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32-692: According to the Nihon Shoki : On the seventeenth day, the emperor, residing in his place in the Daigokuden, commanded Prince Kawashima, Prince Osakabe [etc...] to record a definitive edition of the Teiki and Jōko Shoji . According to the Kojiki preface, Emperor Tenmu said: What I hear is that the Teiki and Honji brought about by the many houses already differ from the truth and contain many inaccuracies. Should those mistakes not be corrected now,

64-466: A ⟩ , Cyrillic ⟨ д ⟩ → ⟨ d ⟩ , Greek ⟨ χ ⟩ → the digraph ⟨ ch ⟩ , Armenian ⟨ ն ⟩ → ⟨ n ⟩ or Latin ⟨ æ ⟩ → ⟨ ae ⟩ . For instance, for the Greek term ⟨ Ελληνική Δημοκρατία ⟩ , which is usually translated as ' Hellenic Republic ', the usual transliteration into

96-467: A different script or writing system. Transliterations are designed to convey the pronunciation of the original word in a different script, allowing readers or speakers of that script to approximate the sounds and pronunciation of the original word. Transliterations do not change the pronunciation of the word. Thus, in the Greek above example, ⟨λλ⟩ is transliterated ⟨ll⟩ though it

128-572: A fictitious figure of Empress Jingū to replace her. Many records in the Nihon Shoki show clear signs of taking records from other sources but shifting the dates. An example is the records of events during Jingū and Ōjin's reigns, where most seem to have a calendrical shift of exactly two cycles of the sexagenary cycle, or 120 years. Not all records in the Nihon Shoki are consistently shifted according to this pattern, making it difficult to know which dates are accurate. For example, according to

160-430: A genealogy. A competing theory identifies the second and third volume of the Kojiki as the actual contents of the Teiki . And yet another speculates that the Teiki and Kyūji were not two separate texts, but was rather a single unified text. Nihon Shoki The Nihon Shoki ( 日本書紀 ) , sometimes translated as The Chronicles of Japan , is the second-oldest book of classical Japanese history . The book

192-572: Is also a reflection of Chinese influence on Japanese civilization. In Japan, the Sinicized court wanted written history that could be compared with the annals of the Chinese. The Nihon Shoki begins with the Japanese creation myth , explaining the origin of the world and the first seven generations of divine beings (starting with Kuninotokotachi ), and goes on with a number of myths as does

224-567: Is also called the Nihongi ( 日本紀 , "Japanese Chronicles") . It is more elaborate and detailed than the Kojiki , the oldest, and has proven to be an important tool for historians and archaeologists as it includes the most complete extant historical record of ancient Japan . The Nihon Shoki was finished in 720 under the editorial supervision of Prince Toneri with the assistance of Ō no Yasumaro and presented to Empress Genshō . The book

256-406: Is common, as for Burmese , for instance. In Modern Greek , the letters ⟨η, ι, υ⟩ and the letter combinations ⟨ει, oι, υι⟩ are pronounced [i] (except when pronounced as semivowels ), and a modern transcription renders them as ⟨i⟩. However, a transliteration distinguishes them; for example, by transliterating them as ⟨ē, i, y⟩ and ⟨ei, oi, yi⟩. (As the ancient pronunciation of ⟨η⟩ was [ɛː] , it

288-565: Is often transliterated as ⟨ē⟩.) On the other hand, ⟨αυ, ευ, ηυ⟩ are pronounced /af, ef, if/ , and are voiced to [av, ev, iv] when followed by a voiced consonant – a shift from Ancient Greek /au̯, eu̯, iu̯/ . A transliteration would render them all as ⟨au, eu, iu⟩ no matter the environment these sounds are in, reflecting the traditional orthography of Ancient Greek, yet a transcription would distinguish them, based on their phonemic and allophonic pronunciations in Modern Greek. Furthermore,

320-571: Is opposed to letter transcription , which is a letter by letter conversion of one language into another writing system. Still, most systems of transliteration map the letters of the source script to letters pronounced similarly in the target script, for some specific pair of source and target language. Transliteration may be very close to letter-by-letter transcription if the relations between letters and sounds are similar in both languages. For many script pairs, there are one or more standard transliteration systems. However, unsystematic transliteration

352-414: Is pronounced exactly the same way as [l] , or the Greek letters, ⟨λλ⟩ . ⟨Δ⟩ is transliterated ⟨D⟩ though pronounced as [ð] , and ⟨η⟩ is transliterated ⟨ī⟩ , though it is pronounced [i] (exactly like ⟨ι⟩ ) and is not long . Transcription , conversely, seeks to capture sound, but phonetically approximate it into

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384-415: The Kojiki , but continues its account through to events of the 8th century. It is believed to record accurately the latter reigns of Emperor Tenji , Emperor Tenmu and Empress Jitō . The Nihon Shoki focuses on the merits of the virtuous rulers as well as the errors of the bad rulers. It describes episodes from mythological eras and diplomatic contacts with other countries. The Nihon Shoki

416-625: The Kojiki are referred to as the Kiki stories. The first translation was completed by William George Aston in 1896 (English). The background of the compilation of the Nihon Shoki is that Emperor Tenmu ordered 12 people, including Prince Kawashima, to edit the old history of the empire. Shoku Nihongi notes that " 先是一品舍人親王奉勅修日本紀。至是功成奏上。紀卅卷系圖一卷 " in the part of May 720. It means "Up to that time, Prince Toneri had been compiling Nihongi on

448-472: The Kojiki . The actual title of the text is unknown due to orthographic difficulties of old Japanese texts. The reading Teiki is taken from the on'yomi reading. In addition, traditional Japanese readings include Sumera Mikoto no Fumi and Sumerogi no Fumi . All literally mean "Imperial Chronicle". The Kojiki preface makes reference to two other titles: Sumera Mikoto no Hitsugi ( 帝皇日嗣 , "Genealogy of

480-527: The Latin script is ⟨Hellēnikḗ Dēmokratía⟩ ; and the Russian term ⟨ Российская Республика ⟩ , which is usually translated as ' Russian Republic ', can be transliterated either as ⟨Rossiyskaya Respublika⟩ or alternatively as ⟨Rossijskaja Respublika⟩ . Transliteration is the process of representing or intending to represent a word, phrase, or text in

512-569: The Song Shu, the Wa paid tribute to Liu Song dynasty in 421, and until 502 (Liu Song ended in 479), five monarchs sought to be recognized as Kings of Wa . However, the Nihon Shoki only shows three successive emperors in this time period; Emperor Ingyō , Ankō , and Yūryaku . Nihon Shoki 's records of events regarding Baekje after Emperor Yūryaku start matching with Baekje records, however. The lifetimes of those monarchs themselves, especially for

544-659: The soft palate but on the uvula , but the pronunciation varies between different dialects of Arabic . The letter is sometimes transliterated into "g", sometimes into "q" or " ' " (for in Egypt it is silent) and rarely even into "k" in English. Another example is the Russian letter "Х" (kha) . It is pronounced as the voiceless velar fricative /x/ , like the Scottish pronunciation of ⟨ch⟩ in "lo ch ". This sound

576-576: The Buddhist monk Gwalleuk of Baekje . For the eight emperors of Chapter 4, only the years of birth and reign, year of naming as Crown Prince, names of consorts, and locations of tomb are recorded. They are called the Kesshi Hachidai (" 欠史八代 , "eight generations lacking history") because no legends (or a few, as quoted in Nihon Ōdai Ichiran ) are associated with them. Some studies support

608-489: The Emperors Jingū , Ōjin , and Nintoku , have been exaggerated. Their lengths of reign are likely to have been extended or synthesized with others' reigns, in order to make the origins of the imperial family sufficiently ancient to satisfy numerological expectations. It is widely believed that the epoch of 660 BCE was chosen because it is a "xīn-yǒu" year in the sexagenary cycle , which according to Taoist beliefs

640-539: The Emperors") and Sakitsuyo no Furukoto ( 先代旧辞 ) . Both are alternative names for the Teiki . As the text no longer exists, very little is actually known about it. The general view is that the Teiki described the imperial line. One theory claims that was a genealogy of the imperial line recording the reigns of each emperor. Another theory, based on the literal title, claims that it was a record of imperial accomplishments, but that it would not have been appropriate as

672-411: The ancient Korean kingdoms of Silla , Goguryeo , and Baekje . Some other sources are cited anonymously as aru fumi ( 一書 ; "some document"), in order to keep alternative records for specific incidents. Most emperors reigning between the 1st and 4th century have reigns longer than 70 years, and aged 100. This could be due to the writers' attempt to overwrite the history of Himiko , and fabricate

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704-667: The famous anecdote of "Luck of the Sea and Luck of the Mountains" ( Hoderi and Hoori ) found in Nihon Shoki . The later developed Urashima tale contains the Rip Van Winkle motif, so some may consider it an early example of fictional time travel . Transliteration Transliteration is a type of conversion of a text from one script to another that involves swapping letters (thus trans- + liter- ) in predictable ways, such as Greek ⟨ α ⟩ → ⟨

736-461: The initial letter ⟨h⟩ reflecting the historical rough breathing ⟨ ̔⟩ in words such as ⟨Hellēnikḗ⟩ would intuitively be omitted in transcription for Modern Greek, as Modern Greek no longer has the /h/ sound. A simple example of difficulties in transliteration is the Arabic letter qāf . It is pronounced, in literary Arabic, approximately like English [k], except that the tongue makes contact not on

768-650: The new script; ⟨ Ελληνική Δημοκρατία ⟩ corresponds to [eliniˈci ðimokraˈtia] in the International Phonetic Alphabet . While differentiation is lost in the case of [i] , note the allophonic realization of /k/ as a palatalized [c] when preceding front vowels /e/ and /i/ . Angle brackets ⟨ ⟩ may be used to set off transliteration, as opposed to slashes / / for phonemic transcription and square brackets for phonetic transcription. Angle brackets may also be used to set off characters in

800-631: The orders of the emperor; he completed it, submitting 30 volumes of history and one volume of genealogy". The Nihon Shoki is a synthesis of older documents, specifically on the records that had been continuously kept in the Yamato court since the sixth century. It also includes documents and folklore submitted by clans serving the court. Prior to Nihon Shoki , there were Tennōki and Kokki compiled by Prince Shōtoku and Soga no Umako , but as they were stored in Soga's residence, they were burned at

832-428: The original meaning will be lost within but a few years. They are the basis of the national system and are the foundation of the imperial government. Thus, I would like to carefully examine the Teiki and Kyūji , remove the errors, and establish the truth for future generations. He then had Hieda no Are memorize the contents of the Teiki and Kyūji , both of which were later used as historical sources for composing

864-400: The original script. Conventions and author preferences vary. Systematic transliteration is a mapping from one system of writing into another, typically grapheme to grapheme. Most transliteration systems are one-to-one , so a reader who knows the system can reconstruct the original spelling. Transliteration, which adapts written form without altering the pronunciation when spoken out,

896-645: The time of the Isshi Incident . The work's contributors refer to various sources which do not exist today. Among those sources, three Baekje documents ( Kudara-ki , etc.) are cited mainly for the purpose of recording diplomatic affairs. Textual criticism shows that scholars fleeing the destruction of the Baekje to Yamato wrote these histories and the authors of the Nihon Shoki heavily relied upon those sources. This must be taken into account in relation to statements referring to old historic rivalries between

928-461: The traditional founding of the imperial dynasty in 660 BCE is a myth and that the first nine emperors are legendary. This does not necessarily imply that the persons referred to did not exist, merely that there is insufficient material available for further verification and study. Dates in the Nihon Shoki before the late 7th century were likely recorded using the Genka calendar system brought by

960-567: The view that these emperors were invented to push Jimmu's reign further back to the year 660 BCE. Nihon Shoki itself somewhat elevates the "tenth" emperor Sujin , recording that he was called the Hatsu-Kuni-Shirasu (" 御肇国 : first nation-ruling) emperor. The tale of Urashima Tarō is developed from the brief mention in Nihon Shoki ( Emperor Yūryaku Year 22) that a certain child of Urashima visited Horaisan and saw wonders. The later tale has plainly incorporated elements from

992-434: Was an appropriate year for a revolution to take place. As Taoist theory also groups together 21 sexagenary cycles into one unit of time, it is assumed that the compilers of Nihon Shoki assigned the year 601 (a "xīn-yǒu" year in which Prince Shotoku's reformation took place) as a "modern revolution" year, and consequently recorded 660 BCE, 1260 years prior to that year, as the founding epoch. Most modern scholars agree that

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1024-458: Was written in classical Chinese , as was common for official documents at that time. The Kojiki , on the other hand, is written in a combination of Chinese and phonetic transcription of Japanese (primarily for names and songs). The Nihon Shoki also contains numerous transliteration notes telling the reader how words were pronounced in Japanese. Collectively, the stories in this book and

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