein myself, to be the bad best I have yet given." In the 1840 edition of the Essays , Carlyle published "Fractions", a collection of poems written from 1823 to 1833. Later that year, he declined a proposal for

5565-596: The Latin for "call") that may be professional or voluntary and, idiosyncratic to different religions, may come from another person, from a divine messenger, or from within oneself. The idea of a vocation or "calling" has played a significant role within Christianity . Since the early days of the Christian faith, the term has applied to candidates for the clergy . It soon began to be applied to those who felt drawn to

5670-510: The Lutheran concept of the calling emphasized vocation, there was no particular emphasis on labor beyond what was required for one's daily bread. Calvinism transformed the idea of the calling by emphasizing relentless, disciplined labor. Calvin defined the role of "the Christian in his vocation", noting that God has prescribed appointed duties to men and styled such spheres of life vocations or callings. Calvinists distinguished two callings:

5775-462: The actual Carlyle than most of the grave portraitures yet executed", for, like Siebenkäs, Carlyle was "a satirical improvisatore". Emerson saw Carlyle as "not mainly a scholar," but "a practical Scotchman, such as you would find in any saddler's or iron-dealer's shop, and then only accidentally and by a surprising addition, the admirable scholar and writer he is." Paul Elmer More found Carlyle "a figure unique, isolated, domineering—after Dr. Johnson

5880-620: The articles " Baillie the Covenanter " (1841), "Dr. Francia" (1843), and "An Election to the Long Parliament " (1844). Carlyle declined an offer for professorship from St. Andrews in 1844. The first edition of Oliver Cromwell's Letters and Speeches : with Elucidations was published in 1845; it was a popular success and did much to revise Cromwell's standing in Britain. Carlyle visited Ireland in 1846 with Charles Gavan Duffy as

5985-406: The autumn, Carlyle had also learned Italian and was reading Vittorio Alfieri , Dante Alighieri and Sismondi , though German literature was still his foremost interest, having "revealed" to him a "new Heaven and new Earth". In March 1821, he finished two more articles for Brewster's encyclopedia, and in April he completed a review of Joanna Baillie 's Metrical Legends (1821). In May, Carlyle

6090-608: The call from God to devote one's life to him by joining the clergy is often covered by the English equivalent term " call ", whereas in Roman Catholicism "vocation" is still used. Both senses of the word "call" are used in 1 Corinthians 7:20 , where Paul says "Let every man abide in the same calling wherein he was called". The idea of vocation is central to the Christian belief that God has created each person with gifts and talents oriented toward specific purposes and

6195-419: The call of God to a particular occupation as a reflection of the gospel call, and suggests that this implies vocational loyalty – "modern notions of job become deficient" and "the element of arbitrariness of one's choice of work" is removed. Pope Francis refers to business as a "noble vocation", noting in its favour that it produces wealth and prosperity and "improves our world", especially when "it sees

6300-401: The climax of Carlyle's life as a writer. While still in Scotland, Carlyle received abrupt news of Jane's sudden death in London. Upon her death, Carlyle began to edit his wife's letters and write reminiscences of her. He experienced feelings of guilt as he read her complaints about her illnesses, his friendship with Lady Harriet Ashburton, and his devotion to his labour, particularly on Frederick

6405-708: The considerable impact that Carlyle had on the thought of André Gide . Carlylean influence is also seen in the writings of Ryūnosuke Akutagawa , Leopoldo Alas , Marcu Beza , Jorge Luis Borges , the Brontës , Arthur Conan Doyle , Antonio Fogazzaro , E. M. Forster , Ángel Ganivet , Lafcadio Hearn , William Ernest Henley , Marietta Holley , Rudyard Kipling , Selma Lagerlöf , Herman Melville , Alfredo Panzini , Edgar Quinet , Samuel Smiles , Tokutomi Sohō , Lord Tennyson, William Makepeace Thackeray , Anthony Trollope , Miguel de Unamuno , Alexandru Vlahuță , and Vasile Voiculescu . Carlyle's German essays and translations as well as his own writings were pivotal to

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6510-423: The course of philosophical thought of his time". "The most explosive impact in English literature during the nineteenth century is unquestionably Thomas Carlyle's", writes Lionel Stevenson . "From about 1840 onward, no author of prose or poetry was immune from his influence." By 1960, he had become "the single most frequent topic of doctoral dissertations in the field of Victorian literature". While preparing for

6615-405: The divine, that "a mystic bond of brotherhood makes all men one", and that duty, work and silence are essential. Carlyle postulated the Great Man theory , a philosophy of history which contends that history is shaped by exceptional individuals. This approach to history was first promulgated in his lectures On Heroes and given specific focus in longer studies like Cromwell and Frederick

6720-423: The end of the year, Carlyle reported to Karl August Varnhagen von Ense that his earlier efforts to popularise German literature were beginning to produce results, and expressed his satisfaction: " Deutschland will reclaim her great Colony; we shall become more Deutsch , that is to say more English , at same time." The French Revolution fostered the republication of Sartor Resartus in London in 1838 as well as

6825-400: The essays "Goethe's Portrait", "Death of Goethe", "Goethe's Works", "Biography", "Boswell's Life of Johnson", and "Corn-Law Rhymes". Three months after their return from a January to May 1833 stay in Edinburgh, the Carlyles were visited at Craigenputtock by Ralph Waldo Emerson. Emerson (and other like-minded Americans) had been deeply affected by Carlyle's essays and determined to meet him during

6930-472: The first two years there as among the most miserable of his life. In November 1809 at nearly fourteen years of age, Carlyle walked one hundred miles from his home in order to attend the University of Edinburgh ( c.  1809–1814 ), where he studied mathematics with John Leslie , science with John Playfair and moral philosophy with Thomas Brown . He gravitated to mathematics and geometry and displayed great talent in those subjects, being credited with

7035-439: The first volume after five months of writing, he lent the manuscript to Mill, who had been supplying him with materials for his research. One evening in March 1835, Mill arrived at Carlyle's door appearing "unresponsive, pale, the very picture of despair". He had come to tell Carlyle that the manuscript was destroyed. It had been "left out", and Mill's housemaid took it for wastepaper, leaving only "some four tattered leaves". Carlyle

7140-615: The following academic year. This was to be the preliminary of a ministerial career. Carlyle began teaching at Annan Academy in June 1814. He gave his first trial sermons in December 1814 and December 1815, both of which are lost. By the summer of 1815 he had taken an interest in astronomy and would study the astronomical theories of Pierre-Simon Laplace for several years. In November 1816, he began teaching at Kirkcaldy , having left Annan. There, he made friends with Edward Irving , whose ex-pupil Margaret Gordon became Carlyle's "first love". In May 1817, Carlyle abstained from enrolment in

7245-402: The greatest personality in English letters, possibly even more imposing than that acknowledged dictator." George Eliot summarised Carlyle's impact in 1855: It is an idle question to ask whether his books will be read a century hence: if they were all burnt as the grandest of Suttees on his funeral pile, it would be only like cutting down an oak after its acorns have sown a forest. For there

7350-432: The importance of belief during an age of increasing doubt. Much of his work is concerned with the modern human spiritual condition; he was the first writer to use the expression " meaning of life ". In Sartor Resartus and in his early Miscellanies , he developed his own philosophy of religion based upon what he called " Natural Supernaturalism ", the idea that all things are "Clothes" which at once reveal and conceal

7455-442: The instalments appearing between November 1833 and August 1834. Despite early recognition from Emerson, Mill and others, it was generally received poorly, if noticed at all. In 1834, Carlyle applied unsuccessfully for the astronomy professorship at the Edinburgh observatory . That autumn, he arranged for the publication of a history of the French Revolution and set about researching and writing it shortly thereafter. Having completed

7560-485: The invention of the Carlyle circle . In the University library, he read many important works of eighteenth-century and contemporary history, philosophy, and belles-lettres . He began expressing religious scepticism around this time, asking his mother to her horror, "Did God Almighty come down and make wheelbarrows in a shop?" In 1813 he completed his arts curriculum and enrolled in a theology course at Divinity Hall

7665-774: The landlord and the agreement forced the family's relocation to Scotsbrig , a farm near Ecclefechan. Later in life, he remembered the year at Hoddam Hill as "perhaps the most triumphantly important of my life." In October 1826, Thomas and Jane Welsh were married at the Welsh family farm in Templand . Shortly after their marriage, the Carlyles moved into a modest home on Comely Bank in Edinburgh, that had been leased for them by Jane's mother. They lived there from October 1826 to May 1828. In that time, Carlyle published German Romance , began Wotton Reinfred , an autobiographical novel which he left unfinished, and published his first article for

7770-556: The leading writers, scientists, and public figures of the day. "Early Kings of Norway", a recounting of historical material from the Icelandic sagas transcribed by Mary acting as his amanuensis , and an essay on "The Portraits of John Knox " (both 1875) were his last major writings to be published in his lifetime. In November 1876, he wrote a letter in the Times "On the Eastern Question ", entreating England not to enter

7875-504: The least excitement. The face was altogether most striking, most impressive in every way. He was often recognised by his wideawake hat . Carlyle was a renowned conversationalist. Ralph Waldo Emerson described him as "an immense talker, as extraordinary in his conversation as in his writing,—I think even more so." Charles Darwin considered him "the most worth listening to, of any man I know." William Lecky noted his "singularly musical voice" which "quite took away anything grotesque in

7980-749: The lectures were met "with very kind acceptance from people more distinguished than ever; yet still with a feeling that I was far from the right lecturing point yet." In July, he published "On the Sinking of the Vengeur " and in December he published Chartism , a pamphlet in which he addressed the movement of the same name and raised the Condition-of-England question . In May 1840, Carlyle gave his fourth and final set of lectures, which were published in 1841 as On Heroes, Hero-Worship, &

8085-602: The library's collections of pamphlets and other material relating to the French Revolution and English Civil Wars inadequately catalogued. In particular, he developed an antipathy to the Keeper of Printed Books, Anthony Panizzi (despite the fact that Panizzi had allowed him many privileges not granted to other readers), and criticised him in a footnote to an article published in the Westminster Review as

8190-524: The mineralogical works of Abraham Gottlob Werner . In February and March, he translated a piece by Jöns Jacob Berzelius , and by September he was "reading Goethe ". In November he enrolled in "the class of Scots law ", studying under David Hume (the advocate). In December 1819 and January 1820, Carlyle made his second attempt at publishing, writing a review-article on Marc-Auguste Pictet 's review of Jean-Alfred Gautier 's Essai historique sur le problème des trois corps (1817) which went unpublished and

8295-612: The most of his time; so he may glorify God by doing good for himself". Mather admonished that it was not lawful ordinarily to live without some calling: "for men will fall into "horrible snares and infinite sins"". This idea has endured throughout the history of Protestantism. Almost three centuries after John Calvin's death in 1564 Thomas Carlyle would proclaim, "The latest Gospel in this world is, 'know thy work and do it.'" The legacy of this religious ethic continues to exert its influence in secular Western society. Modern occupations which are seen as vocations often include those where

8400-489: The northern terminus of a literary pilgrimage; it was to be the start of a lifelong friendship and a famous correspondence . 1833 saw the publication of the essays "Diderot" and "Count Cagliostro"; in the latter, Carlyle introduced the idea of " Captains of Industry ". In June 1834, the Carlyles moved into 5 Cheyne Row , Chelsea , which became their home for the remainder of their respective lives. Residence in London wrought

8505-770: The same proposals which Carlyle had earlier suggested; he called the speeches "like a prophecy of better things, inexpressibly cheering." In May, he published "Indian Meal", in which he advanced maize as a remedy to the Great Famine as well as the worries of "disconsolate Malthusians ". He visited Ireland again with Duffy later that year while recording his impressions in his letters and a series of memoranda, published as Reminiscences of My Irish Journey in 1849 after his death; Duffy would publish his own memoir of their travels, Conversations with Carlyle . Carlyle's travels in Ireland deeply affected his views on society, as did

8610-630: The spring of 1874, Carlyle accepted the Pour le Mérite für Wissenschaften und Künste from Otto von Bismarck and declined Disraeli's offers of a state pension and the Knight Grand Cross in the Order of the Bath in the autumn. On the occasion of his eightieth birthday in 1875, he was presented with a commemorative medal crafted by Sir Joseph Edgar Boehm and an address of admiration signed by 119 of

8715-510: The study of medicine , introduced himself to Legendre, was introduced by Legendre to Charles Dupin , observed Laplace and several other notables while declining offers of introduction by Dupin, and heard François Magendie read a paper on the " fifth pair of nerves ". In May 1825, Carlyle moved into a cottage farmhouse in Hoddam Hill near Ecclefechan, which his father had leased for him. Carlyle lived with his brother Alexander, who, "with

8820-530: The theology course, news which his parents received with " magnanimity ". In the autumn of that year, he read De l'Allemagne (1813) by Germaine de Staël , which prompted him to seek a German teacher, with whom he learned the pronunciation. In Irving's library, he read the works of David Hume and Edward Gibbon 's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1776–1789); he would later recall that I read Gibbon, and then first clearly saw that Christianity

8925-511: The very strong Scotch accent" and "gave it a softening or charm". Henry Fielding Dickens recollected that he was "gifted with a high sense of humour, and when he laughed he did so heartily, throwing his head back and letting himself go." Thomas Wentworth Higginson remembered his "broad, honest, human laugh," one that "cleared the air like thunder, and left the atmosphere sweet." Lady Eastlake called it "the best laugh I ever heard". Charles Eliot Norton wrote that Carlyle's "essential nature

9030-487: The volume was rewritten. That year, he wrote a eulogy for his friend, "Death of Edward Irving". In April 1836, with the intercession of Emerson, Sartor Resartus was first published in book form in Boston, soon selling out its initial run of five hundred copies. Carlyle's three-volume history of the French Revolution was completed in January 1837 and sent to the press. Contemporaneously, the essay "Memoirs of Mirabeau "

9135-542: The winter at 4 (now 33) Ampton Street, Kings Cross , in a house built by Thomas Cubitt . The death of Carlyle's father in January 1832 and his inability to attend the funeral moved him to write the first of what would become the Reminiscences , published posthumously in 1881. Carlyle had not found a publisher by the time he returned to Craigenputtock in March but he had initiated important friendships with Leigh Hunt and John Stuart Mill . That year, Carlyle wrote

9240-449: The words of Ralph Waldo Emerson , the "undoubted head of English letters ", but a "secular prophet". Posthumously, his reputation suffered as publications by his friend and disciple James Anthony Froude provoked controversy about Carlyle's personal life, particularly his marriage to Jane Welsh Carlyle . His reputation further declined in the 20th century, as the onsets of World War I and World War II brought forth accusations that he

9345-451: Was "the poorest, most troublesome and arduous piece of work he has ever undertaken". In 1856, the first two volumes of History of Friedrich II. of Prussia, Called Frederick the Great were sent to the press and published in 1858. During this time, he wrote "The Opera" (1852), "Project of a National Exhibition of Scottish Portraits" (1854) at the request of David Laing , and "The Prinzenraub" (1855). In October 1855, he finished The Guises ,

9450-417: Was a novel entitled Sartor Resartus (1833–34). After relocating to London, he became famous with his French Revolution (1837), which prompted the collection and reissue of his essays as Miscellanies . Each of his subsequent works, including On Heroes (1841), Past and Present (1843), Cromwell's Letters (1845), Latter-Day Pamphlets (1850), and History of Frederick the Great (1858–65),

9555-447: Was a progenitor of both Prussianism and fascism . Since the 1950s, extensive scholarship in the field of Carlyle studies has improved his standing, and he is now recognised as "one of the enduring monuments of our literature who, quite simply, cannot be spared." Thomas Carlyle was born on 4 December 1795 to James and Margaret Aitken Carlyle in the village of Ecclefechan in Dumfriesshire in southwest Scotland. His parents were members of

9660-517: Was advised to "go into Latin", which he did with enthusiasm; however, the schoolmaster at Hoddam did not know Latin, so he was handed over to a minister that did, with whom he made a "rapid & sure way". He then went to Annan Academy ( c.  1806–1809 ), where he studied rudimentary Greek, read Latin and French fluently, and learned arithmetic "thoroughly well". Carlyle was severely bullied by his fellow students at Annan, until he "revolted against them, and gave stroke for stroke"; he remembered

9765-466: Was attended by family and a few friends, including Froude, Conway, Tyndall, and William Lecky , as local residents looked on. Carlyle's corpus spans the genres of "criticism, biography, history, politics, poetry, and religion." His innovative writing style, known as Carlylese , greatly influenced Victorian literature and anticipated techniques of postmodern literature . In his philosophy , while not adhering to any formal religion, Carlyle asserted

9870-528: Was deeply influenced by both of them. Carlyle's early education came from his mother, who taught him reading (despite being barely literate), and his father, who taught him arithmetic. He first attended "Tom Donaldson's School" in Ecclefechan followed by Hoddam School ( c.  1802–1806 ), which "then stood at the Kirk ", located at the "Cross-roads" midway between Ecclefechan and Hoddam Castle . By age 7, Carlyle showed enough proficiency in English that he

9975-522: Was finished in 1865. Before its end, Carlyle had developed a tremor in his writing hand. Upon its completion, it was received as a masterpiece. He earned a sobriquet , the " Sage of Chelsea", and in the eyes of those that had rebuked his politics, it restored Carlyle to his position as a great man of letters. Carlyle was elected Lord Rector of Edinburgh University in November 1865, succeeding William Ewart Gladstone and defeating Benjamin Disraeli by

10080-600: Was highly regarded throughout Europe and North America. He founded the London Library , contributed significantly to the creation of the National Portrait Galleries in London and Scotland , was elected Lord Rector of Edinburgh University in 1865, and received the Pour le Mérite in 1874, among other honours. Carlyle occupied a central position in Victorian culture, being considered not only, in

10185-667: Was introduced to Jane Baillie Welsh by Irving in Haddington. The two began a correspondence, and Carlyle sent books to her, encouraging her intellectual pursuits; she called him "my German Master". During this time, Carlyle struggled with what he described as "the dismallest Lernean Hydra of problems, spiritual, temporal, eternal". Spiritual doubt, lack of success in his endeavours, and dyspepsia were all damaging his physical and mental health, for which he found relief only in "sea-bathing". In early July 1821, "during those 3 weeks of total sleeplessness, in which almost" his "one solace

10290-447: Was joined onstage by his fellow travellers, Brewster, Moncure D. Conway , George Harvey , Lord Neaves , and others. Carlyle spoke extemporaneously on several subjects, concluding his address with a quote from Goethe: "Work, and despair not: Wir heissen euch hoffen, 'We bid you be of hope!'" Tyndall reported to Jane in a three-word telegram that it was "A perfect triumph." The warm reception he received in his homeland of Scotland marked

10395-417: Was not published and is now lost. In October, Carlyle resigned from his position at Kirkcaldy, and left for Edinburgh in November. Shortly before his departure, he began to suffer from dyspepsia , which remained with him throughout his life. He enrolled in a mineralogy class from November 1818 to April 1819, attending lectures by Robert Jameson , and in January 1819 began to study German, desiring to read

10500-406: Was not true. Then came the most trying time of my life. I should either have gone mad or made an end of myself had I not fallen in with some very superior minds. In the summer of 1818, following an expedition with Irving through the moors of Peebles and Moffat , Carlyle made his first attempt at publishing, forwarding an article describing what he saw to the editor of an Edinburgh magazine, which

10605-506: Was published, as was " The Diamond Necklace " in January and February, and "Parliamentary History of the French Revolution" in April. In need of further financial security, Carlyle began a series of lectures on German literature in May, delivered extemporaneously in Willis' Rooms . The Spectator reported that the first lecture was given "to a very crowded and yet a select audience of both sexes." Carlyle recalled being "wasted and fretted to

10710-459: Was solitary in its strength, its sincerity, its tenderness, its nobility. He was nearer Dante than any other man." Frederic Harrison similarly observed that "Carlyle walked about London like Dante in the streets of Verona , gnawing his own heart and dreaming dreams of Inferno . To both the passers-by might have said, See! there goes the man who has seen hell". Higginson rather felt that Jean Paul 's humorous character Siebenkäs "came nearer to

10815-475: Was sympathetic: "I can be angry with no one; for they that were concerned in it have a far deeper sorrow than mine: it is purely the hand of Providence ". The next day, Mill offered Carlyle £200 (equivalent to £25,000 in 2023), of which he would only accept £100. He began the volume anew shortly afterwards. Despite an initial struggle, he was not deterred, feeling like "a runner that tho' tripped down, will not lie there, but rise and run again." By September,

10920-615: Was that of a daily bathe on the sands between [ Leith ] and Portobello ", an "incident" occurred in Leith Walk as he "went down " into the water. This was the beginning of Carlyle's "Conversion", the process by which he "authentically took the Devil by the nose" and flung " him behind me". It gave him courage in his battle against the "Hydra"; to his brother John, he wrote, "What is there to fear, indeed?" Carlyle wrote several articles in July, August and September, and in November began

11025-495: Was the author to whom he "owed more than to any other living writer", and would frequently refer to him as his "master", writing after Carlyle's death that he was "throwing myself now into the mere fulfilment of Carlyle's work". British philosopher J. H. Muirhead wrote that in his rejection of philosophical scepticism and embrace of German idealism , Carlyle "exercised an influence in England and America that no other did upon

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