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67-849: Temenggong Tun Daeng Abdul Rahman bin Almarhum Temenggong Tun Daeng Abdul Hamid Al-Aidaroos (1755 – 8 December 1825) was the Temenggong of Johor during the Bendahara dynasty of the Johor Sultanate . He was best known of being instrumental in the Treaty of Singapore with the British East India Company in 1819. He was born in the Johor Sultanate in 1755 to Tun Abdul Hamid. In 1802, his father

134-617: A Manteri would be the former police commissioner of Brunei , Hasrin Sabtu , whose honorary title would be Yang Dimuliakan ( The Exalted One ), noble rank is Pehin Orang Kaya Pendikar Alam , state title is Dato Paduka Seri and traditional Bruneian prefix title for non-royalty is Awang (Mr.). When in the home state, the state title may precede the federal title . An example is the current Premier of Sarawak , Abang Abdul Rahman Zohari Abang Openg , whose federal title

201-490: A cache of gold ornaments dating to the mid-14th century was discovered while workers were excavating for the Fort Canning Reservoir . A series of archaeological digs that began in 1984 have uncovered evidence of workshops for glass and gold that dated to the 14th century, and a ceremonial or religious area near the summit. Historical sources also indicate that around the end of the 14th century, Singapura

268-807: A distant member of the royal family (i.e.: Pengiran) is given the title Pengiran Anak; the title is lost if they divorce. According to the Royal Custom (Adat Istiadat), the noble title of Pengiran will be given to at least five generations of Pengiran Anak descendants (grandchildren, great-grandchildren, and great-great-grandchildren) and they will no longer use the Pengiran Anak titles. The unmarried children of Pengiran are styled as Awangku for males and Dayangku for females. Not to be confused with Brunei's equivalent of Mr. (Awang) and Ms. (Dayang), which applies to everyone with no royal titles. Titles of Malaysian royalty and rulers: In Malaysia,

335-445: A hill behind Long Ya Men , is thought to be today's Fort Canning Hill. In contrast to the inhabitants of Long Ya Men who were described as being prone to acts of piracy, the people of Ban Zu were described as honest. The people were said to "wear their hair short, with a turban of gold-brocaded satin", and they also wore red-coloured clothes and had a leader. Evidence of the significance of Fort Canning Hill had been found; in 1928,

402-544: A historical park. The park overlooks Orchard Road and is set in the heart of the Civic and Cultural District of Singapore, and it now offers a variety of recreational activities as well as historical, educational, entertainment and cultural experiences, and is also used as a place for social events. The park also serves as an important green lung for Singapore's downtown city area . The unique blend of historical relics , lush greenery and expansive lawns has made Fort Canning

469-537: A hub of cultural and artistic activity. It has been a venue of choice for staging myriad outdoor events and activities like theatre carnivals such as Shakespeare in the Park by SRT, art festivals, starlight cinemas and Ballet Under the Stars performances. WOMAD , Singapore's largest music festival, was a regular feature of the park's calendar of events from 1998 to 2007. The Fort Canning Tunnel passes directly under

536-601: A million Ferrari cars, nobody will care about buying a Ferrari." The Sultan Nazrin Shah of Perak , stated "That is my view. You degrade the award and the Ruler has the right to revoke it. In my opinion, it should be taken away." He also stated that "Sometimes, I think we give away too many datukships... it dilutes and devalues the award." In the first government following the independence of Malaya in 1957, 5 of 15 cabinet Ministers were Datuks. The Minister of Finance of Malaysia at

603-605: A person's title, and by themselves as forms of address: The English versions of these styles follow British usage. Thus the prime minister, cabinet ministers, senators, state executive councillors and judges of the High Court and above are styled the Honorable or the Right Honorable , although technically it is a solecism to style the prime minister or heads of courts Right Honourable as they are not members of

670-421: A series of platforms carrying seven 68-pounders were built facing the sea. In 1867 eight 8-inch shell guns and two 13-inch shell guns were added. However, the fortifications were considered a failure from the beginning, as ships could easily get close enough to destroy the town yet remain out of range of the fort's guns. Moreover, the lack of a water supply rendered the fort useless as a place of refuge. In 1907,

737-570: A supernumerary and honorary capacity, and may use the title locally. The Tun title has existed in Malay traditional society for hundreds of years. In ancient times, Tun was an honorific title used by noble people of royal lineage, inherited by the male descendants. Over time, the Tun title has become a title conferred by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong to the most-deserving recipient who has highly contributed to

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804-597: Is Tan Sri and whose state title is Datuk Patinggi . His title will be expressed as either: Another exception is when a person has received an award from a state other than the person's home state; when visiting the award-bestowing state, that state's title will take the place of a home state's title (if any). As an example, the current Prime Minister, Anwar Ibrahim will be titled as follows: A style carried by virtue of royal title always trumps those carried by non-royal titles. Male royals may choose to append 'al-Haj' to their name instead of using 'Haji'. The following example

871-531: Is a federal title that has been conferred since 1965 . It is limited to recipients of Panglima Jasa Negara ( Commander of the Order of Meritorious Service ) (PJN) and Panglima Setia Diraja ( Commander of the Order of Loyalty to the Royal Family of Malaysia ) (PSD). There may be up to 200 living PJN holders and 200 living PSD holders at any one time. The title of the wife of a male Datuk is Datin ; women with

938-653: Is correct: The following titles are hereditary and reserved for the royal families of Brunei and nine royal states of Malaysia . The following official titles are used for members of the royal house in Brunei Darussalam. As Brunei is an absolute monarchy, it is important to address royal family members with the correct title. Improper usage may cause discomfort. The Sultan and the Queen of Brunei are styled as Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia Paduka Seri Baginda (KDYMM PSB) (literally 'his/her most glorious majesty who

1005-481: Is raised most high'): For those who have blood-ties with the royal family who are married, styled as Prince or Princess in English, and given the hereditary honorific prefix Pengiran : Exclusive royal titles for the descendant of Princess Nor Ehsani , the only surviving female heir of the 26th Sultan of Brunei, Ahmad Tajuddin , the uncle of the current Sovereign Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah ; A person who marries

1072-760: Is the second-most senior federal title and a honorific, used to denote recipients of the Panglima Mangku Negara ( Commander of the Order of the Defender of the Realm ) (PMN) and the Panglima Setia Mahkota ( Commander of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia ) (PSM). The wife of a Tan Sri is called Puan Sri . The recipients and their wives are then bestowed with the style of Yang Berbahagia or (The Felicitous). Examples: Datuk

1139-710: The Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King of Malaysia) grants honours to recipients nominated by the Government of Malaysia as awards which are honorary and non-hereditary. These honours may also be revoked by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong or returned by the individual. Some of the highest honours bestowed carries with them the titles of Tun , Tan Sri , or Datuk . There is a maximum number of Malaysian subjects who may be award-holders at any one time. These numerical limits apply only to Malaysian subjects. Foreigners may be awarded such titles in

1206-483: The British East India Company the right to establish the island as a trading post. On 6 February 1819, Temenggong Abdul Rahman, with Hussein Shah signed the Treaty with Raffles and Major William Farquhar , marking Singapore as a British settlement. In the agreement, Sultan Hussein Shah received a yearly sum of 5,000 Spanish dollars , while the Temenggong himself received a yearly sum of 3,000 Spanish dollars and

1273-842: The Hajj ), name. For instance, in Brunei, the Wazir is a group of royal nobles, namely one of the royal princes who is gahara (pure descendants of the Sultan ), are the second-highest official post in the nation, right behind the Sultan. Following this, the Cheteria , only bestowed upon the Pengiran , who perform specific jobs and are ranked above the Manteri , a group of non-royal nobles. An example of

1340-698: The Privy Council of the United Kingdom. Not all Datuk s have lived exemplary lives, and some have been convicted of crimes. The various rulers have recently taken steps to ensure the integrity of the institution by means of consultation and the revoking of the given titles. Mahathir Mohamad mentioned that one of the problems with titles in Malaysia is the numbers of them given out. He stated in an interview "Personally, I feel if you want to give value to anything, it must be limited... if you produce

1407-720: The traditional ministers posts in Brunei . This title is mainly used in Sarawak . Awarded to individuals who have been appointed as Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Sarawak or equivalent or higher. An example of the title in Sarawak would be Tun Pehin Sri Haji Abdul Taib Mahmud , Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Sarawak. This title is mainly used in Malacca . Awarded to individuals who have been appointed as Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Malacca or equivalent or higher. An example of

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1474-462: The 1819 expedition party, Captain John Crawford, recalled in his diary an encounter with “upwards of 100” of Chinese. British colonial documentations revealed that Temenggong Abdul Rahman had provided these Chinese who were Teochews the cost and expenses of opening gambier plantations at Mount Stamford (now Pearl’s Hill) prior to British arrival. He had also “in some instances” advanced money to

1541-620: The 2nd Resident of Singapore Dr John Crawfurd for the British Government at the Government Hill on 2 August 1824. In the agreement, the Sultan received 33,200 Spanish dollars and a monthly allowance of 1,300 Spanish dollars for life, while the Temenggong received a monthly stipend of 700 Spanish dollars in addition to a lump sum of 26,800 Spanish dollars, and agreed to maintain free trade in their possessions but were forbid to have any correspondence with foreigners without

1608-517: The EIC’s permission. Temenggong Abdul Rahman died in his house Istana Lama at Teluk Belanga in 8 December 1825 and was buried at the nearby Makam Diraja Teluk Blangah . He was informally succeeded by his son Tun Haji Abdullah. Malay titles#Tun Brunei, Malaysia, Singapore and several provinces in Indonesia regularly award honorary and life titles. What follows in this article is specific to

1675-526: The Japanese here. The Japanese also used the buildings above and below the ground for its military until the end of the occupation in 1945, when the British army resumed control. The underground bunker however was abandoned, but it was re-opened on 31 January 1992 as a tourist attraction and is now known as The Battle Box . As the island moved towards self-determination, the British handed over control of

1742-464: The Malaysian system. References to Brunei and Indonesia are given when pertinent. In Malaysia, all non- hereditary titles can be granted to both men and women. Every title has a form of address which can be used by the wife of the title holder. This form is not used by the husband of a titled woman; such a woman will bear a title which is the same as a titled man. Singapore , whose Malay royalty

1809-614: The Teochew cultivators on the understanding he would be repaid in the form of gambier or other produce. Farquhar had the impressions that the Temenggong’s interests in these plantations were represented by a brother-in-law of his named Baba Ketchil and the first Captain China of Singapore, a Teochew merchant named Tan Heng Kim ((陈亨钦), was “one of the principal persons concerned”. There Raffles befriended Temenggong Abdul Rahman who lived near

1876-532: The Yuan dynasty traveller Wang Dayuan . Later, Sir Stamford Raffles built his residence there, which was also used by other Residents and Governors . It became known as Government Hill until it was renamed Fort Canning in 1861, when a military fort was built on the site. Today it is the location of both the Fort Canning Reservoir and Fort Canning Park . It is believed that the Fort Canning Hill area

1943-798: The building demolished in 1998. Known as the People's Theatre, the National Theatre was later built near the Van Kleef Aquarium on the western slope of the hill and closer to the Clemenceau Avenue road. The theatre was officially opened on 8 August 1963 and was once the venue for various international performances, universities' convocations and the National Day rallies, it was demolished in August 1986 to make way for

2010-494: The early 19th century and described by the Resident John Crawfurd who also found indication of ruins of an ancient orchard, shards of pottery and Chinese coins, the earliest of which dating to 10th century Song dynasty . Crawfurd described the ruins of a square terrace of 40 feet (12 m) square that may have been a temple near the top of the hill, with another terrace almost as big on the northern slope of

2077-408: The federal government to allow JPs to sit as second-class magistrates to reduce the backlog of cases in the courts. If a person has been awarded several honours from different states, the title used varies. For example, sometimes former Prime Minister, Mahathir Mohamad is usually referred to as YABhg Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad anywhere in Malaysia. However, different terms of address may be used in

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2144-413: The first Viceroy of India. The Malays called the hill Bukit Larangan or Forbidden Hill since olden times. This is due to the belief that it is the place where the kings of ancient Singapore were laid to rest, and it was believed to be haunted. It is also believed that a palace once stood on the hill. A settlement on the hill in the 14th century was referred to as Ban Zu (from the Malay pancur ) by

2211-554: The first gun and set up the post to hoist the Union Jack on top of the hill, marking the birth of Singapore as a British settlement. Raffles appointed Farquhar as the first Resident and Commandant of Singapore on the same day. Before leaving on the next day, Raffles left Farquhar with a set of instructions on the administration of the new British settlement. The hill was later known as the Singapore Hill. While Raffles

2278-708: The fort to the Singaporean military in 1963, and was home to the headquarters of the 4th Malaysian Infantry Brigade until December 1966 when it was in turn handed over to the Singapore Armed Forces . The SAF proceeded to build the Singapore Command and Staff College on the fort, which officially opened on 13 February 1970. Construction of the Fort Canning Service Reservoir started in 1927 and finished in 1929. It

2345-406: The government to check the list of inmates in all prisons. I want any inmate with federal awards or honours to have their award withdrawn. This is only for federal awards and honours. As for awards conferred by other states, I do not interfere,". Government Hill, Singapore Fort Canning Hill , or simply known as Fort Canning , is a prominent hill, about 48 metres (157 ft) high, in

2412-540: The head of state, or may be returned by the individual. Dato' Sri or Dato' Seri (sometimes Dato’ is spelled and pronounced Datuk in some states) is the highest state title conferred by the Ruler on the most deserving recipients who have contributed greatly to the nation or state. It ranks below the federal title Tun, and is an honour equivalent to federal title Tan Sri. The wife of a recipient is Datin Sri or Datin Seri. In many cases,

2479-428: The hill said to the tombs of a Malay king, Iskandar Shah , although there is no evidence of a burial there. Ban Zu is likely a transcription of the Malay word pancur meaning a spring or stream. Spring used to exist on the west side of the hill, called pancur larangan or "forbidden spring", where the women of the ruler's household were said to bathe in ancient times. In the early period of 19th century Singapore,

2546-611: The hill, serving as the burial ground for early Europeans in Singapore. The first Christian cemetery was used until 1822 and had 3 burials, was located close to Raffles house. The second cemetery was located on the slopes of Fort Canning Hill, and was expanded and consecrated in 1834. A brick wall and a Gothic gateway were constructed in 1846 to enclose it, built by Captain Charles Edward Faber. Two classical monuments, and some headstones placed along brick walls remained at

2613-621: The hill. Fort Canning Park has been designated as the venue of the bicentennial showcase in 2019, an event which commemorates 200 years since the founding of Singapore. To restore the heritage of the area, three historical gardens will be recreated. They are the Royal Garden, the First Botanical Garden and Jubilee Park. Other enhancements to the park include a new heritage museum at the Fort Canning Centre,

2680-650: The nation. Tun is the most senior federal title awarded to recipients of either the Seri Maharaja Mangku Negara ( Grand Commander of the Order of the Defender of the Realm ) (SMN) or Seri Setia Mahkota ( Grand Commander of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia ) (SSM). However, the SMN and SSM are not the highest federal awards , ranking fourth and fifth, respectively. There may not be more than 25 (SMN) and 35 (SSM) living holders of each of these awards respectively at any one time. The title for

2747-413: The nearby construction part of Central Expressway along Clemenceau Avenue.   DT21   Bencoolen   NE5   Clarke Quay The area became known as Central Park in 1972 when the land previously used by the British armed forces was combined with King George V Jubilee Park . The park was then renamed Fort Canning Park on 1 November 1981 by Lee Kuan Yew , and converted into

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2814-558: The number of Malaysian nationals who may hold a state title or honour at one time is limited. Such limits do not apply to foreigners. This title is mainly used in Brunei Darussalam. An example of the title in Brunei would be Pehin Orang Kaya Laila Setia Bakti Di-Raja Dato Laila Utama Haji Awang Isa , the former Minister of Home Affairs and the current Special Adviser to the Sultan of Brunei. The titles refers to

2881-769: The old fort was demolished, and only the gateway of the fort and two nine-pound cannons remain. A military headquarters known as Headquarters Malaya Command Operations Bunker was then built with underground rooms serving as operations centre. Under the British Army , it served as the headquarters of the Singapore Base District until the spread of World War II into the Asia Pacific in 1941. Completed in 1938, this ‘bunker’ comprised 30 rooms and had its own generator. On 15 February 1942 Lieutenant-General Arthur Ernest Percival surrendered Singapore to

2948-515: The republic does not grant royal or noble titles according to the 1987 Constitution . Indonesia , meanwhile, as a republic, does not recognise hereditary rulers and aristocratic systems outside of Yogyakarta . The sequence that should be used when formally writing or addressing a person's name is: honorary style, professional rank, royal hereditary title, federal title, state title, non-royal hereditary title, Doctor (of medicine or philosophy), Haji/Hajah (for Muslim men and women who have performed

3015-422: The river (present day Singapore River ). Due to him being the staunch supporter of Tengku Hussein Shah and Hussein himself being his brother-in-law, the Temenggong helped Raffles to smuggle the exiled Hussein from Penyengat Island of Riau Islands to Singapura. Raffles offered to recognize Hussein Shah as the rightful Sultan of Johor , and provide him with a yearly payment, but in return, Hussein would grant

3082-402: The site. The cemetery continued to be used until 1865 when it was declared full and closed. By this time, around one third of the burials there were of Chinese Christians. In the 1970s the cemetery was exhumed and many of the surviving tombstones were embedded in the surviving walls. By 1859, the absence of harbour defence led to the hill being used for a military role. The governor's residence

3149-568: The southeast portion of Singapore , within the Central Area that forms Singapore's central business district . The hill has a long history intertwined with that of the country due to its location as the highest elevation within walking distance to the city's civic district, within the Downtown Core . It is also a popular location for exhibitions, concerts, and outdoor recreation. It was named after Viscount Charles John Canning ,

3216-792: The states that he visits. In Sarawak, he will be referred to as YABhg Tun Pehin Sri Mahathir Mohamad as he received the Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of Sarawak (SBS) from the Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Sarawak . While in Sabah, he is referred to as Tun Datuk Seri Panglima Dr. Mahathir Mohamad , as he received the Grand Commander of the Order of Kinabalu (SPDK) from the Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Sabah . The following are used as styles, both before

3283-491: The stream was used to provide clean drinking water for all ships stopping at the port until the demand exceeded the capacity, and the spring dried up as wells were dug around the hill. On 6 February 1819, Temenggong Abdul Rahman and Sultan Hussein Shah signed The Singapore Treaty with Stamford Raffles . Major William Farquhar , accompanied by a few Malaccan Malays, climbed up the Bukit Larangan. Farquhar drew up

3350-476: The time, Tan Siew Sin , held the title Justice of Peace . Later, he was granted a Federal award which carried the title Tun . The father of Malayan independence, Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj , received no awards and carried the title Tunku , which he inherited as the prince of the state of Kedah. He was honorarily referred to as Yang Teramat Mulia (YTM). The Senate held only 14 Datuk s, and House of Representatives held only seven. The Malacca government

3417-545: The title can take either the title Datin or Datuk . The recipients and their wives are then bestowed with the style of Yang Berbahagia (The Felicitous). Examples: In Brunei, the title Dato is now comparable to the Commonwealth 's Sir and is frequently used with a great non-royal chief. In Malaysia, state honours are awarded by the respective heads of the thirteen states . Such titles are honorary and non-hereditary. State titles may be revoked or suspended by

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3484-495: The title in Malacca would be Tun Seri Setia (Dr.) Haji Mohd Ali Rustam , Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Malacca. Justice of Peace (JP) ranks below all Dato ' or Datuk . In Malaysia, Justices of Peace have largely been replaced in magistrates' courts by legally-qualified (first-class) stipendiary magistrates . However, state governments continue to appoint Justices of Peace as honours. In 2004 , some associations of JPs pressed

3551-468: The wife of a Tun is called Toh Puan . The recipients and their wives are then bestowed with the style of Yang Amat Berbahagia or (The Most Felicitous). The SMN is usually awarded to newly appointed Yang di-Pertua Negeri (YDPN), and to all the retired Prime Ministers of Malaysia , with the exception of Tunku Abdul Rahman (he is the Prince of the state of Kedah ), Najib Razak , Muhyiddin Yassin , and Ismail Sabri Yaakob . Examples: Tan Sri

3618-400: Was a wooden bungalow with an attap roof, and had a dimension of 100 ft. by 50 ft. It had two parallel halls with verandas at both the front and back, and two square wings serving as sleeping quarters. Raffles also established Singapore's first botanical garden there in 1822. 48 acres of land were set aside for experimental crop cultivation, but the experiment failed and the garden

3685-449: Was abolished by the British colonial government in 1891, has adopted civic titles for its leaders. Much of the Philippines was historically accustomed to the usage of Malay titles by its royals and nobles , such as Raja Sulayman and Dayang Kalangitan in Luzon. Malay titles are still prominently used by the royal houses of Sulu and Maguindanao among other noble lineages in Mindanao in preservation of genealogies. Officially,

3752-411: Was attacked by either the Majapahit or the Siamese , forcing its ruler Parameswara to move on to Melaka where he founded the Sultanate of Malacca . Archaeological evidence suggests that the settlement on Fort Canning was abandoned around this time, although a small trading settlement continued in Singapore for some time afterwards. Ruins of the settlement on Fort Canning Hill were still visible in

3819-432: Was built on top the hill on the site of a former barrack and parade ground of the demolished fort. Excavation for the reservoir in 1928 found a cache of Javanese-style gold jewellery dating to the mid-14th century. The reservoir is covered and access is restricted. The Van Kleef Aquarium was first constructed in 1955 at the foot of Fort Canning Hill known as King George V Jubilee Park facing River Valley Road. The aquarium

3886-471: Was criticised for awarding the Datuk title to a non-Malaysian Indian actor, Shah Rukh Khan , for making movies and promoting the Malacca state internationally. In 2024, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, Sultan Ibrahim Iskandar of Johor , stated "If a recipient is found to have tarnished the country’s image or commits a crime and has been punished by the court, then the award will be withdrawn. (Say) Goodbye to it." He also stated that "Accordingly, I have instructed

3953-420: Was demolished, and a fort with an arms store, barracks and a hospital was built. The fort was completed in 1861, and was named Fort Canning after Viscount Charles John Canning , who was then Governor-General and the first Viceroy of India . A report recommended extensive fortifications, which alarmed the business community who felt a large fortress would be detrimental to trade. Eventually officer's quarters and

4020-507: Was installed as Temenggong of Johor after his uncle's death by the Sultan at Lingga . Temenggong Abdul Rahman and his family and followers later moved to Singapura in 1811 to establish a governance there. By the time Sir Stamford Raffles arrived in Singapura on 29 January 1819, there were an estimated 1,000 people there. The writings of Raffles and William Farquhar indicate that the British found Temenggong Abdul Rahman with 400 to 500 residents in Singapore in January 1819. Another member of

4087-419: Was installed as the Temenggong by Sultan Mahmud Ri’ayat Shah after the death of his grandfather Temenggong Abdul Jamal . However only a year later in 1803, his father died and the Sultan installed his uncle Engku Muda Muhammad as the Temenggong. Engku Muda Muhammad himself rejected the position and wanted the position of Yang Dipertuan Muda instead, but the Sultan would not approve. In 1806, Abdul Rahman

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4154-470: Was moved to a house in Oxley Estate called the Pavilion . On 2 August 1824, Temenggong Abdul Rahman, Sultan Hussein, and John Crawfurd signed the Treaty of Friendship and Alliance at the hill. The hill was also known by the Malays as Bukit Bendera after the Union Jack flag hoisted on the hill by William Farquhar, and later, also as Bukit Tuan Bonham after Sir Samuel George Bonham , who was governor from 1836 to 1848. A Christian cemetery used to exist on

4221-440: Was once the centre of ancient Singapura that thrived in the 14th century, and was occupied by a palace with various buildings of political, religious and commercial significance. In around 1330, the Chinese traveller Wang Dayuan visited the island of Singapore he named as Danmaxi ( Temasek ). Wang described in his work Daoyi Zhilüe the two distinct settlements of Temasek: Long Ya Men and Ban Zu . Ban Zu , located on

4288-410: Was still in Bencoolen , Sumatra at the time, George Drumgold Coleman , having waited for him to return for four months, in the meantime designed for Raffles the Residency House for his residence use. Upon his return in October 1822 and impressed with Coleman's design, Raffles approved the house, construction of which was soon begun on Singapore Hill in November 1822 and completed by January 1823. It

4355-416: Was the first of its kind in South-East Asia, and attracted over 150,000 visitors within three months of its opening, and had around 400,000 visitors annually by the 1970s. However, due to competition from newer attractions which led to declining visitors in the 1980s, it closed on 31 May 1991. A number of attempts were made to renew operation at the site but all were unsuccessful. It finally closed in 1996, and

4422-400: Was then abandoned in 1829. Raffles' former residence was extended and redesigned by Coleman with bricks and tiles in June 1824, as funded by the 2nd Resident John Crawfurd to be used by other Residents and Governors of Singapore as the Government House , thus the location gained the name Government Hill. When the residence was demolished in 1859 to make way for a fort, Government House

4489-407: Was therefore granted the hereditary style of His Highness by the British on 30 February 1819. In 1823, Temenggong Abdul Rahman, his family and followers moved to the 200 acres of land (part of Teluk Belanga area) at the foot of hill (present day Mount Faber), as allocated by Raffles. Temenggong Abdul Rahman and Sultan Hussein were called upon to sign the Treaty of Friendship and Alliance with

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