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64-654: Metropolis Ukraine was founded in 2010 as a subsidiary of the Russian company Megapolis, owned by Russian businessman Igor Kesaev , after he purchased two largest tobacco companies of West Ukraine. In 2010, Metropolis Ukraine controlled 50% of the Ukrainian tobacco market. In 2012-2013, international tobacco companies Philip Morris International , Japan Tobacco International , Imperial Tobacco and British American Tobacco switched from independent distribution in Ukraine to

128-630: A "counter-terrorism" operational regime under the FSB was introduced in Kursk , Bryansk and Belgorod Oblasts . This means in practice that "movement is restricted, vehicles can be seized, phone calls can be monitored, areas are declared no-go zones, checkpoints introduced, and security is beefed up at key infrastructure sites." In 2011, the FSB said it had exposed 199 foreign spies, including 41 professional spies and 158 agents employed by foreign intelligence services. The number has risen in recent years: in 2006

192-540: A company called Peter-Service helped state entities gather data on Russian mobile phone users as part of an online surveillance system called the System for Operative Investigative Activities ( SORM ) with close collaboration with the FSB. SORM-1 is for wiretapping phones. SORM-2 intercepts electronic correspondence and Internet traffic. Beginning in the summer of 2014, SORM-3 has been "on guard" and integrates all telecommunication services in real time. In recent years,

256-530: A former KGB officer who assisted Soviet dissidents, Vladimir Kazantsev , who disclosed illegal purchases of eavesdropping devices from foreign firms, and Vil Mirzayanov , who had written that Russia was working on a nerve-gas weapon. In 2011, the FSB prevented 94 "crimes of a terrorist nature", including eight terrorist attacks. In particular, the agency foiled a planned suicide bombing in Moscow on New Year's Eve. The agency failed to prevent terrorists perpetrating

320-661: A lead role on "intelligence and influence operations". The FSB's Fifth Service, also referred to as the "Department for Operational Information" and "Operational Information and International Relations Service" is stated by the BBC and Radio Free Europe as counterintelligence in former territories of the Soviet Union, work formerly done by the KGB's Fifth Service. Its Ninth Directorate of the Fifth Service targets Ukraine. Putin

384-593: A terrorist" and highlighted especially Russia's willingness to prioritize national security over civil rights. By 2010, Russian forces led by the FSB had managed to eliminate the top level leadership of the Chechen insurgency, except for Dokka Umarov . Starting from 2009, the level of terrorism in Russia increased again, particularly suicide attacks. Between February 2005 and August 2008, no civilians were killed in such attacks. In 2008, at least 17 were killed, and in 2009

448-573: Is a Russian billionaire retail businessman. He is known as the owner and president of the Mercury Group ( Russian : Меркурий ), which owns Megapolis Group, the leading tobacco distributor in Russia. He is also an owner of weapon manufacturers and retail store chains. Kesaev has purported links with the Russian government and security forces such as the FSB and GRU . On the Forbes 2022 list of

512-425: Is engaged in the development of Russia's export control strategy and examines drafts of international agreements related to the transfer of dual-use and military commodities and technologies. Its primary role in the nonproliferation sphere is to collect information to prevent the illegal export of controlled nuclear technology and materials. In September 2017, WikiLeaks released "Spy Files Russia", revealing how

576-531: Is one of the successor organizations of the Soviet Committee of State Security ( KGB ). Following the attempted coup of 1991 —in which some KGB units as well as the KGB head Vladimir Kryuchkov played a major part—the KGB was dismantled and ceased to exist from November 1991. In December 1991, two government agencies answerable to the Russian president were created by President Yeltsin's decrees on

640-554: The Ayaks /Ajax hypersonic aircraft and has run a Russia-US scientific symposium for several years. Other instances of prosecution are the cases of investigative journalist and ecologist Grigory Pasko , Vladimir Petrenko , who described danger posed by military chemical warfare stockpiles, and Nikolay Shchur , chairman of the Snezhinskiy Ecological Fund . Other arrested people include Viktor Orekhov ,

704-544: The Domodedovo International Airport bombing . Over the years, FSB and affiliated state security organizations have killed all presidents of the separatist Chechen Republic of Ichkeria including Dzhokhar Dudaev , Zelimkhan Yandarbiev , Aslan Maskhadov , and Abdul-Khalim Saidullaev . During the Moscow theater hostage crisis and Beslan school hostage crisis , all hostage-takers were killed on

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768-780: The Soviet Union 's KGB ; its immediate predecessor was the Federal Counterintelligence Service (FSK) which was reorganized into the FSB in 1995. The three major structural successor components of the former KGB that remain administratively independent of the FSB are the Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR), the Federal Protective Service (FSO), and the Main Directorate of Special Programs of

832-622: The Vladimir Putin 's second presidency (2006–2008), terrorist attacks in Russia dwindled, falling from 257 in 2005 to 48 in 2007. Military analyst Vitaly Shlykov praised the effectiveness of Russia's security agencies, saying that the experience learned in Chechnya and Dagestan had been key to the success. In 2008, the American Carnegie Endowment 's Foreign Policy magazine named Russia as "the worst place to be

896-490: The invasion of Ukraine . A U.S. official interviewed by The Wall Street Journal described the arrest report as "credible". On 11 April 2022, the Times of London , citing unnamed sources who had spoken to Bellingcat executive director Christo Grozev , reported that Beseda was transferred to Lefortovo Prison , the scene of mass executions during Stalin's purges . The same report claims that up over 100 FSB agents from

960-563: The "Gamaredon" hacking group. Media reporting indicates FSB units are capable of manufacturing their own advanced malware tools and have been documented manipulating exposed malware to mimic other hacking teams and conceal their activities. Reporting indicates the FSB oversees training and research institutes, which directly support the FSB's cyber mission. One FSB team reportedly focuses on penetrating infrastructure and energy sector targets. Most operations linked to this team appear to be reconnaissance or clandestine surveillance. The targeting of

1024-680: The 1993 constitutional crisis , the Ministry of Security was reorganized on 21 December 1993 into the Federal Counter-Intelligence Service (FSK). The FSK was headed by Sergei Stepashin . Before the start of the First Chechen War's main military activities, the FSK was responsible for the covert operations against the separatists led by Dzhokhar Dudayev . In 1995, the FSK was renamed and reorganized into

1088-510: The 2022 invasion, intelligence agencies in Ukraine, Germany, the UK, and the US reported that the FSB planned to replace elected leaders of Ukraine with Ukrainians now living in Russia. In 2014, according to a Russian military analyst, the FSB badly misled Putin with claims that Ukrainians would welcome a Russian invasion of Crimea to free them from "fascists". According to Radio Free Europe , in 2022,

1152-524: The Constitutional System and the Fight against Terrorism. In 2003, the agency's responsibilities were considerably widened. The Border Guard Service of Russia , with its staff of 210,000, was integrated to the FSB via a decree signed on 11 March 2003. The merger was completed by 1 July 2003. In addition, The Federal Agency of Government Communication and Information (FAPSI) was abolished, and

1216-593: The FSB is appointed by and directly answerable to the president of Russia . Being part of Russia's executive branch formally, the FSB has significant, if not decisive, power over it. In 2003, the FSB's responsibilities were expanded by incorporating the Border Guard Service and a major part of the Federal Agency of Government Communication and Information (FAPSI); this would include intelligence activities in countries that were once members of

1280-456: The FSB again promised easy victory if Russia invaded Ukraine. With the start of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine , Ukrainian counterintelligence has repeatedly asserted that the FSB suffered failures of operations security , including acts of insubordination and possible sabotage. In March 2022, Russia's encrypted communication system in Ukraine became useless after the Russian military destroyed cellphone towers; unencrypted phone calls from

1344-431: The FSB and criminal and civilian hackers, which the FSB reportedly uses to augment and staff its cyber units. DOJ has indicted multiple Russian hackers for a variety of criminal and state-sponsored cyber activities. Many of these indictments describe the close relationship between criminal hackers and the FSB. Since 2008, the director of the FSB has been General Alexander Bortnikov . The current First Deputy Director of

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1408-507: The FSB had spent millions recruiting a network of pro-Russian collaborators who ultimately told Putin and his top advisers, among them the current FSB director, what they wanted to hear. A series of alleged leaked letters from FSB analysts, made public after the invasion began, report the same kind of problem. For example: "You have to write the analysis in a way that makes Russia the victor ... otherwise you get questioned for not doing good work." Russian-American ballet dancer Ksenia Karelina

1472-413: The FSB has expanded its mission to include foreign intelligence collection and offensive cyber operations. Cyber analysts have referred to FSB hackers as Berserk Bear , Energetic Bear , Gamaredon , TeamSpy, Dragonfly, Havex , Crouching Yeti , and Koala. The FSB reportedly has two primary centers overseeing its information security and cyber operations. The first is the 16th Center, which houses most of

1536-469: The FSB in Ukraine to superiors in Moscow discussing the death of Vitaly Gerasimov were tapped and released publicly. Ukrainian intelligence reported that FSB members were leaking intelligence to them, including the location of the Chechen commandos sent to assassinate Zelensky. In late March, Ukrainian intelligence posted online the names, addresses, phone numbers, and more of 620 people they identified as FSB agents. None of these reports have been confirmed by

1600-467: The FSB reportedly caught about 27 foreign intelligence officers and 89 foreign agents. Comparing the number of exposed spies historically, the then-FSB Director Nikolay Kovalyov said in 1996: "There has never been such a number of spies arrested by us since the time when German agents were sent in during the years of World War II." The 2011 figure is similar to what was reported in 1995–1996, when around 400 foreign intelligence agents were uncovered during

1664-596: The FSB since it was established; instances include researcher Igor Sutyagin , physicist Valentin Danilov , physical chemist Oleg Korobeinichev , academician Oskar Kaibyshev , and physicist Yury Ryzhov . Ecologist and journalist Alexander Nikitin , who worked with the Bellona Foundation , was accused of espionage. He published material exposing hazards posed by the Russian Navy's nuclear fleet. He

1728-544: The FSB was granted a major part of its functions, while other parts went to the Ministry of Defense . Among the reasons for this strengthening of the FSB were the enhanced need for security after increased terror attacks against Russian civilians starting with the Moscow theater hostage crisis ; the need to end the permanent infighting between the FSB, FAPSI and the Border Guards due to their overlapping functions; and

1792-490: The FSB's signals intelligence capabilities. The FSB also includes the 18th Center for Information Security, which oversees domestic operations and security but conducts foreign operations as well. The U.S. government indicted 18th Center FSB officers in 2017 for breaching Yahoo and millions of email accounts. In 2021, Ukrainian intelligence released information and recordings of 18th Center FSB officers based in Crimea as part of

1856-473: The FSB, the operation was planned over six months and made possible due to the FSB's increased activities in foreign countries that were supplying arms to the terrorists. Basayev was tracked via surveillance of this arms trafficking. He and other militants were preparing to carry out a terrorist attack in Ingushetia when FSB agents destroyed their convoy; 12 militants were killed. During the last years of

1920-480: The FSB. Media outlets of Ukraine, its allies in the West, and Russian dissidents report that Vladimir Putin has blamed setbacks in the military operations on the FSB and the Fifth Service. On 11 March 2022, investigative journalist Andrei Soldatov reported that Fifth Service head Sergey Beseda and his deputy, Anatoly Bolyukh were under house arrest due to Putin 's discontent with intelligence failures regarding

1984-548: The FSB. Putin was reluctant to take over the directorship, but once appointed conducted a thorough reorganization, which included the dismissal of most of the FSB's top personnel. Putin appointed Nikolai Patrushev as the head of FSB in 1999. After the main military offensive of the Second Chechen War ended and the separatists changed tactics to guerilla warfare, overall command of the federal forces in Chechnya

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2048-596: The Federal Security Service (FSB) by the Federal Law "On the Federal Security Service" (the title of the law as amended in June 2003 ) signed by the president on 3 April 1995. The FSB reforms were rounded out by decree No. 633, signed by Boris Yeltsin on 23 June 1995. The decree made the tasks of the FSB more specific, giving the FSB substantial rights to conduct cryptographic work, and described

2112-460: The Fifth Service had been sacked. The Times of London also reports that "it is thought that" the Fifth Service is now headed by Beseda's former subordinate, Grigory Grishaev . According to an article in the 11 April 2022 issue of The Washington Post : Several current and former officials described the Russian security service as rife with corruption, beset by bureaucratic bloat and ultimately out of touch. A Ukrainian intelligence official said

2176-596: The President of the Russian Federation (GUSP). The primary responsibilities are within the country and include counter-intelligence , internal and border security , counterterrorism , surveillance and investigating some other types of serious crimes and federal law violations. It is headquartered in Lubyanka Square , Moscow 's center, in the main building of the former KGB. The director of

2240-567: The SVR is legally forbidden from conducting espionage under the inter-government agreements. Such activity is in line with Article 8 of the Federal Law on the FSB. According to the Royal United Services Institute , FSB's Department for Operational Information "is responsible for compiling data on Russia's 'near abroad ' ", having taken over the work of KGB's Fifth Service, which ran counterintelligence inside territories of

2304-527: The Soviet Union, work formerly done by the KGB's Fifth Service. The SVR had in 1992 signed an agreement not to spy on those countries; the FSB had made no such commitment. The Federal Security Service (FSB or FSS) (Russian: Федеральная служба безопасности Российской Федерации , romanized : Federal'naya sluzhba bezopasnosti Rossiyskoy Federatsii , IPA: [fʲɪdʲɪˈralʲnəjə ˈsluʐbə bʲɪzɐˈpasnəstʲɪ rɐˈsʲijskəj fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨɪ] [ФСБ, ФСБ России], lit.   ' Federal Service [of] Safety ' )

2368-535: The Soviet Union. In the summer of 2006, the FSB was given the legal power to engage in targeted killing of terrorism suspects overseas if ordered by the president. The Federal Border Guard Service (FPS) has been part of the FSB since 2003. Russia has 61,000 kilometers (38,000 mi) of sea and land borders, 7,500 kilometers (4,700 mi) of which is with Kazakhstan, and 4,000 kilometers (2,500 mi) with China. One kilometer (.62 miles) of border protection costs around 1 million rubles per year. The FSB

2432-804: The Special Economic Measures Act (S.C. 1992, c. 17) in relation to the Russian invasion of Ukraine for Grave Breach of International Peace and Security. The European Union and the United Kingdom also sanctioned him in 2022 in relation to the Russo-Ukrainian War . The EU cited his close links and economic ties to state security and military personnel through his various business holdings. The United States sanctioned Kesaev in May 2023. On 27 June 2024 Council of Ministers of Cyprus retracted Kesaev's passport. Kesaev

2496-474: The agency was reformed by a decree signed on 17 June 2000. In the resulting structure, the FSB was to have a director, a first deputy director and nine other deputy directors, including one possible state secretary and the chiefs of six departments: Economic Security Department, Counterintelligence Department, Organizational and Personnel Service, Department of activity provision, Department for Analysis, Forecasting and Strategic Planning, Department for Protection of

2560-565: The basis of the relevant main directorates of the defunct KGB: Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia) (SVR, the former First Main Directorate ) and the Federal Agency of Government Communications and Information (FAPSI, merging the functions of the former 8th Main Directorate and 16th Main Directorate of the KGB). In January 1992, another new institution, the Ministry of Security, took over domestic and border security responsibilities. Following

2624-511: The changes to be an attempt to undermine FSB Director Nikolay Patrushev 's influence, as his team from the Karelian KGB Directorate of the late 1980s  to early 1990s suffered most, and he had been on vacations during the events. By 2008, the agency had one Director, two First Deputy Directors and 5 Deputy Directors. It had the following 9 divisions: Beginning with the Moscow theater hostage crisis in 2002, Russia

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2688-625: The decision of the AMC in 2019 on the fine of Tedis Ukraine in the amount of ₴3.4 billion. Tedis Ukraine is the Ukrainian distributor of international companies Philip Morris International , Japan Tobacco International , Imperial Tobacco and British American Tobacco , which make 99% of their sales in Ukraine through Tedis Ukraine. The purchased tobacco products are resold to 40-50 wholesale companies and 80,000 retail companies. As of 2020, Tedis Ukraine had 35 regional branches with 2,500 employees. In 2016 it paid 9 billion hryvnias in taxes, becoming one of

2752-486: The distribution via Megapolis-Ukraine. These four companies produce 90% of cigarettes in Ukraine. Megapolis Ukraine purchased main other tobacco distributors of Ukraine and became de facto monopoly that controls more than 99% of the Ukrainian tobacco market. In 2014, after annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation , Russian companies in Ukraine, including Metropolis Ukraine, faced problems. In 2015, Kesaev's representatives announced that he had quit Ukrainian business. At

2816-528: The economic and financial security of the country, and combating organized crime. In September 2006, the FSB was shaken up by a major reshuffle. Combined with some earlier reassignments – most notably those of FSB Deputy Directors Yury Zaostrovtsev and Vladimir Anisimov in 2004 and 2005 – the changes were widely believed to be linked to the Three Whales Corruption Scandal that had slowly unfolded since 2000. Some analysts considered

2880-539: The end of 2015, a part of Megapolis Ukraine was sold to Boris Kaufman , a businessman from Odesa . In 2016, there was a scandal with Metropolis Ukraine, because Degtyaryov Plant , also owned by Kesaev, allegedly supplied weapons to the separatists in the War in Donbass . The warehouses of Megapolis Ukraine in six cities were blocked by activists. The company management claimed that Russian shareholders withdrew from it. After

2944-507: The energy sector has raised concern within the U.S. government. The Department of Homeland Security and the Federal Bureau of Investigation have documented the unit's reconnaissance and noted the possibility of inserting malware to cause future damage in an attack. The U.S. government also has linked the unit to attempts to penetrate state and local government networks in 2020. Media reporting has documented close connections between

3008-493: The federal forces to conduct efficient counterterrorist operations led to the government to transfer the responsibility of "maintaining order" in Chechnya from the FSB to the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD) in July 2003. After becoming president, Vladimir Putin launched a major reorganization of the FSB. First, the FSB was placed under direct control of the President by a decree issued on 17 May 2000. The internal structure of

3072-518: The five largest taxpayers of Ukraine. In 2013, Megapolis Ukraine's revenue was 27.5 billion hryvnia, and it ranked fifth in the Forbes Ukraine 200 largest companies of Ukraine. As of 2017, among the owners of Tedis Ukraine were Boris Kaufman (47.22%), as well as British citizens Richard Duxbury (23.51%) and Richard Dorian Fenhalls. Igor Kesaev Igor Albertovich Kesaev ( Russian : Игорь Альбертович Кесаев ; born 30 October 1966)

3136-456: The list that day. The list had been available previously, but only through individual request. Commenting on the list, Yuri Sapunov, head of counterterrorism at the FSB, named three main criteria necessary for organizations to be listed. According to some unofficial sources, since 1999, the FSB has also been tasked with the intelligence-gathering on the territory of the CIS countries, wherein

3200-424: The need for more efficient response to migration, drug trafficking and illegal arms trading. In addition, the FSB was the sole power base of the new president, so the restructuring strengthened his position (see Political groups under Vladimir Putin's presidency ). On 28 June 2004, in a speech to high-ranking FSB officers, Putin emphasized three major tasks of the agency: neutralizing foreign espionage, safeguarding

3264-485: The number rose to 45. In March 2010, Islamist militants organised the 2010 Moscow Metro bombings , which killed 40 people. One of the two blasts took place at Lubyanka station, near the FSB headquarters. Militant leader Doku Umarov —dubbed "Russia's Osama Bin Laden"—took responsibility for the attacks. In July 2010, President Dmitry Medvedev expanded the FSB's powers in its fight against terrorism. FSB officers received

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3328-456: The power to issue warnings to citizens on actions that could lead to committing crimes and arrest people for 15 days if they fail to comply with legitimate orders given by the officers. The bill was harshly criticized by human rights organizations. Since 2014, the FSB devoted substantial resources to preparing for a Russian takeover of Ukraine. Although Russia's SVR and GRU (foreign and military intelligence services) were also involved, FSB had

3392-532: The powers of the FSB director. The number of deputy directors was increased to eight: two first deputies, five deputies responsible for departments and directorates and one deputy director heading the Moscow City and Moscow regional directorate. Yeltsin appointed Colonel-General Mikhail Ivanovich Barsukov as the new director of the FSB. In 1998, Yeltsin appointed Vladimir Putin , a KGB veteran who would later succeed Yeltsin as federal president, as director of

3456-486: The scandal, the company changed its name to Tedis Ukraine. In 2017, Anti-Monopoly Committee of Ukraine (AMC) accused Tedis Ukraine of monopolizing the Ukrainian tobacco market. Tax evasion and terrorist financing have also been claimed. According to Prosecutor General of Ukraine Yuriy Lutsenko , in 2015—2017 there were 2.5 billion hryvnias that were transferred from Ukraine into Russia through several companies, including Tedis Ukraine, and “some of them were used to fund

3520-510: The spot by FSB spetsnaz forces. Only one of the suspects, Nur-Pashi Kulayev , survived and was convicted later by the court. It is reported that more than 100 leaders of terrorist groups have been killed during 119 operations on North Caucasus during 2006. On 28 July 2006, the FSB presented a list of 17 terrorist organizations recognized by the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation , to Rossiyskaya Gazeta newspaper, which published

3584-478: The terrorist organizations LPR and DPR ." In 2017, Tedis Ukraine was fined 300 million hryvnias after the court proceedings initiated by AMC, and in 2019 it was fined 3,4 billion hryvnias more. AMC announced its intention to forcefully split the company, but in December 2019 AMC lost the court with the company. On February 2, 2021, the Supreme Court of Ukraine satisfied the claim of Tedis Ukraine and canceled

3648-687: The two-year period. In a high-profile case of foreign espionage, the FSB said in February 2012 that an engineer working at the Plesetsk Cosmodrome , Russia's main space center for military launches, had been sentenced to 13 years in prison on charges of state treason. A court judged that the engineer had sold information about the testing of new Russian strategic missile systems to the American CIA . A number of scientists have been accused of espionage and illegal technology exports by

3712-541: The world's billionaires, he was ranked #1196 with a net worth of US$ 2.6 billion. Kesaev was born in the North Ossetian city of Ordzhonikidze (now known as Vladikavkaz / Dzaudzhikau ). Kesaevs (ХЪЕСАТÆ) are a traditionally influential Ossetian family from Zakka Gorge. Kesaev received a bachelor's degree from the Moscow Institute of International Relations . Kesaev was sanctioned by Canada under

3776-631: Was acquitted in 1999 after spending several years in prison (his case was sent for re-investigation 13 times while he remained in prison). In August 2021, the FSB arrested plasma physics -expert Alexander Kuranov, chief designer of the Hypersonic Systems Research Center (NIPGS in Russian) in St. Petersburg . Kuranov is suspected of passing secret information to a foreigner about hypersonic technology; he oversaw concept design on

3840-517: Was arrested in early 2024 in Yekaterinburg and charged with "treason" for sending $ 51.80 to Razom , a New York City -based nonprofit organization that sends humanitarian assistance to Ukraine . The FSB accused Karelina of taking part in "public actions to support the Kyiv regime." She initially faced life in prison, but pleaded guilty and was sentenced to 12 years in prison. In August 2024,

3904-539: Was faced with increased levels of terrorism . FSB Spetsnaz units Alpha Group and Vympel played a key role in hostage rescue operations during the Moscow theater siege and the Beslan school siege . Their performance was criticised due to the high number of hostage casualties. In 2006, the FSB successfully killed Shamil Basayev , who was behind the Beslan tragedy and several other high-profile terrorist acts. According to

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3968-402: Was naturalized as a citizen of Cyprus on May 25, 2012 during the presidency of Demetris Christofias . This Russian business-related biographical article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Federal Security Service The Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation ( FSB ) is the principal security agency of Russia and the main successor agency to

4032-649: Was persuaded to invade Ukraine by a small group of his closest associates, especially Nikolai Patrushev , Yury Kovalchuk and Alexander Bortnikov . According to some experts, Bortnikov played a key role in Putin's decision to invade Ukraine. According to a report of the Royal United Services Institute citing interviews officers and analysts of Security Service of Ukraine , the FSB Ukraine team greatly expanded July 2021, and by February 2022 it had "around 200 officers" although most teams consist of only 10–20. Before

4096-533: Was transferred from the military to the FSB in January 2001. While the army lacked technical means of tracking the guerrilla groups, the FSB suffered from insufficient human intelligence due to its inability to build networks of agents and informants. In the autumn of 2002, the separatists launched a massive campaign of terrorism against the Russian civilians, including the Dubrovka theatre attack . The inability of

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