The Municipality of Tepic is one of the 20 municipalities dividing the Mexican state of Nayarit ; its head city (the seat of the municipal government), the city of Tepic , is also the capital of the state.
75-642: The municipality of Tepic is located in the center-south zone of the state of Nayarit, just at the foot of the Sierra Madre Oriental mountain range and in its transition towards the Pacific Coastal Plain . It has a territorial extension of 766 sq mi (1983.3 km) that represent 7.25% of the total extension of Nayarit, ranking it as the sixth most extensive municipality in the state. Its geographic coordinates are 21° 23'N - 21° 52'N and 104° 35'W - 105° 09'W and its altitude ranges from
150-400: A shelf cloud , but the precipitation zone will occur where the heat engine of the uplift intermingles with the invading, colder air. The cap puts an inverted (warm-above-cold) layer above a normal (cold-above-warm) boundary layer , and by preventing warm surface air from rising, allows one or both of the following: As the cooler but drier air circulates into the warm, moisture laden inflow,
225-406: A squall line . Typically, supercells are found in the warm sector of a low pressure system propagating generally in a north easterly direction in line with the cold front of the low pressure system. Because they can last for hours, they are known as quasi-steady-state storms. Supercells have the capability to deviate from the mean wind. If they track to the right or left of the mean wind (relative to
300-525: A backsheared anvil, another sign of a very strong updraft. This area, typically on the southern side of the storm in North America, is relatively precipitation-free. This is located beneath the main updraft, and is the main area of inflow. While no precipitation may be visible to an observer, large hail may be falling from this area. A region of this area is called the Vault. It is more accurately called
375-482: A few feet off the ground and flipped over asphalt, both the driver and his passenger were slightly injured. The tornado caused no fatalities. The severe weather that occurred on Tuesday 8/11 had features rarely seen in such magnitude in Argentina. In many towns of La Pampa , San Luis , Buenos Aires and Cordoba, intense hail stones fell up to 6 cm in diameter. On Sunday December 8, 2013, severe storms took place in
450-450: A gust of 101 km/h (63 mph) was reported. Trees were uprooted and blown onto several motorways. In Lillo (east of Antwerp) a loaded goods train was blown from the rail tracks. On May 24, 2010, an intense supercell left behind a trail of destruction spanning across three different states in eastern Germany. It produced multiple strong downbursts, damaging hail and at least four tornadoes, most notably an F3 wedge tornado which struck
525-467: A lifespan of around 7 hours and produced large hail of up to 8 cm in diameter. The city of Reutlingen was hit the hardest, houses and cars were severely damaged, dozens of people injured. With roughly 3.6 billion euros worth of damage, it was by far the costliest thunderstorm event ever documented in Germany. Throughout June 2014, an outbreak of severe supercells occurred in western Europe , producing
600-558: A lot of damaging hail especially in France. In the Paris area , some hailstones reached 8 cm of diameter but the biggest was found in the Loiret department with an exceptional diameter of 12 cm. On 25 July 2019 a supercell thunderstorm affected northern England and parts of Northumberland. Large hail, frequent lightning and rotation were reported by many people. On 24 September 2020
675-571: A maximum of 7,546 feet (2,300 m) to a minimum of 328 feet (100 m) above sea level. According to the results of the 2020 General Census of Population and Housing conducted by the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI), the municipality of Tepic has a total population of 425,924 people, of which 49.6% (211,258) are men and 50.4% (214,666) are women. In the municipality of Tepic there are 138 localities. List of localities with population above 1,000 include: The government of
750-477: A much heavier precipitation core that can wrap all the way around the mesocyclone. These are especially dangerous storms, since the mesocyclone is wrapped with rain and can hide a tornado (if present) from view. These storms also cause flooding due to heavy rain, damaging downbursts , and weak tornadoes, although they are also known to produce strong to violent tornadoes. They have a lower potential for damaging hail than Classic and LP supercells, although damaging hail
825-409: A point or hook shape on the southwestern side, fanning out to the northeast. The heaviest precipitation is usually on the southwest side, ending abruptly short of the rain-free updraft base or main updraft (not visible to radar). The rear flank downdraft , or RFD, carries precipitation counterclockwise around the north and northwest side of the updraft base, producing a " hook echo " that indicates
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#1732775925670900-484: A similar event affected parts of West Yorkshire. On the morning of June 19, 2021, a MCS developed over the French Atlantic coast. While progressing to the north, the system gained supercellular aspects and spawned a F2 tornado 60 kilometers west of Tours . It reached Paris and its surroundings in the late afternoon, causing flash floods in the area due to heavy rainfalls. The system continued its path towards
975-436: A small percentage actually produce a tornado, but if a storm does produce a tornado, it usually exhibits wall clouds that persist for more than ten minutes. Wall clouds that seem to move violently up or down, and violent movements of cloud fragments (scud or fractus) near the wall cloud, are indications that a tornado could form. Mammatus (Mamma, Mammatocumulus) are bulbous or pillow-like cloud formations extending from beneath
1050-587: Is a particularly active area for supercells with significantly severe hail and tornadoes , which first form over to just leeward of the mountains then move eastward, sometimes hundreds of kilometres (miles) past the Rio Grande River into Texas. Cerro El Potosí , at 3,720 metres (12,200 ft) above sea level (ASL), is the highest point of the Sierra Madre Oriental and the state of Nuevo León This long range of tall mountains
1125-618: Is found above 1,700 m (5,600 ft) and is home to species in the genera Quercus , Arbutus , Yucca , Cercocarpus and Bauhinia . Piedmont scrub occurs below 2,000 m (6,600 ft) and is composed of plants 3 to 5 m (9.8 to 16.4 ft) in height such as Helietta parvifolia , Neopringlea integrifolia and Acacia spp. The canopy of moist forests is dominated by trees up to 30 m (98 ft) in height, including Brosimum alicastrum , Manilkara zapota , Celtis monoica , Bursera simaruba , Dendropanax arboreus , and Sideroxylon capiri . Birds of
1200-543: Is generally the area of heaviest and most widespread precipitation. For most supercells, the precipitation core is bounded on its leading edge by a shelf cloud that results from rain-cooled air within the precipitation core spreading outward and interacting with warmer, moist air from outside of the cell. Between the precipitation-free base and the FFD, a "vaulted" or "cathedral" feature can be observed. In high precipitation supercells an area of heavy precipitation may occur beneath
1275-729: Is known to cause widespread wind damage. The radar signature of an RFD is a hook-like structure where sinking air has brought with it precipitation. A flanking line is a line of smaller cumulonimbi or cumulus that form in the warm rising air pulled in by the main updraft. Due to convergence and lifting along this line, landspouts sometimes occur on the outflow boundary of this region. Supercell thunderstorms are sometimes classified by meteorologists and storm spotters into three categories; however, not all supercells, being hybrid storms, fit neatly into any one category, and many supercells may fall into different categories during different periods of their lifetimes. The standard definition given above
1350-527: Is noted for its abundant biodiversity and large number of endemic species of plants and wildlife, from the dry north to the wetter south. The Sierra Madre Oriental pine-oak forests are found at high elevations in the range (1,000–3,500 m or 3,300–11,500 ft above sea level). To the east, the Tamaulipan matorral occupies the range's lower slopes in Nuevo León and northern Tamaulipas, while
1425-407: Is noticeably weaker than for other supercell types, and the rear-flank downdraft (RFD) is much weaker—even visually absent in many cases. Like classic supercells, LP supercells tend to form within stronger mid-to-upper level storm-relative wind shear; however, the atmospheric environment leading to their formation is not well understood. The moisture profile of the atmosphere, particularly the depth of
1500-658: Is part of the American Cordillera , a chain of mountain ranges (cordillera) that consists of an almost continuous sequence of mountain ranges that form the western "backbone" of North America , Central America , South America , and Antarctica . Spanning 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) the Sierra Madre Oriental runs from the Rio Grande on the border between Coahuila and Texas south through Nuevo León , southwest Tamaulipas , San Luis Potosí , Querétaro , and Hidalgo to northern Puebla , where it joins with
1575-671: Is possible. It has been observed by some spotters that they tend to produce more cloud-to-ground and intracloud lightning than the other types. Also, unlike the LP and Classic types, severe events usually occur at the front (southeast) of the storm. The HP supercell is the most common type of supercell in the United States east of Interstate 35 , in the southern parts of the provinces of Ontario and Quebec in Canada , in France , Germany and
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#17327759256701650-495: Is referred to as the Classic supercell. All types of supercells typically produce severe weather. LP supercells contain a small and relatively light precipitation (rain/hail) core that is well separated from the updraft. The updraft is intense, and LPs are inflow dominant storms. The updraft tower is typically more strongly tilted and the deviant rightward motion less than for other supercell types. The forward flank downdraft (FFD)
1725-445: Is still not unusual for LPs to do the latter, especially when moving into a much moister air mass. LPs were first formally described by Howard Bluestein in the early 1980s although storm-chasing scientists noticed them throughout the 1970s. Classic supercells may wither yet maintain updraft rotation as they decay, becoming more like the LP type in a process known as "downscale transition" that also applies to LP storms, and this process
1800-416: Is then cooled enough to precipitate as it is rotated toward the cooler region, represented by the turbulent air of the mammatus clouds where the warm air is spilling over top of the cooler, invading air. The cap is formed where shear winds block further uplift for a time, until a relative weakness allows a breakthrough of the cap (an overshooting top ); cooler air to the right in the image may or may not form
1875-520: Is thought to be how many LPs dissipate. LP supercells rarely spawn tornadoes, and those that form tend to be weak, small, and high-based tornadoes, but strong tornadoes have been observed. These storms, although generating lesser precipitation amounts and producing smaller precipitation cores, can generate huge hail. LPs may produce hail larger than baseballs in clear air where no rainfall is visible. LPs are thus hazardous to people and animals caught outside as well as to storm chasers and spotters. Due to
1950-457: Is very cold (-30°C) and virtually precipitation-free even though virga can be seen falling from the forward sheared anvil. Since there is so little moisture in the anvil, winds can move freely. The clouds take on their anvil shape when the rising air reaches 15,200–21,300 metres (50,000–70,000 ft) or more. The anvil's distinguishing feature is that it juts out in front of the storm like a shelf. In some cases, it can even shear backwards, called
2025-440: Is visible from satellite images as a "bubbling" amidst the otherwise smooth upper surface of the anvil cloud. An anvil forms when the storm's updraft collides with the upper levels of the lowest layer of the atmosphere, or the tropopause, and has nowhere else to go due to the laws of fluid dynamics- specifically pressure, humidity, and density, in simple terms, the packet of air has lost its buoyancy and cannot rise higher. The anvil
2100-658: The Big Bend National Park in Texas. The El Cielo Biosphere in Tamaulipas preserves the northernmost tropical Veracruz moist forests in Mexico and extensive temperate cloud forests . Supercell A supercell is a thunderstorm characterized by the presence of a mesocyclone , a deep, persistently rotating updraft . Due to this, these storms are sometimes referred to as rotating thunderstorms. Of
2175-694: The Gulf of Mexico coast. The Mexican Plateau , which averages 1,100 metres (3,600 ft) in elevation, lies between the Sierra Madre Oriental and the Sierra Madre Occidental further west. The climate of the Sierra Madre Oriental is drier than the rainforest areas further south. The Serranias del Burro in the northern range is much drier, semi-arid to arid, yet annually orographically induces and/or intensifies notably vigorous thunderstorm activity in April and May. This small region consistently
2250-639: The North East region of England. The storm struck the Tyneside area directly and without warning during evening rush hour causing widespread damage and travel chaos, with people abandoning cars and being trapped due to lack of public transport. Flooded shopping malls were evacuated, Newcastle station was shut, as was the Tyne & Wear Metro , and main road routes were flooded leading to massive tailbacks. 999 land line services were knocked out in some areas and
2325-616: The Northern Hemisphere , this is most often the rear flank (southwest side) of the precipitation area in LP and classic supercells, but sometimes the leading edge (southeast side) of HP supercells. Some reports suggest that the deluge on 26 July 2005 in Mumbai , India was caused by a supercell when there was a cloud formation 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) high over the city. On this day 944 mm (37.2 in) of rain fell over
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2400-746: The Po Valley in north Italy and in the central portions of Argentina and Uruguay . Whereas classic, HP, and LP refer to different precipitation regimes and mesoscale frontal structures, another variation was identified in the early 1990s by Jon Davies. These smaller storms were initially called mini-supercells but are now commonly referred to as low-topped supercells. These are also subdivided into Classic, HP and LP types. Supercells can produce hailstones averaging as large as two inches (5.1 cm) in diameter, winds over 70 miles per hour (110 km/h) , tornadoes of as strong as EF3 to EF5 intensity (if wind shear and atmospheric instability are able to support
2475-722: The Veracruz moist forests cover the lower slopes of the central range, and the eastern slopes at the southern end of the range are home to the Veracruz montane forests . West of the range, the Mexican Plateau is home to deserts and xeric shrublands , including the Chihuahuan Desert to the north, the Meseta Central matorral on the central part of the plateau, and the Central Mexican matorral on
2550-446: The cloud base will frequently form a wall, and the cloud base often experiences a lowering, which, in extreme cases, are where tornadoes are formed. This creates a warmer, moister layer below a cooler layer, which is increasingly unstable (because warm air is less dense and tends to rise). When the cap weakens or moves, explosive development follows. In North America, supercells usually show up on Doppler weather radar as starting at
2625-730: The CBD of Brisbane . Hailstones up to softball size cut power to 71,000 properties, injuring 39 people, and causing a damage bill of $ 1 billion AUD. A wind gust of 141 km/h was recorded at Archerfield Airport An area in South America known as the Tornado Corridor is considered to be the second most frequent location for severe weather, after Tornado Alley in the United States. The region, which covers portions of Argentina , Uruguay , Paraguay , and Brazil during
2700-560: The Congress of Nayarit and of federal deputies to the House of federal Deputies, the municipality of Tepic is included in the following electoral districts: Morena [REDACTED] PVEM [REDACTED] PT [REDACTED] Panal [REDACTED] Sierra Madre Oriental The Sierra Madre Oriental ( Spanish: [ˈsjera ˈmaðɾe oɾjenˈtal] ) is a mountain range in northeastern Mexico . The Sierra Madre Oriental
2775-710: The Greater Buenos Aires and the province of Buenos Aires, causing serious damage. One of them struck the town of Guernica, and, just two weeks later, in January 2001, an F3 again devastated Guernica, killing 2 people. The December 26, 2003, Tornado F3 happened in Cordoba , with winds exceeding 300 km/h, which hit Córdoba Capital, just 6 km from the city center, in the area known as CPC Route 20, especially neighborhoods of San Roque and Villa Fabric, killing 5 people and injuring hundreds. The tornado that hit
2850-595: The Northern Plains of India and Pakistan. On March 23, 2013, a massive tornado ripped through Brahmanbaria district in Bangladesh, killing 20 and injuring 200. On New Year's Day 1947 a supercell hit Sydney . The classic type Supercell formed over the Blue Mountains, mid-morning hitting the lower CBD and eastern suburbs by mid-afternoon with the hail similar in size to a cricket ball. At the time, it
2925-456: The State of São Paulo in 2004 was one of the most destructive in the state, destroying several industrial buildings, 400 houses, killing one and wounding 11. The tornado was rated EF3, but many claim it was a tornado EF4. In November 2009, four tornadoes, rated F1 and F2 reached the town of Posadas (capital of the province of Misiones , Argentina), generating serious damage in the city. Three of
3000-420: The anvil of a thunderstorm. These clouds form as cold air in the anvil region of a storm sinks into warmer air beneath it. Mammatus are most apparent when they are lit from one side or below and are therefore at their most impressive near sunset or shortly after sunrise when the sun is low in the sky. Mammatus are not exclusive to supercells and can be associated with developed thunderstorms and cumulonimbus. This
3075-460: The center and the coast. The most affected province was Córdoba, storms and supercells type "bow echos" also developed in Santa Fe and San Luis. Europe has its own hotspots for tornadoes and severe weather. Especially in the summer months damaging supercells occur frequently and parts of France, Germany and north Italy are experiencing a number of strong and violent tornadoes every decade. During
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3150-428: The center of the city and tennis ball-sized (10 cm or 4 in) hailstones hit cars and buildings, causing more than $ 220 million worth of damage and sparking 40,000-plus insurance claims. In just 18 minutes, 19 mm (0.75 in) of rain fell, causing havoc as streets were flooded and trains, planes, and cars were brought to a standstill. That same month, on March 22, 2010 a supercell hit Perth . This storm
3225-407: The city, of which 700 mm (28 in) fell in just four hours. The rainfall coincided with a high tide, which exacerbated conditions. Supercells occur commonly from March to May in Bangladesh, West Bengal, and the bordering northeastern Indian states including Tripura. Supercells that produce very high winds with hail and occasional tornadoes are observed in these regions. They also occur along
3300-573: The damage ran to huge amounts only visible the next day after water cleared. Many parts of County Durham and Northumberland were also affected, with thousands of homes across the North East left without power due to lightning strikes. On July 28, 2013, an exceptionally long-lived supercell tracked along an almost 400 km long path across parts of Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria in southern Germany , before falling apart in Czechia . The storm had
3375-403: The development of stronger tornadoes), flooding, frequent-to-continuous lightning , and very heavy rain. Many tornado outbreaks come from clusters of supercells. Large supercells may spawn multiple long-tracked and deadly tornadoes, with notable examples in the 2011 Super Outbreak . Severe events associated with a supercell almost always occur in the area of the updraft/downdraft interface. In
3450-576: The east-west running Eje Volcánico Transversal of central Mexico. The northernmost are the Sierra del Burro and the Sierra del Carmen which reach the border with the United States at the Rio Grande. North of the Rio Grande, the range continues northwestward into Texas and beyond as the Davis and Guadalupe Ranges. Mexico's Gulf Coastal Plain lies to the east of the range, between the mountains and
3525-637: The elevated dry layer, also appears to be important, and the low-to-mid level shear may also be important. This type of supercell may be easily identifiable with "sculpted" cloud striations in the updraft base or even a "corkscrewed" or " barber pole " appearance on the updraft, and sometimes an almost "anorexic" look compared to classic supercells. This is because they often form within drier moisture profiles (often initiated by dry lines ) leaving LPs with little available moisture despite high mid-to-upper level environmental winds. They most often dissipate rather than turning into classic or HP supercells, although it
3600-509: The evening of August 3, 2008 , a supercell formed over northern France. It spawned an F4 tornado in the Val de Sambre area, about 90 kilometers east of Lille , which impacted nearby cities such as Maubeuge and Hautmont . This same supercell later went on to generate other tornadoes in the Netherlands and Germany. In 2009, on the night of Monday May 25, a supercell formed over Belgium . It
3675-503: The few types of clouds that typically spawn tornadoes within the mesocyclone , although only 30% or fewer do so. Supercells can occur anywhere in the world under the right weather conditions. The first storm to be identified as the supercell type was the Wokingham storm over England , which was studied by Keith Browning and Frank Ludlam in 1962. Browning did the initial work that was followed up by Lemon and Doswell to develop
3750-616: The forest include the Mexican chickadee , Montezuma quail , Strickland's woodpecker , zone-tailed hawk and several species of jay . Pine-oak forests in Coahuila are part of the migration route of monarch butterflies ( Danaus plexippus ). Original habitats have been severely reduced by clearance for livestock grazing and logging over hundreds of years. Protected areas include the Cumbres de Monterrey National Park in Mexico and
3825-570: The four classifications of thunderstorms (supercell, squall line , multi-cell , and single-cell ), supercells are the overall least common and have the potential to be the most severe. Supercells are often isolated from other thunderstorms, and can dominate the local weather up to 32 kilometres (20 mi) away. They tend to last 2–4 hours. Supercells are often put into three classification types: classic (normal precipitation level), low-precipitation (LP), and high-precipitation (HP). LP supercells are usually found in climates that are more arid, such as
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#17327759256703900-619: The high plains of the United States, and HP supercells are most often found in moist climates. Supercells can occur anywhere in the world under the right pre-existing weather conditions, but they are most common in the Great Plains of the United States in an area known as Tornado Alley . A high number of supercells are seen in many parts of Europe as well as in the Tornado Corridor ( es ) of Argentina , Uruguay and southern Brazil . Supercells are usually found isolated from other thunderstorms, although they can sometimes be embedded in
3975-569: The lack of a heavy precipitation core, LP supercells often exhibit relatively weak radar reflectivity without clear evidence of a hook echo , when in fact they are producing a tornado at the time. LP supercells may not even be recognized as supercells in reflectivity data unless one is trained or experienced on their radar characteristics. This is where observations by storm spotter and storm chasers may be of vital importance in addition to Doppler velocity (and polarimetric ) radar data. LP supercells are quite sought after by storm chasers because
4050-413: The limited amount of precipitation makes sighting tornadoes at a safe distance much less difficult than with a classic or HP supercell and more so because of the unobscured storm structure unveiled. During spring and early summer, areas in which LP supercells are readily spotted include southwestern Oklahoma and northwestern Texas , among other parts of the western Great Plains . The HP supercell has
4125-409: The main updraft area where the vault would alternately be observed with classic supercells. The rear flank downdraft of a supercell is a very complex and not yet fully understood feature. RFDs mainly occur within classic and HP supercells although RFDs have been observed within LP supercells. The RFD of a supercell is believed to play a large part in tornadogenesis by tightening existing rotation within
4200-475: The main updraft area. The wall cloud forms near the downdraft/updraft interface. This "interface" is the area between the precipitation area and the precipitation-free base. Wall clouds form when rain-cooled air from the downdraft is pulled into the updraft. This wet, cold air quickly saturates as it is lifted by the updraft, forming a cloud that seems to "descend" from the precipitation-free base. Wall clouds are common and are not exclusive to supercells; only
4275-571: The modern conceptual model of the supercell. To the extent that records are available, supercells are most frequent in the Great Plains of the central United States and southern Canada extending into the southeastern U.S. and northern Mexico ; east-central Argentina and adjacent regions of Uruguay; Bangladesh and parts of eastern India; South Africa; and eastern Australia. Supercells occur occasionally in many other mid-latitude regions, including Eastern China and throughout Europe. The areas with highest frequencies of supercells are similar to those with
4350-501: The most occurrences of tornadoes; see tornado climatology and Tornado Alley . The current conceptual model of a supercell was described in Severe Thunderstorm Evolution and Mesocyclone Structure as Related to Tornadogenesis by Leslie R. Lemon and Charles A. Doswell III (see Lemon technique ). Moisture streams in from the side of the precipitation-free base and merges into a line of warm uplift region where
4425-531: The municipality corresponds to the City Council which is made up of the Municipal President, a Syndic and 16 Councillors; all are elected by free, direct and secret popular vote for a period of three years, not re-eligible for the immediate period but discontinuously, and they enter to exercise their positions on September 17 of the year of their election. For the election of local deputies to
4500-418: The presence of a mesocyclone. This "dome" feature appears above the strongest updraft location on the anvil of the storm. It is a result of an updraft powerful enough to break through the upper levels of the troposphere into the lower stratosphere . An observer at ground level and close to the storm may be unable to see the overshooting top because the anvil blocks the sight of this feature. The overshooting
4575-495: The second deadliest tornado in South America. On 21 April 1970, the town of Fray Marcos in the Department of Florida, Uruguay experienced an F4 tornado that killed 11, the strongest in the history of the nation. January 10, 1973, saw the most severe tornado in the history of South America: The San Justo tornado , 105 km north of the city of Santa Fe (Argentina), was rated F5, making it the strongest tornado ever recorded in
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#17327759256704650-452: The southern hemisphere, with winds exceeding 400 km/h. On April 13, 1993, in less than 24 hours in the province of Buenos Aires was given the largest tornado outbreak in the history of South America. There were more than 300 tornadoes recorded, with intensities between F1 and F3. The most affected towns were Henderson (EF3), Urdampilleta (EF3) and Mar del Plata (EF2). In December 2000, a series of twelve tornadoes (only registered) affected
4725-471: The southern plateau. Much of the wildlife can also be found in the Sierra Madre Occidental , which runs parallel to these mountains along western Mexico. Pine-oak forests are dominated by several species of pine , such as Pinus nelsonii , P. cembroides , P. pseudostrobus , and P. arizonica , and oak, such as Quercus castanea and Q. affinis . Matorral is characterized by woody shrubs, small trees, cacti , and succulents . Montane chaparral
4800-423: The spring and summer, often experiences strong thunderstorms which may include tornadoes. One of the first known South American supercell thunderstorms to include tornadoes occurred on September 16, 1816, and destroyed the town of Rojas (240 kilometres (150 mi) west of the city of Buenos Aires). On September 20, 1926, an F4 tornado struck the city of Encarnación (Paraguay), killing over 300 people and making it
4875-468: The surface mesocyclone. RFDs are caused by mid-level steering winds of a supercell colliding with the updraft tower and moving around it in all directions; specifically, the flow that is redirected downward is referred to as the RFD. This downward surge of relatively cool mid-level air, due to interactions between dew points, humidity, and condensation of the converging of air masses, can reach very high speeds and
4950-423: The tilting of horizontal vorticity , which is caused by wind shear imparting rotation upon a rising air parcel by differential forces. Strong updrafts lift the air turning about a horizontal axis and cause this air to turn about a vertical axis. This forms a deep rotating updraft, the mesocyclone . A cap or capping inversion is usually required to form an updraft of sufficient strength. The moisture-laden air
5025-595: The tornadoes affected the airport area, causing damage in Barrio Belén. On April 4, 2012, the Gran Buenos Aires was hit by the storm Buenos Aires, with intensities F1 and F2, which left nearly 30 dead in various locations. On February 21, 2014, in Berazategui (province of Buenos Aires), a tornado of intensity F1 caused material damage including a car was, with two occupants inside, which was elevated
5100-427: The tower of the thundercloud is tipped by high-altitude shear winds. The high shear causes horizontal vorticity which is tilted within the updraft to become vertical vorticity, and the mass of clouds spins as it gains altitude up to the cap, which can be up to 55,000 feet (17,000 m)–70,000 feet (21,000 m) above ground for the largest storms, and trailing anvil. Supercells derive their rotation through
5175-473: The town of Großenhain , killing one person. On August 18, 2011, the rock festival Pukkelpop in Kiewit, Hasselt (Belgium) may have been impacted by a supercell with mesocyclone around 18:15. Tornado-like winds were reported, trees of over 30 centimetres (12 in) diameter were felled and tents came down. Severe hail scourged the campus. Six people reportedly died and over 140 people were injured. The event
5250-460: The vertical wind shear ), they are said to be "right-movers" or "left-movers," respectively. Supercells can sometimes develop two separate updrafts with opposing rotations, which splits the storm into two supercells: one left-mover and one right-mover. Supercells can be any size – large or small, low or high topped. They usually produce copious amounts of hail , torrential rainfall , strong winds , and substantial downbursts . Supercells are one of
5325-701: Was covered by insurance. On February 27, 2007, a supercell hit Canberra , dumping nearly thirty-nine centimetres (15 inches) of ice in Civic . The ice was so heavy that a newly built shopping center's roof collapsed, birds were killed in the hail produced from the supercell, and people were stranded. The following day many homes in Canberra were subjected to flash flooding, caused either by the city's infrastructure's inability to cope with storm water or through mud slides from cleared land. On 6 March 2010, supercell storms hit Melbourne . The storms caused flash flooding in
5400-678: Was described by Belgian meteorologist Frank Deboosere as "one of the worst storms in recent years" and caused much damage in Belgium – mainly in the provinces of East Flanders (around Ghent), Flemish Brabant (around Brussels) and Antwerp. The storm occurred between about 1:00 am and 4:00 am local time. An incredible 30,000 lightning flashes were recorded in 2 hours – including 10,000 cloud-to-ground strikes. Hailstones up to 6 centimetres (2.4 in) across were observed in some places and wind gusts over 90 km/h (56 mph); in Melle near Ghent
5475-424: Was one of the worst in the city's history, causing hail stones of 6 centimetres (2.4 in) in size and torrential rain. The city had its average March rainfall in just seven minutes during the storm. Hail stones caused severe property damage, from dented cars to smashed windows. The storm itself caused more than 100 million dollars in damage. On November 27, 2014 a supercell hit the inner city suburbs including
5550-612: Was suspended. Buses and trains were mobilised to bring people home. On June 28, 2012, three supercells affected England. Two of them formed over the Midlands, producing hailstones reported to be larger than golf balls, with conglomerate stones up to 10 cm across. Burbage in Leicestershire saw some of the most severe hail. Another supercell produced a tornado near Sleaford, in Lincolnshire. A third supercell affected
5625-545: Was the most severe storm to strike the city since recorded observations began in 1792. On April 14, 1999, a severe storm later classified as a supercell hit the east coast of New South Wales. It is estimated that the storm dropped 500,000 tonnes (490,000 long tons; 550,000 short tons) worth of hailstones during its course. At the time it was the most costly disaster in Australia's insurance history, causing an approximated A$ 2.3 billion worth of damage, of which A$ 1.7 billion
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