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27-539: The Temperance River flows 39 miles (63 km) between its source, Brule Lake, and its mouth. Brule Lake is unusual in that it has two outlets. The Temperance flows from its western outlet, and carries approximately half of the flow leaving the lake, while the South Brule River carries the other half from its eastern outlet. After leaving Brule Lake, the Temperance flows through a chain of smaller lakes for

54-814: A large mission territory. He left his homeland on October 29, 1830, and arrived in New York on December 31. He arrived in Cincinnati, Ohio, on January 18, 1831. During the winter and spring, he worked among the German immigrants in the area. At the same time, he studied the Ottawa language , a branch of the Algonquian languages . In May 1831 was sent to the Ottawa Indian mission at L'Arbre Croche (present-day Cross Village, Michigan ) to finish his mastery of

81-602: A mission at L'Anse, Michigan . During this time, he earned the nickname "the Snowshoe Priest" because he would travel hundreds of miles each year on snowshoes during the harsh winters. He worked to protect the Indians from being forced to relocate, as well as publishing a dictionary and grammar of the Ojibway language. Although these works have important historical value, they are not recommended as basic resources for

108-490: A young priest, he was assigned as an assistant first at St. Martin's near Kranj and later at Metlika in lower Carniola. Father Baraga was a staunch opponent of Jansenism . During this time, he wrote a spiritual book in Slovene entitled Dušna Paša (Spiritual Sustenance). In 1830 Baraga answered the request of Bishop Edward Fenwick of Cincinnati for priests to aid in ministering to his growing flock, which included

135-533: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about a location in Lake County, Minnesota is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to a river or creek in Minnesota is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Frederic Baraga Irenaeus Frederic Baraga (June 29, 1797 – January 19, 1868; Slovene : Irenej Friderik Baraga )

162-411: Is buried there in a chapel constructed for him at Saint Peter Cathedral ; he formerly reposed with other bishops of Marquette in the cathedral crypt. Baraga was declared venerable by Pope Benedict XVI on May 10, 2012. His cause was opened in 1952 by Thomas Lawrence Noa , the diocese's eighth bishop, and the formal canonization process began in 1973. The diocese planned to relocate his remains to

189-605: Is located within the Superior National Forest , and its upper portions are within the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness , thus it remains largely undeveloped. The only two major developments in the immediate vicinity of the river are Minnesota State Highway 61 and Temperance River State Park . Highway 61 was built by Minnesota's state highway department beginning in 1926, and was completely paved by 1940. During this time

216-659: The Napoleonic Wars , when France had taken over the Slovene Lands from the Austrian Empire for a time. As a result, the official language of instruction in his schools changed several times during his childhood between Slovenian and German . By the time he was nine, he was fluent in French as well. In addition, Latin and Greek were required subjects for all students. Thus, by age 16, Frederic Baraga

243-546: The United States . It is a direct tributary of Lake Superior . Originally named Ina’oonaani-ziibi   ( Ojibwe ) the river was the site of an incident in 1846 when the missionary priest Frederic Baraga landed here during a storm. He erected a wooden cross at the river's mouth as a memorial and the river became known as Cross River as a result. This article about a location in Cook County, Minnesota

270-614: The Superior National Forest on the Sawbill Trail, roughly 12 miles (19 km) upstream from Temperance River State Park. The flow of the Temperance is not currently regulated, but during the early 20th century, dams on Brule Lake, used in conjunction with some limited logging in the region of the Brule River, have modified how much water escapes into either river. In 1925, a 112-foot-long (34 m) canal

297-849: The United States. Baraga was elevated to bishop by Pope Pius IX and consecrated November 1, 1853, in Cincinnati at Saint Peter in Chains Cathedral by Archbishop John Purcell . He was the first bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Sault Sainte Marie, Michigan , now the Diocese of Marquette . On July 27, 1852, he began to keep a diary, written in several languages (primarily German, but with English, French, Slovene, Chippewa, Latin, and Italian interspersed), preserving accounts of his missionary travels and his relationship with his sister Amalia. During this time,

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324-493: The area experienced a population explosion, as European immigrants were attracted to work in the copper and iron mines developed near Houghton , Ontonagon , and Marquette . This presented a challenge because he had few priests and attended to immigrant miners and the Native Americans. Increased development and population encouraged the improvement of transportation on Lake Superior . The only way to travel in winter

351-513: The bedrock, some of which connected to form a narrow gorge and a system of waterfalls. The depth of the water where the river enters the lake prevents the river from developing a sand bar at its mouth. The Temperance has a drainage basin of 198 square miles (510 km), which is the fourth largest catchment for a Minnesota river entering into Superior, after the Saint Louis River , Pigeon River , and Brule River . The Temperance River

378-550: The highway department acquired 200 acres (0.81 km) of land at the mouth of the river where Highway 61 crosses it, which in 1957 were organized into the present state park. The Superior Hiking Trail , which crosses the Temperance River, does so in this park. There are three public campgrounds near the course of the river, two located near the mouth in Temperance River State Park and another in

405-603: The language today. With the collaboration of many native speakers, Fr. Baraga also composed around 100 Catholic hymns in the Ojibwe language , which were published in a hymnal and still continue to be used by the Ojibwe people in Roman Catholic worship in both Canada and the United States. Through the texts Baraga published in his missionary years, the Slovenes learned about aspects of Native American culture and

432-567: The language. In 1837, he published Otawa Anamie-Misinaigan , the first book written in the Ottawa language, which included a Catholic catechism and prayer book. After a brief stay at a mission in present-day Grand Rapids, Michigan , in 1835, Baraga moved north to minister to the Ojibway (Chippewa) Indians at La Pointe, Wisconsin , at a former Jesuit mission on Lake Superior . He was joined by his sister Antonija . In 1843 Baraga founded

459-498: The priests John Neumann and Francis Xavier Pierz to come to the United States to work. In time, Baraga became renowned throughout Europe for his work. In his last ten years, his health gradually declined; he became intermittently deaf and suffered a series of strokes. In 1865 Baraga wrote to Pope Pius IX in support of the canonization of his former confessor, Clement Hofbauer. He died January 19, 1868, in Marquette, Michigan. He

486-758: The same. Baraga traveled twice to Europe to raise money for his diocese. He was presented a jeweled cross and episcopal ring by the Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria . The bishop later sold these for his missions. Baraga wrote numerous letters to the Society for the Propagation of the Faith describing his missionary activities. The Society published them widely as examples of its missions in North America, and they were instrumental in inspiring

513-528: The upper half of its length. It shares this feature with its neighbors, the Cross , Poplar , and Cascade rivers, which gives it a warmer water temperature and more steady flow than streams further to the south. After this, it proceeds to flow directly over the bedrock which is entirely igneous, formed during the formation of the Keweenawan Rift . Near Lake Superior, the river has dug deep potholes into

540-606: Was a Slovenian Catholic missionary to the United States , grammarian and author of Christian poetry and hymns in Native American languages. He was the first Bishop of Sault Sainte Marie and Marquette , a post he held for 15 years. His letters about his missionary work were published widely in Europe, inspiring the priests John Neumann and Francis Xavier Pierz to emigrate to the United States. In 2012, Pope Benedict XVI declared him "Venerable." Frederic Baraga

567-409: Was blasted between Brule Lake and the South Brule River, while a dam was built to close off its outlet into the Temperance, all without the permission of Minnesota's Game and Fish Department. These were later repaired, using nearby boulders, brush, and two bags of cement. During the 1920s, Edward Wellington Backus was attempting to build hydroelectric dams on northern Minnesotan rivers, and the blasting

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594-757: Was born in the manor house at Mala Vas ( German : Kleindorf ) no. 16 near the Carniolan village of Dobrnič , in what was then Lower Carniola , a province of the Duchy of Carniola in the Habsburg monarchy . Today it is a part of the Municipality of Trebnje in Slovenia . Never using his first name, he was baptized Irenaeus Fridericus Paraga . He was the fourth of five children born to Janez Baraga and Marija Katarina Jožefa née Jenčič; among his siblings

621-399: Was his sister Antonija , who would later become the first Slovenian woman to immigrate to the United States. Upon her father's death, his mother inherited an estate at Mala Vas, plus a substantial fortune. His mother died in 1808, and his father in 1812. Frederic spent his boyhood in the house of Jurij Dolinar, a lay professor at the diocesan seminary at Ljubljana . Baraga grew up during

648-453: Was likely connected to this development. It has been variously blamed on land speculators trying to convince buyers that the Brule had enough flow to be a viable source of hydroelectric power, or upon employees of a local development company working towards the same purpose. Cross River (Lake Superior) The Cross River is a 20.4-mile-long (32.8 km) river in northern Minnesota ,

675-696: Was multilingual—a skill that would serve him well in later life. Baraga attended law school at the University of Vienna , where he graduated in 1821. Influenced by Clement Mary Hofbauer , Baraga then entered the seminary in Ljubljana. At age 26, he was ordained a Roman Catholic priest on September 21, 1823, in St. Nicholas Cathedral by Augustin Johann Joseph Gruber, the Bishop of Ljubljana . As

702-463: Was named Kawimbash by the Ojibwa , meaning "deep hollow river". While it retained this name in the earliest geological surveys, Thomas Clark reported its present name in 1864, which he alleged arose as a pun from the fact that the river has no sand bar near its mouth. However, this is not the only river on Lake Superior to have this feature, which has cast some doubt on that story. The Temperance River

729-416: Was on snowshoes, which Baraga continued to do into his sixties. He was particularly challenged by the vast diversity of peoples in the region, including the native inhabitants, ethnic French-Canadian settlers, and the new German and Irish immigrant miners. Difficulties in recruiting staff arose because of many languages; while Baraga spoke eight languages fluently, he had trouble recruiting priests who could do

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