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60-694: Tenza used to be inhabited by the Muisca before the arrival of the Spanish conquistadores led by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada who was looking for emeralds . The village was ruled by the cacique of Cora, loyal to the zaque of Hunza . Modern Tenza was founded during the Spanish conquest of the Muisca by the Jiménez de Quesada, on June 24, Saint John's day, 1537. Tenza used to be called Tenazuca , which in

120-665: A major festival where ritual offerings were made. It was the only day of the year when the zaque showed his face, as he was considered a descendant of the Sun god. The Muisca mythology is well documented. Many of the writers who contributed to the Chronicles of the West Indies were based in Bogotá. They recorded many of the myths as they were interested in the traditions and culture of the conquered people. The Muisca territory became

180-426: A permanent threat as rivals of the zaque of Hunza , especially for the possession of the salt mines of Zipaquirá , Nemocón and Tausa . The Muisca people were organized in a confederation that was a loose union of states that each retained sovereignty. The confederation was not a kingdom, as there was no absolute monarch, nor was it an empire , because it did not dominate other ethnic groups or peoples. It

240-499: A popular sport of Colombia. Also important were matches of wrestling . The winner received a finely woven cotton blanket from the chief and was qualified as a guecha warrior . Muisca priests were educated from childhood and led the main religious ceremonies. Only the priests could enter the temples. Besides the religious activities, the priests had much influence in the lives of the people, giving counsel in matters of farming or war. The religion originally included human sacrifice , but

300-455: Is also an inter-municipal highway that connects the locality of Suba with the municipality of Cota in the department of Cundinamarca. The main economic activity of Suba relies on the cultivation of export quality flowers, services and commerce, specially of large shopping centers like Bulevar Niza, Centro Suba, Parque la Colina, Plaza Imperial and Centro Comercial Santa Fé. Suba hosts a Regional Forest Reserve Zone, called La Conejera, located in

360-715: Is hard to compare the Muisca Confederation with other American civilizations, such as the Aztec or the Inca empires as it was more similar to a confederation of states, such as the Achaean League . The Muisca Confederation was one of the biggest and best-organized confederations of tribes on the South American continent. Every tribe within the confederation was ruled by a chief or a cacique . Most of

420-594: Is mainly derived from mythological contexts, but thanks to the Chronicles of the West Indies we do have descriptions of the final period of Muisca history, prior to Spanish arrival. Excavations in the Altiplano Cundiboyacense (the highlands of Cundinamarca and Boyacá departments) show evidence of human activity since the Archaic stage at the beginning of the Holocene era. Colombia has one of

480-754: Is mostly inhabited by upper middle and upper class residents. The northeastern zone includes the neighborhoods of San José de Bavaria, Mazurén, Britalia, Casablanca, Granada Norte, Villa del Prado, Nueva Zelandia, Mirandela. This area is mostly inhabited by middle class residents. The southwestern neighborhoods include the sector of main Suba; The neighborhoods of Suba, La Campiña, Pinares, Tuna baja, La pradera, Nuevo Suba, Aures 1 and Aures 2, Alcaparros, Cataluña, Costa Azul, Lagos de Suba, Corinto, El Laguito Villa Maria, La Chucua Norte, El Rosal de Suba, El Rincón, El Rubí, Bilbao, Fontanar del Río, La Gaitana, Tibabuyes, Lisboa, Berlín and Villa Cindy, Sabana de Tibabuyes. This area

540-561: The hoa , centered in Hunza , ruling a territory roughly covering modern southern and northeastern Boyacá and southern Santander ; the psihipqua , centered in Muyquytá and encompassing most of modern Cundinamarca , the western Llanos ; and the iraca , religious ruler of Suamox and modern northeastern Boyacá and southwestern Santander. The territory of the Muisca spanned an area of around 25,000 km (9,700 sq mi) from

600-466: The zipa , had its capital at Bacatá (now Bogotá ). This southern polity included the majority of the Muisca population and held greater economic power. The northern territory was ruled by the zaque , and had its capital in Hunza, known today as Tunja . Although both areas had common political relations and affinities and belonged to the same tribal nation, there were still rivalries between them. Among

660-625: The Altiplano Cundiboyacense , Colombia , that formed the Muisca Confederation before the Spanish conquest . The people spoke Muysccubun, a language of the Chibchan language family , also called Muysca and Mosca . They were encountered by conquistadors dispatched by the Spanish Empire in 1537 at the time of the conquest . Subgroupings of the Muisca were identified chiefly by their allegiances to three great rulers:

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720-797: The Andes of the north of South America . Their political and administrative organization enabled them to form a compact cultural unity with great discipline. In Spanish, it is called cultura muisca The contributions of the Muisca culture to the Colombian national identity have been many. Pre-Columbian Muisca patterns appear in various seals of modern municipalities located on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense , for instance Sopó and Guatavita , Cundinamarca . The remaining Muisca people in central Colombia also have their own seal. The Muisca culture had certain sports which were part of their rituals. The turmequé game, also known as tejo , has survived and became

780-604: The Chibcha language of the Muisca means "going down at night". Livestock farming is the most important activity. The agriculture of Tenza is relatively modest with beans , peas , maize , yuca , arracacha , tomatoes , cucumbers and bananas . Some mining is executed in Tenza. 5°05′N 73°25′W  /  5.083°N 73.417°W  / 5.083; -73.417 Muisca people The Muisca (also called Chibcha ) are an Indigenous people and culture of

840-499: The National Indigenous Organization of Colombia (ONIC). They proposed linguistic and cultural recuperation, defense of the territories nowadays occupied by others, and proposed urban and tourist plans. They support the communities of Ubaté , Tocancipá , Soacha , Ráquira , and Tenjo in their efforts to recover their organizational and human rights. The Muisca people of Suba opposed the drying up of

900-674: The Tibabuyes wetland and wanted to recover the Juan Amarillo wetland . They defended the natural reserves like La Conejera , part of the Suba Hills that is considered by the Shelter's Council to be communal land. Suati Magazine ( The Song of the Sun ) is a publication of poetry, literature, and essays about Muisca culture. The community of Bosa made important achievements in its project of natural medicine in association with

960-477: The Geography Commission with Manuel Ancízar and did descriptive studies of the national territory and an inventory of the archaeological sites. The result of the expedition was published in Bogotá in 1889 as Peregrinación Alfa . Argüello García pointed out that the goal of that expedition in the context of the new nation was to underline the pre-Hispanic societies and in that sense, they centered on

1020-530: The Indigenous lands in Suba , a northern region in modern-day Bogotá, which had been recognized and protected by the crown, were taken away by the republican governments following a strategy of suppression of the native culture and ethnic presence in the country's largest urban centres. The Reservation of Cota was re-established on land bought by the community in 1916, and then recognized by the 1991 constitution;

1080-658: The Ministry of Interior Affairs in 2005 reports a total of 14,051 Muisca people in Colombia. Much of the historic knowledge about the Muisca comes from the testimonies of conquistadors and colonists Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada ; Spanish poet , soldier , and priest Juan de Castellanos (16th century); bishop Lucas Fernández de Piedrahita and Franciscan Pedro Simón (17th century). More recently, Javier Ocampo López and Gonzalo Correal Urrego have contributed notable scholarship. Knowledge of events up until 1450

1140-611: The Moon. They developed a vigesimal (based on 20) calendar and knew exactly the timing of the summer solstice (June 21), which they considered the Day of Sué , the Sun god. The Sué temple was in Sogamoso , the sacred city of the Sun and the seat of the Iraca (priest). The Muisca name of the city, Suamox or Sugamuxi , means "City of the Sun". On the solstice , the zaque went to Suamox for

1200-418: The Muisca culture as the main model. A similar tendency can be found in the works of Ezequiel Uricoechea . An objection to that point of view came from Vicente Restrepo: his work Los chibchas antes de la conquista española showed them as barbarians. Miguel Triana , in his work La Civilización Chibcha suggested that the rock art symbols were writing. Wenceslao Cabrera Ortíz was the one who concluded that

1260-511: The Muisca were migrants to the highlands; in 1969 he published on this and reported about excavations at the El Abra archaeological site. Those publications opened a new era in the studies of the pre-Hispanic cultures in Colombia. Recent archaeological work has also concentrated on the creation and composition of Muisca goldwork, with this data being made available for wider research. Several ( fossil ) flora and fauna found in Colombia in

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1320-565: The Paul VI Hospital and the District Secretary of Health of Bogotá. The community of Cota has reintroduced the growing of quinua , and regularly barter their products at market. Toward the end of 2006 there was a report on the Muisca population: Studies of Muisca culture are abundant and have a long tradition. The first sources come from the Chronicles of the West Indies , which work lasted for three centuries during

1380-574: The Spanish colonies in America. The territory of the Muisca, located in a fertile plain of the Colombian Andes that contributed to make one of the most advanced South American civilizations, became part of the colonial region named Nuevo Reino de Granada . Much information about the Muisca culture was gathered by the Spanish administration and by authors such as Pedro de Aguado and Lucas Fernández de Piedrahita . The viceregal era contributed to

1440-463: The area of the Muisca have been named after the people. Two volcanoes on Jupiter 's moon Io have been named after the Muisca religion and mythology. Suba (Bogot%C3%A1) Suba is the 11th locality of Bogotá, capital of Colombia. It is located in the northwest of the city, bordering to the north the municipality of Chía in Cundinamarca , to the west the municipality of Cota , to

1500-658: The area the name Valle de los Alcázares ("Valley of the Palaces"). The houses had small doors and windows, and the dwellings of the higher rank citizens were different. The Muisca used little furniture as they would typically sit on the floor. Rivalries between the zaque and the zipa were taken advantage of by the Spaniards as they conquered the heart of what would be Colombia. Some of them, such as Sebastián de Belalcázar , Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada , and Nicolás de Federman , interested in locating El Dorado , discovered

1560-512: The area. Around 3500 BC, the people began to domesticate animals, cultivate crops and create arts and crafts. By 500 BC, maize and potatoes were the predominant products cultivated and by the year 800 the Muisca inhabited the area. After the Spanish conquest of the Muisca , in 1538, the Muisca were preserved in a Resguardo, located in the area of Suba and to the north in Chía and Cota. In 1550, Antonio Días Cardoso and Hernán Camilo Monsilva founded

1620-401: The arrival of the Spanish invaders. They left abundant traces of their occupation that have been studied since the 16th century, and allow scientists to reconstruct their way of life. It is possible that the Muisca integrated with more ancient inhabitants, but the Muisca were the ones who molded the cultural profile and the social and political organization. Their language, a dialect of Chibcha ,

1680-760: The chicha is produced. Since 1989, there has been a process of reconstruction of the Indigenous councils by the surviving members of the Muisca Culture. Muisca Councils currently working are Suba , Bosa , Cota , Chía , and Sesquilé . The councils had an Assembly in Bosa on 20–22 September 2002, called the First General Congress of the Muisca People . In that congress, they founded the Cabildo Mayor del Pueblo Muisca , affiliated to

1740-509: The east the locality Usaquén and to the south the localities Engativá and Barrios Unidos . This district is inhabited by residents of all social classes. Suba is either derived from the Muysccubun contraction Suba , meaning " Flower of the Sun " (uba = "fruit" or "flower", sua = "Sun", minus its last vowel, making it a possessive) or from the words sua ( Sun ) and sie (water). Suba has certain green areas, mostly concentrated in

1800-446: The existence of the colonial New Kingdom of Granada . After the independence wars in 1810, there was a surge of interest in the study of the Muisca culture. Indigenous Colombians established the capital of their republic in Bogotá, the former viceroyal city, which was the capital of the confederation of the zipa , and was known as Bacatá . Research shows that this site was the cradle of an advanced society whose process of consolidation

1860-465: The goddess. The legend grew until the term became a metaphor for any place where great wealth may be found or made. The Muisca did not construct large stone structures. They didn't use the abundant rock to leave monumental ruins as has happened with other American cultures. Their houses were built with materials such as clay, canes, and wood. The houses had a conical form, most of them to the point that Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada , founder of Bogotá , gave

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1920-666: The government and ratified in the Colombian Constitution of 1991 . In 1992 and 2001, the Cabildo Muisca of Suba and the Cabildo Muisca of Bosa respectively were legally recognized in an official ceremony with the participation of the then Mayor of Bogotá Antanas Mockus as stipulated in the Law 89 of 1890 and after more than a century without legal existence, it was also ratified in 2005. According to

1980-514: The importance of Bogotá, and people from the area would play an important role in the fights for independence and republican consolidation. After independence in 1810, the new state dissolved many of the Indigenous reservations. The one in Tocancipá was dissolved in 1940. The one in Sesquilé was reduced to 10% of its original size. Tenjo was reduced to 54% of its original size after 1934, and

2040-622: The last resistance and the territories of the Confederations were shared by Belalcazar, Federmann, and De Quesada. Later the Spanish Crown would elect De Quesada as the man in charge, with the title adelantado de los cabildos de Santa Fe y Tunja . When the Muisca structure disappeared under the Spanish Conquest, the territory of the Confederations of the zaque and zipa were included in a new political division within

2100-617: The locality of Suba is covered by other streams and wetlands like the Torca and Guaymaral wetlands , La Conejera , Córdoba and the Tibabuyes wetland. The Avenida Suba is the main road of Suba and the one that connects eastern with western Suba. Other major streets include the Avenida Ciudad de Cali to the west and the Autopista Norte to the east. The Avenida Boyacá crossed Suba from north to south. Since April 29, 2006,

2160-652: The mass-transit system TransMilenio covers the area along the Autopista Norte with its "B Line"; Portal del Norte , Toberín , Calle 161 , Mazurén , Calle 146 , Calle 142 , Alcalá , Prado , Calle 127 , Pepe Sierra , Calle 106 and Avenida Suba with its "C Line"; Portal de Suba , La Campiña , Suba-Transversal 91 , 21 Ángeles , Gratamira , Suba-Boyacá Avenue , Niza Calle 127 , Humedal Córdoba , Av. Suba Calle 116 , Puente Largo , Suba Calle 100 , Suba Calle 95 , Rionegro and San Martín . Other avenues like Avenida Boyacá, Avenida Ciudad de Cali, Calle 134 and Calle 170 are serviced by regular bus companies. There

2220-686: The most ancient archaeological sites of the Americas: El Abra , which is estimated to be approximately 13,000 years old. Other archaeological traces in the region of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense have led scholars to talk about an El Abra Culture: In Tibitó , tools and other lithic artifacts date to 9740 BCE; on the Bogotá savanna, especially at Tequendama Falls , other lithic tools dated a millennium later were found that belonged to specialized hunters. Human skeletons were found that date to 5000 BCE. Analysis demonstrated that

2280-656: The most powerful of the American Post-Classic stage , mainly because of the precious resources of the area: gold and emeralds. When the Spaniards arrived in Muisca territory they found a rich state, with the Muisca Confederation controlling mining of the following products: The Muisca traded their goods at local and regional markets with a system of barter . Items traded ranged from those of basic necessity through to luxury goods. The abundance of salt, emeralds, and coal brought these commodities to de facto currency status. Having developed an agrarian society,

2340-898: The north of Boyacá to the Sumapaz Páramo and from the summits to the western portion of the Eastern Ranges . Their territory bordered the lands of the Panche in the west, the Muzo in the northwest, the Guane in the north, the Lache in the northeast, the Achagua in the east, and the Sutagao in the south. At the time of the Spaniard invasion, the area had a large population, although

2400-584: The northwest and borders at Calle 240 the municipality of Chia . To the south, the Juan Amarillo River and Calle 100 form the boundary with the localities of Engativá and Barrios Unidos . The eastern limit is the Autopista Norte with the locality of Usaquén and to the west, the Bogotá River forms the boundary with the municipality of Cota . Besides the Bogota and Juan Amarillo rivers

2460-633: The northwestern part of the locality and 12 Units of Zone Planning ( Unidades de Planeamiento Zonal , UPZ) which are: La Academia, Guaymaral, San José de Bavaria, Britalia, El Prado, La Alhambra, La Floresta, Niza, Casablanca, Suba centro, El Rincón and Tibabuyes. During the Last Glacial Maximum in the Late Pleistocene , the climate in the region of Suba gave rise to alternations of páramo and Andean forests. Since approximately 12,000 years BP , groups of hunter-gatherers inhabited

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2520-561: The numbers provided by the respective Cabildos, the Muisca population of Suba is estimated to 5186 people. The indigenous last names with their origin in Suba are conserved as Niviayo, Bulla, Cabiativa, Caita, Nivia, Chisaba, Muzuzu, Neuque, Yopasá, and Quinche. The southeastern zone includes the neighborhoods of Niza, Las Floresta and Prado. The neighborhoods of Andes, La Floresta, Puente Largo, Pontevedra, Santa Rosa, San Nicolás, Morato, La Alhambra, Malibú, Batán, Niza, Córdoba, Las Villas, Calatrava, Colina Campestre and Prado Veraniego. This area

2580-520: The people used terrace farming and irrigation in the highlands. Main products were fruits , coca , quinoa , yuca and potatoes . Another major economic activity was weaving. The people made a wide variety of complex textiles. The scholar Paul Bahn said: "the Andean cultures mastered almost every method of textile weaving or decoration now known, and their products were often finer than those of today." The Muisca were an agrarian and ceramic society of

2640-640: The people were members of the El Abra Culture. Scholars agree that the group identified as Muisca migrated to the Altiplano Cundiboyacense in the Formative era (between 1000 BCE and 500 CE), as shown by evidence found at Aguazuque and Soacha . Like the other formative-era cultures of America, the Muiscas were transitioning between being hunter-gatherers and becoming sedentary farmers. Around 1500 BCE, groups of agrarians with ceramic traditions came to

2700-471: The practice may have been extinct by the time of the Spanish conquest, as there are no first-hand Spanish accounts. Oral tradition suggests that every family gave up a child for sacrifice , that the children were regarded as sacred and cared for until the age of 15, when their lives were then offered to the Sun-god, Sué . The cult of the Muisca centered on two main deities; Sué for the Sun and Chía for

2760-524: The precise number of inhabitants is not known. Estimates vary from 1 million to over 3 million inhabitants. Their economy was based on agriculture , salt mining, trading , metalworking , and manufacturing . Due to Spanish colonization, the population of the Muisca has drastically decreased and assimilated into the general population. The descendants of the Muisca are often found in rural municipalities including Cota , Chía , Tenjo , Suba , Engativá , Tocancipá , Gachancipá , and Ubaté . A census by

2820-477: The recognition was withdrawn in 1998 by the state and restored in 2006. In 1948 the state forbade the production of chicha , a corn-based alcoholic drink. This was a blow to the culture and economy of the Muisca. The ban remained until 1991. Since then, the "Festival of the chicha, maize, life, and joy" is celebrated every year in Barrio La Perseverancia, a neighborhood in Bogotá where most of

2880-433: The region from the lowlands. They had permanent housing and stationary camps, and worked the salty water to extract salt. In Zipacón there is evidence of agriculture and ceramics. The oldest settlement of the highlands dates to 1270 BCE. Between 800 BCE and 500 BCE, a second wave of migrants came to the highlands. Their presence is identified by multicolor ceramics, housing, and farms. These groups were still in residence upon

2940-494: The rich plains of Cundinamarca and Boyacá . The presence of the Spaniards gave hope to both sovereigns that, were they to make one Confederation, they could prevail in a war against the Spaniards. But the Spaniards prevailed. The reaction of the chief leaders and the people did little to change the destiny of the Confederations. The Spanish executed the last Muisca sovereigns, Sagipa and Aquiminzaque , in 1539 and 1540 respectively. In 1542 Gonzalo Suárez Rendón finally put down

3000-556: The seat of the colonial administration for the New Kingdom of Granada (Spanish: Nuevo Reino de Granada ). The origin of the legend of El Dorado (Spanish for "The Golden One") in the early 16th century may be located in the Muisca Confederation . The zipa offered gold and other treasures to the Guatavita goddess. To do so, the zipa covered himself with gold dust and washed it off in the lake while tossing gold trinkets into

3060-416: The territories there were four chiefdoms: Bacatá , Hunza , Duitama , and Sogamoso . The chiefdom was composed by localities. The tribes were divided into Capitanías (ruled by a capitan). There were two kinds: Great Capitania ( sybyn ) and Minor Capitania ( uta ). The status of Capitan was inherited by maternal lineage. The Muisca legislation was consuetudinary , that is to say, their rule of law

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3120-433: The tribes were part of the Muisca ethnic group, sharing the same language and culture and forming relations through trade. They united in the face of a common enemy. The army was the responsibility of the zipa or zaque . The army was made up of the güeches , the traditional ancient warriors of the Muisca. The Muisca Confederation existed as the union of two lesser confederations. The southern confederation, headed by

3180-539: The village of Suba. On June 22, 1850, the Resguardo of the Muisca in Suba was closed and the indigenous people forced away from the urban areas. This process continued until the year 1877. On November 16, 1875, Suba was declared a territory free of indigenous people and became a satellite municipality of Bogotá. It became a municipality by decree during the Sovereign State of Cundinamarca. The rural area then

3240-532: The waters. This tradition was well known outside the Confederation, as far as the Caribbean Sea ; the Spaniards were attracted by stories of a "city of gold" that did not exist. Indigenous people sometimes got rid of the avaricious Spaniards in that way, pointing them in the direction of other peoples. Lake Guatavita was explored by conquistadors who were looking for gold offerings from the zipa to

3300-533: The west of the locality, on the Suba and the La Conejera Hills , as well as the plains where urbanisation has developed. Suba has become a residential area with small industrial and commercial zones located in the south of the locality. The Suba Hills separate the locality into two parts; the eastern side being more integrated with the urban area of Bogotá. The locality borders the Bogotá River to

3360-455: Was cut short by the Spanish conquest. This search for an identity resulted in giving emphasis to the Muisca culture and overlooking other native nations, which were seen as wild people. Researchers wrongly concluded that the Muisca culture inhabited a previously empty land and that all archeological finds could be attributed solely to the Muisca. In 1849 president Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera invited Italian cartographer Agustín Codazzi , who led

3420-409: Was determined by long-extant customs with the approval of the zipa or zaque . This kind of legislation was suitable to a confederation system, and it was a well-organized one. The natural resources could not be privatized: woods, lakes, plateaus, rivers and other natural resources were common goods. Chibcha , also known as muysca , mosca , or muysca cubun , belongs to the Chibchan languages . It

3480-418: Was divided into landlords and peasants. In 1954 the municipality was formally annexed to the "Special District of Bogotá" during the reign of Gustavo Rojas Pinilla while still keeping its municipality status. In 1977, a minor city hall was constructed and in 1991 Suba was elevated to a locality of the renamed Capital District. In 1990, the indigenous peoples of Suba and their towns were legally recognized by

3540-401: Was spoken across several regions of Central America and the north of South America . The Tairona culture and the U'wa , related to the Muisca culture, speak similar languages, which encouraged trade. The Muisca used a form of hieroglyphs for numbers. Many Chibcha words were absorbed or "loaned" into Colombian Spanish: The Muisca had an economy and society considered to have been one of

3600-407: Was very similar to those peoples of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta ( Kogui , Ijka, Wiwa , and Kankuamo ) and the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy ( U'wa ). Zipa Saguamanchica (ruled 1470 to 1490) was in a constant war against aggressive tribes such as the Sutagao , and especially the Panche , who would also make difficulties for his successors, Nemequene and Tisquesusa . The Caribs were also

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