68-694: Television House is the former name of a building on Kingsway in London . From 1918, it was the base of the Air Ministry . From 1955, the building was the headquarters of Associated-Rediffusion /Rediffusion London, Independent Television News (ITN), TV Times magazine, the Independent Television Companies Association and, at first, Associated Television . Later, it was the initial base for Rediffusion's successor, Thames Television . After Thames moved out, it
136-531: A main frame , that housed the central processing unit and main memory of early computers. Later, the term mainframe was used to distinguish high-end commercial computers from less powerful machines. Modern mainframe design is characterized less by raw computational speed and more by: The high stability and reliability of mainframes enable these machines to run uninterrupted for very long periods of time, with mean time between failures (MTBF) measured in decades. Mainframes have high availability , one of
204-597: A controversial strip bar that is the subject of many articles in local newspapers. The road was laid out in the 1810s as part of the Bedford Estate . It was called "Seymour Street", as shown in the map to the right, until 1938 when it was renamed. It took its new name from Eversholt which is a village in Bedfordshire (which comes from Anglo-Saxon meaning "wood of the wild boar") near Ampthill , which gave its name to Ampthill Square nearby, and follows
272-452: A fraction of the acquisition price and offer local users much greater control over their own systems given the IT policies and practices at that time. Terminals used for interacting with mainframe systems were gradually replaced by personal computers . Consequently, demand plummeted and new mainframe installations were restricted mainly to financial services and government. In the early 1990s, there
340-546: A level of sophistication not usually available with most server solutions. Modern mainframes, notably the IBM Z servers, offer two levels of virtualization : logical partitions ( LPARs , via the PR/SM facility) and virtual machines (via the z/VM operating system). Many mainframe customers run two machines: one in their primary data center and one in their backup data center —fully active, partially active, or on standby—in case there
408-403: A manhole cover from a burst gas main, before being extinguished. Several thousand people were evacuated from nearby offices, and several theatres cancelled performances. There was also substantial disruption to telecoms infrastructure. On 8 April, press reports emerged stating that the fire may have been started as part of the 2015 Hatton Garden burglary ; however, the investigation into how
476-596: A period early in ITV's history, Associated-Rediffusion provided this space for free as part of the effort to keep ITV afloat during the financial crisis of 1955-1957. In the 1967 ITV contract round, the ITA awarded the London weekday contract to a joint company formed from ABC Weekend TV and Rediffusion Television, Thames Television . This new company had a surplus number of studios in London. The Wembley studios were therefore sold to
544-434: A reference to the anticipated Year 2000 problem (Y2K). That trend started to turn around in the late 1990s as corporations found new uses for their existing mainframes and as the price of data networking collapsed in most parts of the world, encouraging trends toward more centralized computing. The growth of e-business also dramatically increased the number of back-end transactions processed by mainframe software as well as
612-407: A single mainframe can replace higher-functioning hardware services available to conventional servers . While mainframes pioneered this capability, virtualization is now available on most families of computer systems, though not always to the same degree or level of sophistication. Mainframes can add or hot swap system capacity without disrupting system function, with specificity and granularity to
680-526: A song by the English composer Edward Elgar , named The King's Way , celebrates the opening of Kingsway. The words are written by his wife, Caroline Alice Elgar . The song was first performed at an Alexandra Palace concert on 15 January 1910, sung by Clara Butt . Southampton Row is a major thoroughfare running northwest–southeast in Bloomsbury , Camden , central London , England. The street
748-524: A theme of names related to the Duke of Bedford . It in turn gives its name to Eversholt Rail Group . Mainframe computer A mainframe computer , informally called a mainframe or big iron , is a computer used primarily by large organizations for critical applications like bulk data processing for tasks such as censuses , industry and consumer statistics , enterprise resource planning , and large-scale transaction processing . A mainframe computer
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#1732790922110816-735: Is a catastrophe affecting the first building. Test, development, training, and production workload for applications and databases can run on a single machine, except for extremely large demands where the capacity of one machine might be limiting. Such a two-mainframe installation can support continuous business service, avoiding both planned and unplanned outages. In practice, many customers use multiple mainframes linked either by Parallel Sysplex and shared DASD (in IBM's case), or with shared, geographically dispersed storage provided by EMC or Hitachi. Mainframes are designed to handle very high volume input and output (I/O) and emphasize throughput computing. Since
884-450: Is also spurring major mainframe investments to solve exceptionally difficult computing problems, e.g. providing unified, extremely high volume online transaction processing databases for 1 billion consumers across multiple industries (banking, insurance, credit reporting, government services, etc.) In late 2000, IBM introduced 64-bit z/Architecture , acquired numerous software companies such as Cognos and introduced those software products to
952-634: Is being refreshed. In the late 1950s, mainframes had only a rudimentary interactive interface (the console) and used sets of punched cards , paper tape , or magnetic tape to transfer data and programs. They operated in batch mode to support back office functions such as payroll and customer billing, most of which were based on repeated tape-based sorting and merging operations followed by line printing to preprinted continuous stationery . When interactive user terminals were introduced, they were used almost exclusively for applications (e.g. airline booking ) rather than program development. However, in 1961
1020-760: Is dependent on its ability to scale, support mixed workloads, reduce labor costs, deliver uninterrupted service for critical business applications, and several other risk-adjusted cost factors. Mainframes also have execution integrity characteristics for fault tolerant computing. For example, z900, z990, System z9, and System z10 servers effectively execute result-oriented instructions twice, compare results, arbitrate between any differences (through instruction retry and failure isolation), then shift workloads "in flight" to functioning processors, including spares, without any impact to operating systems, applications, or users. This hardware-level feature, also found in HP's NonStop systems,
1088-421: Is known as lock-stepping, because both processors take their "steps" (i.e. instructions) together. Not all applications absolutely need the assured integrity that these systems provide, but many do, such as financial transaction processing. IBM , with the IBM Z series, continues to be a major manufacturer in the mainframe market. In 2000, Hitachi co-developed the zSeries z900 with IBM to share expenses, and
1156-412: Is large but not as large as a supercomputer and has more processing power than some other classes of computers, such as minicomputers , servers , workstations , and personal computers . Most large-scale computer-system architectures were established in the 1960s, but they continue to evolve. Mainframe computers are often used as servers. The term mainframe was derived from the large cabinet, called
1224-604: Is now Theobalds Road , as it was the route that King James I took when travelling from London to his residence Theobalds Palace in Hertfordshire. The road was purpose-built as part of a major redevelopment of the area in the 1900s. Its route cleared away the maze of small streets in Holborn such as Little Queen Street and the surrounding slum dwellings. However, Holy Trinity Church in Little Queen Street
1292-498: Is the largest hotel in the UK. The British Medical Association building is at the junction of Upper Woburn Place with Tavistock Square. Property values are high in this area. For example, in 2005 a freehold office building at 19–29 Woburn Place (9,400 m , 101,000 sq ft) was sold for £22.6 million. On 7 July 2005, a suicide bomb planted by 18-year-old Hasib Hussain detonated aboard a double decker bus passing Tavistock Square as it
1360-591: The A4200 . It runs from High Holborn , at its north end in the London Borough of Camden , and meets Aldwych in the south in the City of Westminster at Bush House . It was opened by King Edward VII in 1905. Together Kingsway and Aldwych form one of the major north–south routes through central London linking the ancient east–west routes of High Holborn and Strand . The name "King's Way" originally applied to what
1428-526: The Indica Bookshop was separated from the Indica Gallery , a counterculture art gallery supported by Paul McCartney , and moved to 102 Southampton Row in the summer of that year. As of 2022 a major route for buses, the street once formed part of a tram route that included a tunnel for trams . Woburn Place is a street in central London , England, named after Woburn Abbey , home to
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#17327909221101496-657: The Met Office had measured the temperatures and wind speeds in central London from its roof. During WWII, a Jamaican teenager called Billy Strachan sold all of his possessions and travelled all the way from the Caribbean to Adastral House, incorrectly believing that this was where he should go to join the Royal Air Force (RAF). When he arrived he was racially abused by the guards, before being rescued by sergeant who gave Strachan correct instructions on how to join
1564-497: The Telum . Unisys produces code compatible mainframe systems that range from laptops to cabinet-sized mainframes that use homegrown CPUs as well as Xeon processors. Furthermore, there exists a market for software applications to manage the performance of mainframe implementations. In addition to IBM, significant market competitors include BMC and Precisely ; former competitors include Compuware and CA Technologies . Starting in
1632-504: The 1980s, many mainframes supported general purpose graphic display terminals, and terminal emulation, but not graphical user interfaces. This form of end-user computing became obsolete in the 1990s due to the advent of personal computers provided with GUIs . After 2000, modern mainframes partially or entirely phased out classic " green screen " and color display terminal access for end-users in favour of Web-style user interfaces. The infrastructure requirements were drastically reduced during
1700-601: The 2010s, cloud computing is now a less expensive, more scalable alternative. Several manufacturers and their successors produced mainframe computers from the 1950s until the early 21st century, with gradually decreasing numbers and a gradual transition to simulation on Intel chips rather than proprietary hardware. The US group of manufacturers was first known as " IBM and the Seven Dwarfs ": usually Burroughs , UNIVAC , NCR , Control Data , Honeywell , General Electric and RCA , although some lists varied. Later, with
1768-926: The 64-bit IBM Z CMOS servers have nothing physically in common with the older systems. Notable manufacturers outside the US were Siemens and Telefunken in Germany , ICL in the United Kingdom , Olivetti in Italy, and Fujitsu , Hitachi , Oki , and NEC in Japan . The Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact countries manufactured close copies of IBM mainframes during the Cold War ; the BESM series and Strela are examples of independently designed Soviet computers. Elwro in Poland
1836-484: The Dukes of Bedford who developed much of Bloomsbury. It is located in the Bloomsbury area of Camden . To the north is Tavistock Square and to the south-east is Russell Square . Past Tavistock Square the road becomes Upper Woburn Place until the junction with Euston Road . The Royal National Hotel building is located in the south-west side of Woburn Place north of Russell Square, with 1,630 rooms on eight floors,
1904-547: The Japanese market. The amount of vendor investment in mainframe development varies with market share. Fujitsu and Hitachi both continue to use custom S/390-compatible processors, as well as other CPUs (including POWER and Xeon) for lower-end systems. Bull uses a mixture of Itanium and Xeon processors. NEC uses Xeon processors for its low-end ACOS-2 line, but develops the custom NOAH-6 processor for its high-end ACOS-4 series. IBM also develops custom processors in-house, such as
1972-658: The RAF. Strachan then went onto become an accomplished bomber pilot and a pioneer of black civil rights in Britain. In 1954, the Independent Television Authority (ITA) awarded the first two contracts for the imminent ITV commercial television network. Because the BBC had previously held a monopoly on broadcasting, there were no non-BBC television studio facilities in the UK. Associated-Rediffusion, as one of
2040-712: The Thames Embankment; this Kingsway tramway subway joined the North and South London tram systems. In 1958 the disused tunnel was reopened at the southern end to make a new connection, the Strand Underpass, for light traffic between Waterloo Bridge and Kingsway in order to reduce congestion. Also beneath Kingsway was a branch of the Piccadilly tube line from Holborn to Aldwych station on the Strand; this
2108-529: The back-office engines behind the world's financial markets and much of global commerce". As of 2010 , while mainframe technology represented less than 3% of IBM's revenues, it "continue[d] to play an outsized role in Big Blue's results". IBM has continued to launch new generations of mainframes: the IBM z13 in 2015, the z14 in 2017, the z15 in 2019, and the z16 in 2022, the latter featuring among other things an "integrated on-chip AI accelerator" and
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2176-449: The broadest streets in central London at 100 feet (30 m) wide. There were several proposed names for the new street, including King Edward VII Street , Empire Avenue , Imperial Avenue and Connecticut Avenue . The name "Kingsway" was in honour of King Edward VII , who opened the street. It was unique in containing below it a tunnel for a tramway , which started just north of Southampton Row, passed beneath Aldwych and continued to
2244-480: The building became the UK headquarters of ExxonMobil . After ExxonMobil left, the building was renamed "The Centrium" and housed several organisations, including Herman Miller , the Nursing and Midwifery Council , SVG Capital , Takeda Pharmaceuticals , Ashmore Group , Tishman Speyer and Interconnector UK The building was subsequently renamed "61 Aldwych" by manager Tishman Speyer . The building's management
2312-875: The building was again occupied by the government, this time by the General Register Office for England and Wales (previously based in Somerset House ). It was renamed St Catherine's House, and was used to house the birth, marriage and death certificates of the English and Welsh populations. In 1997, the building was vacated by the General Register Office (now the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys ), which moved to Southport in Merseyside . After extensive refurbishment,
2380-613: The building, mainly for current affairs and continuity use (the main large studios, later the Fountain Studios , were based at the former 20th Century Fox studios in Wembley in Middlesex ). Additionally, office space and dining facilities for over 1,000 people were created. A suite of management offices, replete with an oak-paneled boardroom, was built. The original headquarters and studio facilities of ITN were located on
2448-596: The departure of General Electric and RCA, it was referred to as IBM and the BUNCH . IBM's dominance grew out of their 700/7000 series and, later, the development of the 360 series mainframes. The latter architecture has continued to evolve into their current zSeries mainframes which, along with the then Burroughs and Sperry (now Unisys ) MCP -based and OS1100 mainframes, are among the few mainframe architectures still extant that can trace their roots to this early period. While IBM's zSeries can still run 24-bit System/360 code,
2516-570: The early 1990s, many supercomputers were based on a mainframe architecture with supercomputing extensions. An example of such a system is the HITAC S-3800 , which was instruction-set compatible with IBM System/370 mainframes, and could run the Hitachi VOS3 operating system (a fork of IBM MVS ). The S-3800 therefore can be seen as being both simultaneously a supercomputer and also an IBM-compatible mainframe. In 2007, an amalgamation of
2584-492: The fire started stated on 9 April that it came from an electrical fault. The original buildings were built between 1903 and 1905. They were mostly mid-rises in stone, and in various styles including neoclassical and neo-Baroque. Many survive but some have been replaced. Notable buildings include: The closest tube stations are Holborn , which is at the top of the road, at the junction with High Holborn, as well as Temple , and formerly Aldwych , which closed in 1994. As part of
2652-748: The first academic, general-purpose timesharing system that supported software development, CTSS , was released at MIT on an IBM 709 , later 7090 and 7094. Typewriter and Teletype devices were common control consoles for system operators through the early 1970s, although ultimately supplanted by keyboard / display devices. By the early 1970s, many mainframes acquired interactive user terminals operating as timesharing computers, supporting hundreds of users simultaneously along with batch processing. Users gained access through keyboard/typewriter terminals and later character-mode text terminal CRT displays with integral keyboards, or finally from personal computers equipped with terminal emulation software. By
2720-572: The first time. IBM received the vast majority of mainframe revenue. During the 1980s, minicomputer -based systems grew more sophisticated and were able to displace the lower end of the mainframes. These computers, sometimes called departmental computers , were typified by the Digital Equipment Corporation VAX series. In 1991, AT&T Corporation briefly owned NCR. During the same period, companies found that servers based on microcomputer designs could be deployed at
2788-418: The government. Brownrigg engaged Bovis Limited (later Bovis Construction ) to gut the building internally and build a new suite of offices, technical facilities, and studios to be called Television House. This was begun in early 1955 and, with a planned start date for ITV of 22 September 1955, was worked on at great speed, virtually 24 hours a day. Four small studios (numbered 7, 8, 9, and 10) were built inside
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2856-758: The late 1950s, mainframe designs have included subsidiary hardware (called channels or peripheral processors ) which manage the I/O devices, leaving the CPU free to deal only with high-speed memory. It is common in mainframe shops to deal with massive databases and files. Gigabyte to terabyte -size record files are not unusual. Compared to a typical PC, mainframes commonly have hundreds to thousands of times as much data storage online, and can access it reasonably quickly. Other server families also offload I/O processing and emphasize throughput computing. Mainframe return on investment (ROI), like any other computing platform,
2924-730: The latest Hitachi AP10000 models are made by IBM. Unisys manufactures ClearPath Libra mainframes, based on earlier Burroughs MCP products and ClearPath Dorado mainframes based on Sperry Univac OS 1100 product lines. Hewlett Packard Enterprise sells its unique NonStop systems, which it acquired with Tandem Computers and which some analysts classify as mainframes. Groupe Bull 's GCOS , Stratus OpenVOS , Fujitsu (formerly Siemens) BS2000 , and Fujitsu- ICL VME mainframes are still available in Europe, and Fujitsu (formerly Amdahl) GS21 mainframes globally. NEC with ACOS and Hitachi with AP10000- VOS3 still maintain mainframe businesses in
2992-477: The mainframe. IBM's quarterly and annual reports in the 2000s usually reported increasing mainframe revenues and capacity shipments. However, IBM's mainframe hardware business has not been immune to the recent overall downturn in the server hardware market or to model cycle effects. For example, in the 4th quarter of 2009, IBM's System z hardware revenues decreased by 27% year over year. But MIPS (millions of instructions per second) shipments increased 4% per year over
3060-472: The mid-1990s, when CMOS mainframe designs replaced the older bipolar technology. IBM claimed that its newer mainframes reduced data center energy costs for power and cooling, and reduced physical space requirements compared to server farms . Modern mainframes can run multiple different instances of operating systems at the same time. This technique of virtual machines allows applications to run as if they were on physically distinct computers. In this role,
3128-433: The most secure, with vulnerabilities in the low single digits, as compared to thousands for Windows , UNIX , and Linux . Software upgrades usually require setting up the operating system or portions thereof, and are non disruptive only when using virtualizing facilities such as IBM z/OS and Parallel Sysplex , or Unisys XPCL, which support workload sharing so that one system can take over another's application while it
3196-523: The name being derived from the RAF motto . This remained the home of the Air Ministry through World War II , and the roof of the building in 1940 during The Blitz is where, while fire-watching, Arthur Harris , made the remark about the bombing to a companion, " Well, they are sowing the wind... ". The building became known to the public after the war as it was announced during BBC weather forecasts that
3264-431: The new Telum microprocessor . A supercomputer is a computer at the leading edge of data processing capability, with respect to calculation speed. Supercomputers are used for scientific and engineering problems ( high-performance computing ) which crunch numbers and data, while mainframes focus on transaction processing. The differences are: Mainframes and supercomputers cannot always be clearly distinguished; up until
3332-544: The north. Eversholt Street starts at Euston Road , between Euston Square Gardens and Euston Fire Station . It travels north, including Euston House , the grade-II listed Royal George , the grade-II listed 64 Eversholt Street , the grade-II listed Church of St Mary the Virgin , the grade-II listed Eversholt House , and Camden Council's The Crowndale Centre which includes Camden Town Library . It joins Camden High Street at Mornington Crescent station . It also includes
3400-433: The past two years. Alsop had himself photographed in 2000, symbolically eating his own words ("death to the mainframe"). In 2012, NASA powered down its last mainframe, an IBM System z9. However, IBM's successor to the z9, the z10 , led a New York Times reporter to state four years earlier that "mainframe technology—hardware, software and services—remains a large and lucrative business for I.B.M., and mainframes are still
3468-632: The primary reasons for their longevity, since they are typically used in applications where downtime would be costly or catastrophic. The term reliability, availability and serviceability (RAS) is a defining characteristic of mainframe computers. Proper planning and implementation are required to realize these features. In addition, mainframes are more secure than other computer types: the NIST vulnerabilities database, US-CERT , rates traditional mainframes such as IBM Z (previously called z Systems, System z, and zSeries), Unisys Dorado, and Unisys Libra as among
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#17327909221103536-483: The redevelopment a tram tunnel was built underneath the road. The trams ceased to run in the 1950s and, since 1961, the southern end of the tunnel has been used by cars under the name of the Strand Underpass . The northern entrance to the tunnel still exists (with its tram lines still in situ, see image right) and can be found at the junction of Southampton Row and Vernon Place. On 27 December 1909,
3604-461: The seventh and eighth floors of the building. TV Times , part-owned by Associated-Rediffusion, occupied offices in the building from 1957 until April 1958. A computer room, housing an early mainframe computer that controlled advertising bookings, was added on the second floor in 1966. Associated TeleVision (ATV) inhabited Television House for the first few years of broadcasting, mainly as office accommodation rather than studio facilities. For
3672-617: The size and throughput of databases. Batch processing, such as billing, became even more important (and larger) with the growth of e-business, and mainframes are particularly adept at large-scale batch computing. Another factor currently increasing mainframe use is the development of the Linux operating system, which arrived on IBM mainframe systems in 1999. Linux allows users to take advantage of open source software combined with mainframe hardware RAS . Rapid expansion and development in emerging markets , particularly People's Republic of China ,
3740-462: The then-new London Weekend Television . Thames, controlled by the former ABC, decided that a brand new studio complex, equipped from the start for colour broadcasting and located out of the center of London would be more appropriate. Thames used Television House as its headquarters whilst the building of the new Thames Television House in Euston took place. When Television House was vacated in 1970,
3808-426: The two contractors, needed to build from scratch a whole new facility. The company had hired Thomas Brownrigg as General Manager, partially due to his extensive knowledge of planning and project management, which would be needed in simultaneously building a new company and its studios and headquarters. British Electric Traction , the majority owner of Associated-Rediffusion, bought the freehold on Adastral House from
3876-410: Was a rough consensus among industry analysts that the mainframe was a dying market as mainframe platforms were increasingly replaced by personal computer networks. InfoWorld ' s Stewart Alsop infamously predicted that the last mainframe would be unplugged in 1996; in 1993, he cited Cheryl Currid, a computer industry analyst as saying that the last mainframe "will stop working on December 31, 1999",
3944-573: Was another Eastern Bloc manufacturer, producing the ODRA , R-32 and R-34 mainframes. Shrinking demand and tough competition started a shakeout in the market in the early 1970s—RCA sold out to UNIVAC and GE sold its business to Honeywell; between 1986 and 1990 Honeywell was bought out by Bull ; UNIVAC became a division of Sperry , which later merged with Burroughs to form Unisys Corporation in 1986. In 1984 estimated sales of desktop computers ($ 11.6 billion) exceeded mainframe computers ($ 11.4 billion) for
4012-690: Was closed in 1994. Aldwych station is still used for television and film sets that require underground scenes. During the Second World War the branch was used to store art treasures from the British Museum , including the Elgin Marbles . On 1 April 2015, electrical cables under the pavement in Kingsway caught fire, leading to serious disruption in central London. The fire continued for the next two days, with flames shooting out of
4080-474: Was crossing Southampton Row at the junction with Russell Square when he conceived the idea of a nuclear chain reaction , which led directly to the development of nuclear weapons and nuclear power . The Sue Ryder Care charity, established in 1953, is registered at 114–118 Southampton Row. Also in 1953, John Cass opened a bookshop on Southampton Row, where he began publishing books and journals which were acquired by Taylor & Francis in 2003. In 1966,
4148-536: Was established by the London County Council in 1896 in Southampton Row to provide specialist art teaching for workers in the craft industries. The architect William Lethaby (1857–1931) was the first Principal , as recorded by a blue plaque on Southampton Row. Sir John Barbirolli , the conductor and cellist, was born in Southampton Row on 2 December 1899. A commemorative blue plaque
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#17327909221104216-682: Was in January 1823, and was named Mudie's journal, the Political Economist and Universal Philanthropist . The first studio of the sculptor Robert William Sievier (1794–1865) was in Southampton Row until 1837, where he relocated to Henrietta Street, near Cavendish Square , and he also had a separate residence in Upper Holloway . The Central School of Art and Design , formerly the Central School of Arts and Crafts ,
4284-523: Was later transferred to BH2 and Cushman & Wakefield . Kingsway (London) The A4200 is a major thoroughfare in central London . It runs between the A4 at Aldwych , to the A400 Hampstead Road / Camden High Street , at Mornington Crescent tube station , via Holborn , Bloomsbury , Euston and Somers Town . Kingsway is a major road in central London , designated as part of
4352-503: Was named after Thomas Wriothesley, 4th Earl of Southampton . It was previously known as King Street In 1822, the Chartist Henry Hetherington registered a printing press at 13 Kingsgate Street (a smaller street parallel to King street, but demolished during the 1903-05 Kingsway development). This was an eight-roomed house, including shop and printing premises—at an annual rent of £55. His first published book
4420-832: Was placed on the wall of the Bloomsbury Park Hotel in May 1993 to mark his birthplace. In 1907, the Institute of Education moved to its first purpose-built building on Southampton Row. In 1938, the Institute moved to the Senate House complex of the University of London on Malet Street , not far away to the northwest. On 12 September 1933, the Hungarian physicist Leó Szilárd , an exile from Nazi Germany,
4488-586: Was spared, whereas the Sardinian Embassy Chapel , an important Roman Catholic church attached to the Embassy of the Kingdom of Sardinia , was demolished to make way for the new street. Plans were published by London County Council in 1898, authorised by the London County Council (Improvements) Act 1899 ( 62 & 63 Vict. c. cclxvi) and the road was formally opened in 1905. It is one of
4556-489: Was the headquarters of the General Register Office for England and Wales and subsequently of ExxonMobil . It is now known as 61 Aldwych . The Kingsway area had been redeveloped at the start of the 20th century from slums and tenement housing into a broad avenue with grand office buildings and expensive townhouses. After the formation of the Air Ministry in 1918, its headquarters was on Kingsway; one of two identical buildings opposite Bush House became Adastral House,
4624-479: Was travelling from Marble Arch to Oxford Circus on route 30 , killing 13 passengers, plus Hussain himself. The bus had been diverted to Woburn Place due to road closures resulting from the earlier bombings. Eversholt Street is a street in the London Borough of Camden in London , England . It lies in Somers Town, London : stretching a kilometre from Euston railway station in the south to Camden Town in
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