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40-705: Area of the district is 668.35 km, with a population of 61,660 (Jan. 1, 2023), and population density 92 persons per km. Administrative center of the district is Hallein . The district is divided into 13 municipalities , one of them is a town , and four of them are market towns . (population numbers Jan. 1, 2023) [REDACTED] Media related to Hallein District at Wikimedia Commons 47°39′00″N 13°10′01″E  /  47.650°N 13.167°E  / 47.650; 13.167 Hallein Hallein ( German pronunciation: [ˈhalaɪ̯n] )

80-502: A day. Sanitary conditions had been improvised at best, and there had been minimal medical care. As a result, they suffered from malnutrition, a variety of diseases, and were often unclean, lice-ridden, and prone to illness. In addition, most of the refugees suffered from psychological difficulties. They were often distrustful and apprehensive around authorities, and many were depressed and traumatized. Displaced persons were anxious to be reunited with families they had been separated from in

120-400: A humanitarian basis. Norway accepted 200 refugees who were blind or had tuberculosis, and Sweden also accepted a limited number. In the end most of them were accepted by Germany and Austria for their care and ultimately full resettlement as citizens. The building of the former mikvah in camp Föhrenwald now houses the museum Erinnerungsort Badehaus . It provides detailed information about

160-584: A large brewery, whereafter the sale of Hofbräu Kaltenhausen beers became another main source of revenue for the Salzburg archbishopric. At the end of the 17th century, Prince-Archbishop Kuenburg had the Protestant miners expelled, after which several hundred of them emigrated to Walcheren and Zeelandic Flanders in the Dutch Republic . With the former prince-archbishopric, Hallein became part of

200-840: A number of Soviet citizens were repatriated. Many of these met with the hardship they feared, including death and confinement in the Gulags . There were also cases of kidnapping and coercion to return these refugees. Many avoided such repatriation by misrepresenting their origins, fleeing, or simply resisting. Rejecting claimed Soviet sovereignty over the Baltic states, allied officials also refused to repatriate Lithuanian, Estonian, and Latvian refugees against their will. Similarly, many refugees who were repatriated to Yugoslavia were subjected to summary executions and torture. Many Poles, who later agreed to be repatriated, did in fact suffer arrest and some were executed, particularly those that had served in

240-737: A school in two of the barracks, teaching tailoring, dressmaking, electrical and radio technology, baking , beautician training, and upholstery to over 200 students. Later ORT also offered English language classes. In 1948, with the closure of other DP camps, Hallein became the Austrian collection point for Jewish emigrees to Canada and the United States . The inmates even established a football team named Hakoah Hallein , coached by Heinrich Schönfeld . The camp closed in 1954. Hallein hosts two museums of historic and musical interest. The Keltenmuseum displays artifacts and narrative describing

280-733: A sponsor and a place to live before their arrival, a guarantee that they would not displace American workers and, even more preferable, was that they had a relative that is an American citizen. Voluntary social service agencies, created by religious and ethnic groups, helped the refugees settle into American life. Of the DPs the US admitted from eastern Europe between 1941 and 1957, 137,450 were European Jews . By 1953, over 250,000 refugees were still in Europe, most of them old, infirm, crippled, or otherwise disabled. Some European countries accepted these refugees on

320-706: Is a historic town in the Austrian state of Salzburg . It is the capital of Hallein district . The town is located in the Tennengau region south of the City of Salzburg , stretching along the Salzach river in the shadow of the Untersberg massif, close to the border with Germany in the west. With a population of about 21,150, Hallein is the second largest town of the Salzburg state. The municipal area comprises

360-465: The Allied armies. In portions of Eastern Europe, both civilians and military personnel fled their home countries in fear of advancing Soviet armies, who were preceded by widespread reports of mass rape , pillaging, looting, and murder. As the war ended, these people found themselves facing an uncertain future. Allied military and civilian authorities faced considerable challenges resettling them. Since

400-648: The American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee , American Friends Service Committee , Friends Relief Service , the Lutheran World Federation , Catholic Charities , several national Red Cross organizations, Polish American Congress and Ukrainian American Relief Committee . Over one million refugees could not be repatriated to their original countries and were left homeless as a result of fear of persecution. These included: The agreement reached at

440-523: The Austrian Empire by 1816. The Kaltenhausen brewery was purchased by Archduchess Maria Leopoldine of Austria-Este and became one of the largest Salzburg operations during the 19th century. In World War II, Hallein was the site of a work camp annex to the Dachau concentration camp . After the war, it was the site of a permanent Displaced Persons camp ( Beth Israel ). In mid-1947, ORT opened

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480-524: The United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA), which had already been running many of the camps, took responsibility for the administration of displaced persons in Europe, though military authorities continued to play a role for several years to come, in providing transportation, supplies and security. Those who were easily classified and were willing to be repatriated were rapidly sent back to their country of origin. By

520-785: The Warsaw Uprising of 1944, or in the Polish Resistance against the Nazis. Jewish Holocaust survivors typically could not return to their former homes because these no longer existed or had been expropriated by former neighbors; the few Eastern European Jews who returned often experienced renewed antisemitism. In 1945, most Jewish Holocaust survivors had little choice but to stay in the DP camps; most Jews who wanted to could not leave Europe because Britain had severely limited legal Jewish immigration to Palestine and illegal immigration

560-700: The Yalta Conference required in principle that all citizens of the allied powers be repatriated to their home country. The Soviet Union insisted that refugees in the American, British, and French sectors who were or at some point had been Soviet citizens be sent back to the Soviet Union. Many refugees resisted this, fearing that their fleeing Soviet rule had condemned them as traitors. American, British, and French military officials, as well as UNRRA officials, reluctantly complied with this directive, and

600-557: The cadastral communities of Adnet II, Au, Burgfried, Dürrnberg , Gamp, Gries, Hallein proper, Oberalm II, and Taxach. Hallein can be reached by suburban S-Bahn railway from the city of Salzburg. It has also access to the A 10 Tauern Autobahn ( European route E55 ) from Salzburg to Villach . Long known for the Hallein Salt Mine in the Dürrnberg plateau, settling in the area have been traced 4000 years back. It

640-869: The end of World War II in Europe , some 850,000 people lived in displaced persons camps across Europe, among them Armenians , Czechoslovaks , Estonians , Greeks , Poles , Latvians , Lithuanians , Yugoslavs , Jews , Russians , Ukrainians , Hungarians , Kalmyks , and Belarusians . At the end of the Second World War, at least 40 million people had been displaced from their home countries, with about eleven million in Allied-occupied Germany . Among those, there were around 1.5 million people who refused to return to their countries of origin. These included former prisoners of war , released slave laborers , and both non-Jewish and Jewish concentration-camp survivors . The Allies categorized

680-926: The American sector set it at August 1, with the exception of those persecuted for race or religion, or who entered the zone in "an organized manner." The American sector ceased receiving new arrivals on April 21, 1947. An unknown number of displaced persons rejected by authorities were left to find their own means of survival. Displaced persons began to appear in substantial numbers in the spring of 1945. Allied forces took them into their care by improvising shelter wherever it could be found. Accommodation primarily included former military barracks, but also included summer camps for children, airports, hotels, castles, hospitals, private homes, and even partly destroyed structures. Although there were continuous efforts to sort and consolidate populations, there were hundreds of DP facilities in Germany, Austria, Italy, and other European countries by

720-483: The Nazis in the murder of Jews (Yad Vashem, 2020). The information detailed in this report resulted in President Truman appointing military advisors to oversee the camps and restore humanity and sanitation to them as well. Food rations were increased, and conditions soon improved. A number of charitable organizations provided significant humanitarian relief and services among displaced persons - these include

760-896: The Technical University in Esslingen set up by the Polish Mission , the Free Ukrainian University , the Ukrainian Technical-Agricultural Institute of Prodebrady , the Baltic University and the short-lived UNRRA University . German universities were required to accept a quota of DP students. The Allies were faced with the repatriation of displaced persons. The initial expectation of the Allies

800-435: The US government, Earl G. Harrison documented the conditions of these camps. The Harrison Report documents crowded living spaces, a lack of necessary medical supplies, “pathetic malnutrition” of concentration camp prisoners, and a general lack of proper care for displaced persons (Berger, 2008). Another revelation to come from this report was that Jewish refugees were forced to intermingle with others who had collaborated with

840-488: The United States, Truman asked Congress to enact legislation. Truman’s administration, along with a lobbying group for refugees, Citizens Committee on Displaced Persons, favored allowing European refugees from World War II to enter the United States. Truman signed the first Displaced Persons Act on June 25, 1948. It allowed 200,000 displaced persons to enter the country within the next two years. However, they exceeded

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880-506: The closure of these camps found that forced displacement has a direct link to “elevated risk for PTSD and somatoform symptoms and lowered health related quality of life” (Freitag et al., 2012). To overcome the disastrous nature of the Yalta Conference, Displaced Persons Camps were established, and quickly it was understood that the conditions in these camps were a result of the improvised manner of their establishment. Commissioned by

920-838: The course of the war. Improvised efforts to identify survivors became formalized through the UNRRA's Central Tracking Bureau and facilities of the International Red Cross . The organization collected over one million names in the course of the DP era and eventually became the International Tracing Service . Displaced persons often moved from camp to camp, looking for family, countrymen, or better food and accommodation. Over time, ethnic and religious groups concentrated in certain camps. Camp residents quickly set up churches, synagogues, newspapers, sports events, schools, and even universities. Among these were

960-515: The early Hallstatt and La Tene Celtic cultures as well as the development of salt mining in the region through the Middle Ages and Renaissance . The Silent Night Museum features information relating to the composing of one of the best-known Christmas songs of the 19th century. It documents the life and times of composer Franz Xaver Gruber . The museum houses the guitar originally used by lyricist Joseph Mohr and several signed copies of

1000-479: The end of 1945, over six million refugees had been repatriated by the military forces and UNRRA. (The term displaced persons does not typically refer to the several million ethnic Germans in Europe (Poland, Czechoslovakia, the Netherlands etc.) who were expelled and repatriated in Germany.) British authorities made June 30, 1946 the cutoff for accepting further displaced persons in their sector of occupation, and

1040-778: The end of 1945. One camp was even set up in Guanajuato in Mexico. Many American-run DP camps kept Holocaust survivors in horrific conditions, with insufficient food and inmates living under armed guard, as revealed in the Harrison Report . The UNRRA moved quickly to field teams to take over administration of the camps from the military forces. A number of DP camps became more or less permanent homes for these individuals. Conditions were varied and sometimes harsh. Rations were restricted, and curfews were frequently imposed. Camps were shut down as refugees found new homes and there

1080-406: The fall of 1946, it was not clear whether the remaining DPs would ever find a home. Between 1947 and 1953, the vast majority of the "non-repatriables" would find new homes around the world, particularly among these countries: After World War II ended in 1945, there were 7 to 11 million displaced people, or refugees, still living in Germany, Austria and Italy. To have some of these refugees come to

1120-422: The quota by extending the act for another two years, which doubled the admission of refugees into the United States to 415,000. From 1949 to 1952, about half the 900,000 immigrants that entered the United States were displaced persons. In order to qualify for American visas, only those that were in internment camps by the end of 1945 were eligible. The displaced persons that were trying to come to America had to have

1160-645: The reasons for displacement varied considerably, the Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force classified individuals into a number of categories: evacuees, war or political refugees, political prisoners, forced or voluntary workers, Organisation Todt workers, former forces under German command, deportees, intruded persons, extruded persons, civilian internees, ex- prisoners of war , and stateless persons. In addition, displaced persons came from every country that had been invaded or occupied by German forces. Although

1200-493: The refugees as “ displaced persons ” (DPs) and assigned the responsibility for their care to the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA). Combat operations, ethnic cleansing , and the fear of genocide uprooted millions of people from their homes over the course of World War II. Between 40 million and 60 million people were displaced. A large number were inmates of Nazi concentration camps , labor camps and prisoner-of-war camps that were freed by

1240-607: The sheet music. Seats in the municipal assembly ( Gemeinderat ) as of 2019 elections: Displaced Persons camp Displaced persons camps in post–World War II Europe were established in Germany , Austria , and Italy , primarily for refugees from Eastern Europe and for the former inmates of the Nazi German concentration camps . A "displaced persons camp" is a temporary facility for displaced persons , whether refugees or internally displaced persons . Two years after

Hallein District - Misplaced Pages Continue

1280-480: The site was first mentioned in an 1198 deed. The name Hallein is documented since the early 13th century; it is one of many Hall -names in the south German language area that may have something to do with salt and for which Celtic, Germanic and other origins have been discussed. From the 15th century onwards, beer brewing became common in Hallein. In 1489 Prince-Archbishop Leonhard von Keutschach in 1489 acquired

1320-412: The situation of many of the DPs could be resolved by simply moving them to their original homes, this could not be done, for example, where borders changed to place the location in a new country. Additionally, many could not return home for fear of political persecution or retribution for perceived (or actual) collaboration with Axis powers. The original plan for those displaced as a result of World War II

1360-472: The war, a meeting now referred to as the Yalta Conference (Office of the Historian, 2000). This meeting resulted in a series of decisions, but a specifically important decision made resulted in forced repatriation, where displaced persons were forced back to their countries of origin, and this use of force resulted in acts of antisemitic violence against the survivors of the war. Studies conducted years after

1400-602: Was a Celtic community from 600 BCE until the Romans took over their Noricum kingdom in 15 BCE. In the mid 8th century AD, Duke Tassilo III of Bavaria granted the estates to the Salzburg diocese; from 987 they were held by St Peter's Abbey . The extraction of salt became crucial for the economic wealth of the Archbishopric of Salzburg , competing with the salt production of Reichenhall in Bavaria . Salt mining at

1440-461: Was continuous consolidation of remaining refugees into fewer camps. By 1952, all but two DP camps were closed. The last two DP camps, Föhrenwald closed in 1957 and Wels in 1959. Many displaced persons had experienced trauma, and many had serious health conditions as a result of what they had endured. The immediate concern was to provide shelter, nutrition and basic health care. Most DPs had subsisted on diets of far less than 1,500 calories

1480-556: Was often improvised, and there were many instances of military personnel sharing from their own supplies of food, medicine, clothing, etc. to help the refugees. Initially, military missions of the various Allied nations attached to the British, French and U.S. army commands assisted in the sorting and classifying the DPs of their own nationality. For example, during 1945 and 1946 there were several dozen Polish liaison officers attached to individual occupation army units. On October 1, 1945,

1520-718: Was strongly curtailed. Jewish refugees hoping to reach other countries, including the United States, were also met with restrictions and quotas. Many Hungarians in Austria, fearing communist repression or war crimes charges, were reluctant to be repatriated. Relief workers were resistant to pressuring the Hungarians, and invoked recent UN and government statements against forced repatriation. Once it became obvious that repatriation plans left many DPs who needed new homes, it took time for countries to commit to accepting refugees. Existing refugee quotas were completely inadequate, and by

1560-483: Was that the prisoners of concentration camps would simply be sent back to their countries of origin, but in the aftermath of the war, this soon became impossible (Berger, 2008). In February 1945, near the end of the war, the heads of the Allied powers, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin convened to decide matters relating to rebuilding Europe after

1600-409: Was to repatriate them to their countries of origin as quickly as possible. Throughout Austria and Germany , American, French, British, or Soviet forces tended to the immediate needs of the refugees located within their particular Allied Occupation Zone and set in motion repatriation plans. Nearly all of the displaced persons were malnourished, a great number were ill, and some were dying. Shelter

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