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50-660: Terqa was located near the mouth of the Khabur river, thus being a trade hub on the Euphrates and Khabur rivers. To the south was Mari. To the north was Tuttul (Tell Bi'a) near the mouth of the Balikh river. Terqa ruled a larger hinterland. Terqa was always second to Mari, as the valley could hold only one political main center. The region was dominated by arid/non-irrigable land, with a characteristic relationship to water resources and land exploitation. Amorite tribal groups included

100-601: A centralized university amalgamating three historical faculties (sciences, arts, medicine, and law), the University of Lyon transitioned into a decentralized model under the Edgar Faure law , advocating for university autonomy. Flourishing as a prominent research hub for Egyptological studies since the late 19th century, Lyon witnessed the birth of the Institute of Egyptology in 1879. In 1975, Egyptological studies found

150-538: A construction in Terqa, "which never before had any king built." Evidence of trade contacts with the Indus valley has been found here. Archaeologist Giorgio Buccellati found cloves , an important spice, in a burned-down house which was dated to 1720 BC. Since this house was described as being of a medium size, it seems that, at that time, cloves were already accessible to the common people of Terqa. Cloves are native to

200-636: A contested town before the Akkadian Empire took control. Terqa was an urban center with a massive defensive wall, but a provincial city under the political control of Mari. In Early Bronze IVB, the Ur III dynasty had governors at Mari, which may have included Terqa as well. In the early 2nd millennium BC it was under the control of Shamshi-Adad (c. 1808–1776 BC) of the Amorite Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia, followed by Mari beginning with

250-743: A home in the Victor Loret Institute of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), alongside the creation of the Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée . Distinguished alumni and faculty of the University of Lyon include Nobel laureates such as Victor Grignard (Chemistry, 1912), Alexis Carrel (Medicine), Yves Chauvin (Chemistry, 2005), and Jean Jouzel (co-laureate of the Nobel Peace Prize, 2007). Notable figures also include Ume Kenjirō , architect of

300-502: A legal status of autonomy to the faculties, that of "public establishments of a scientific and cultural nature." The University of Lyon was then divided into three autonomous entities: University Lyon-I - Claude Bernard (former faculty of medicine and pharmacy, now a university of sciences), University Lyon-II - Lumière (former faculty of letters, now a university dedicated to the humanities, social sciences, and arts), and University Lyon-III - Jean Moulin (former faculty of law, now

350-658: A river of importance, and Ammianus states that Julian the Apostate crossed it "per navalem Aborae pontem". Strabo describes it as near the town of Anthemusias . The river is fed by several smaller streams, the names of which are mentioned by the later classical writers. These are, the Scirtus (Procop. de Aedif. 2.7), the Cordes (Procop. de Aedif. 2.2), and the Mygdonius ( Julian . Or. i.). Ptolemy (5.18.6) mentions

400-607: A sealed deposit dated to the Old Babylonian period . They are attributed to around 1650-1640 BC, or the Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt . The hieroglyphs inscribed on them are regarded as "poorly executed and sometimes misunderstood," indicating Levantine, rather than Egyptian, origin. Similar scarabs are also known from Byblos , Sidon and Ugarit. Lagamal was a Mesopotamian deity worshiped chiefly in Dilbat , but it

450-494: A tablet with a list of offerings which starts with her name, and by seals mentioned the goddess. Thousands of beads made out of precious materials such as agate , carnelian , and lapis lazuli were found here. Archaeologists also found a number of small bronze figurines of dogs inside the temple as well. Dogs were the animals sacred to Ninkarrak. A ceremonial axe and a scimitar with a devotional inscription mentioning Ninkarrak, both bronze, were also found. Early occupation of

500-880: A total of 510 private and public laboratories, and an average of 800 doctoral theses are defended there each year. The university comprises a total of 510 private and public laboratories, 18 doctoral schools, and an average of 800 doctoral theses are defended there each year. The doctoral schools are divided into five categories: life sciences (biological sciences, health, neurobiology, sciences and cognition, cancerology and biology), exact sciences (electronics and electrotechnics, mechanics and civil engineering, chemistry, materials, engineering, computer science and mathematics, physics and astrophysics), and humanities and social sciences (social sciences, literature, languages and linguistics, education and psychology, economics and management, philosophy and history, law). UdL, on behalf of its member institutions, oversees several major projects related to

550-462: A town called Chabora (Χαβώρα), on the Euphrates, which he places near Nicephorion , and which probably derives its name from the river, and Theophylact Simocatta mentions Ἀβορέων φρούριον, which is, as certainly, the same place. Since the 1930s, numerous archaeological excavations and surveys have been carried out in the Khabur Valley, indicating that the region has been occupied since

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600-493: A university dedicated to law and political science). The University of Sciences Lyon-I is named Claude Bernard in honour of this eminent physiologist and scientist; the University of Lyon-II is named Lumière in reference to the brothers Louis and Auguste Lumière , the inventors of cinema; the University Lyon-III is named Jean Moulin in honour of the prefect and resistance leader during World War II, who unified

650-535: Is also the center for Syria's oil production. Lyon University The University of Lyon ( French : Université de Lyon , or UdL) is a university system ( ComUE ) based in Lyon , France . It comprises 12 members and 9 associated institutions. The 3 main constituent universities in this center are: Claude Bernard University Lyon 1 , which focuses upon health and science studies and has approximately 47,000 students; Lumière University Lyon 2 , which focuses upon

700-705: The Carnot label , which is given to public research laboratories conducting scientific research in public-private partnerships. As part of the France 2030 programme, launched in 2021 by the French government with a total budget of €54 billion, the UdL has established a technology transfer acceleration company ( société d'Accélération du Transfert de Technologies , SATT). This subsidiary, created by one or more institutions (universities and research organisations), aims to professionalise

750-679: The Jean Monnet University of Saint-Étienne, École Centrale de Lyon , École Normale Supérieure de Lyon , and the Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Lyon . The Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique , France's public institution for scientific research, is a vital member of this university network. Collaboratively, private and public higher education institutions in the Lyon region pool resources to advance and promote scientific research. Originally established between 1896 and 1968 as

800-595: The Lower Palaeolithic period. Important sites that have been excavated include Tell Halaf , Tell Brak , Tell Leilan , Tell Mashnaqa , Tell Mozan and Tell Barri . The region has given its name to a distinctive painted ware found in northern Mesopotamia and Syria in the early 2nd millennium BCE, called Khabur ware . The region of the Khabur River is also associated with the rise of the Kingdom of

850-805: The Mitanni that flourished c. 1500–1300 BC. The Khabur River is mentioned in the Hebrew Bible: " Tiglath-Pileser ... took the Reubenites, the Gadites and the half tribe of Manasseh into exile. He took them to Halah, Habor (Khabur), Hara and the River Gozan, where they are to this day". The identification of the Khabur with the Habor is not contested. The ancient city of Corsote , visited by Cyrus

900-485: The Molucca Islands off the coast of Indonesia , and were extensively used in ancient India. This was the first evidence of cloves being used in the west before Roman times. The discovery was first reported in 1978. Ancient mitochondrial DNA from freshly unearthed remains (teeth) of 4 individuals deeply deposited in slightly alkaline soil of ancient Terqa and Tell Masaikh (ancient Kar-Assurnasirpal, located on

950-651: The Renaissance . In the 16th century, this university college was an influential humanist centre . Amidst the religious wars between Catholic and Huguenots, the director of the institution, the poet Barthélemy Aneau , was massacred in 1561, accused of sympathising with the Reformation. In 1565, Pope Pius IV confirmed the transfer of the college’s administration to the Jesuits , a transfer later validated in 1568 by King Charles IX of France . The college expanded in

1000-606: The Revolution , on the grounds that they were too aristocratic and did not align with the revolutionaries' vision of public education accessible to all. In 1806, Napoleon I established the University of France , an institution that centralised all faculties in France. Ephemeral faculties of arts and sciences were created in Lyon during this period but were abolished during the Bourbon Restoration in 1815. At

1050-515: The social sciences and arts, and has about 30,000 students; Jean Moulin University Lyon 3 , which focuses upon the law and humanities with about 20,000 students. Following Paris and Toulouse , Lyon stands as France's third-largest university hub. Hosting 129,000 students, 11,500 educators and researchers, along with 510 private and public laboratories, it encompasses the city's three faculties (Lyon-1, Lyon-2, and Lyon-3), alongside

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1100-532: The "Investments for the Future" programme, for which it has secured nearly one billion euros in funding. As part of these major projects, 12 laboratories have been awarded the " Laboratoire d'Excellence " (LabEx) label, and 8 projects have received the " Equipement d'Excellence " (EquipEx) label from the Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation . Additionally, 3 of its research institutes have been awarded

1150-532: The 'Fall of Mari' came when Hammurabi of Babylon (r. 1792-1750 BC) attacked his former ally, Zimri-Lim of Mari (r. 1775 to 1761 BC). With Mari destroyed power in the Middle Euphrates shifted to Terqa. Terqa became the leading city of the kingdom of Khana after the decline of Babylon. In mid-15th century BC, Terqa came under the control of the Mitanni kingdom. Kings Sinia and Qiš-Addu ruled during

1200-562: The 17th century, with the works financed by Queen Anne of Austria . Besides a theatre, a library, and an observatory, the Collège de la Trinité incorporated numerous buildings not primarily intended for education, including eight congregation chapels. To construct buildings specifically for boarders, the Jesuits began acquiring properties from the 1680s onwards, with acquisitions peaking between 1712 and 1713. In 1702, an astronomical observatory

1250-562: The 2013 study and based on analysis of 15751 DNA samples arrives at the conclusion, that "M65a, M49 and/or M61 haplogroups carrying ancient Mesopotamians might have been the merchants from India". Khabur (Euphrates) The Khabur River is the largest perennial tributary to the Euphrates in Syria . Although the Khabur originates in Turkey , the karstic springs around Ras al-Ayn are

1300-555: The Chebar or Kebar, the location of Tel Abib and setting of several important scenes of the Book of Ezekiel . However, recent scholarship identifies the Chebar as the ka-ba-ru waterway mentioned among the 5th century BCE Murushu archives from Nippur , close to Nippur and the Shatt el-Nil, a silted up canal toward the east of Babylon. The Khabur River Project, begun in the 1960s, involved

1350-783: The Elder called it the Chaboras ( Ancient Greek : Χαβώρας ), Procopius called it the Chabura , Strabo , Zosimus , and Ammianus Marcellinus called it the Aborrhas (Ἀβόρρας), and Isidore of Charax called it the Aburas (Ἀβούρας). It was described as a large river of Mesopotamia which rose in Mons Masius , about 40 miles (64 km) from Nisibis , and flowed into the Euphrates at Circesium (Kerkesiah). Procopius speaks of it as

1400-745: The Euphrates 5 kilometres (5,000 m) upstream from Terqa) was analysed in 2013. Dated to the period between 2.5 Kyrs BC and 0.5 Kyrs AD the studied individuals carried mtDNA haplotypes corresponding to the M4b1, M49 and M61 haplogroups , which are believed to have arisen in the area of the Indian subcontinent during the Upper Paleolithic and are absent in people living today in Syria. However, they are present in people inhabiting today’s India , Pakistan , Tibet and Himalayas . A 2014 study expanding on

1450-689: The Faculty of Law in 1875 by decree of President Mac Mahon , and the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy in 1877. The law of 10 July 1896 formally created the University of Lyon, composed of these faculties. Each faculty maintained a high degree of autonomy despite sharing what was then known as the Palais des Facultés , now the Palais Hirsch, located on the left bank of the Rhône at Quai Claude-Bernard. By 1920, Lyon had over 3,500 university students, making it

1500-555: The French Resistance and died under torture by the Gestapo in Lyon in 1943. After Paris and Toulouse, Lyon is the third largest university city in France with 2,335 students in 1898, 36,500 students in 1973, 42,600 students in 1978, 50,000 students in 1982, and 52,000 students in 1985; in 2024, Lyon has 175,000 students, including 23,000 international students, and 11,500 researchers and faculty members. The university has

1550-478: The Institute of Archaeology at the University of California at Los Angeles , California State University at Los Angeles, Johns Hopkins University , the University of Arizona and the University of Poitiers in France. The team was led by Giorgio Buccellati and Marilyn Kelly-Buccellati. The final reports from these excavations have been released over time. The same team also excavated the nearby (5 kilometers north) 4th Millennium site of Tell Qraya which they viewed as

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1600-487: The Japanese civil code and former law faculty student, Cédric Villani , Fields Medal recipient and alumnus of Lyon-III, astrophysicist Hélène Courtois , pioneer of criminal anthropology Alexandre Lacassagne , and Louis Léopold Ollier , founding figure in modern orthopedic surgery. Lyon has historically been an industrious and mercantile city, oriented towards free trade and commerce due to its geographical location: at

1650-541: The Khaeans and Suteans south of Mari. Terqa would politically play to role as a minor provincial center with a governor or a petty local kingdom. Little is yet known of the early history of Terqa, though it was a sizable entity even in the Early Dynastic period . The principal god of Terqa was Dagan . In the late Early Bronze III-IV, Ebla and Mari competed for hegemony in the Euphrates region and Terqa became

1700-469: The Temple of Dagan. Letter by Kibri-Dagan governor of Terqa to the king: “My lord wrote me about the 10 minas of silver that offenders settled to me: This is silver must arrive quickly to be processed for the works on the throne of Dagan. Mari/Terqa interacted over the wide steppes in Syria with their herdsmen coming in contact with the herdsmen from Qatna, by the way of Palmyra. In a major change of events,

1750-580: The Younger on his ill-fated expedition against the Persians as told by Xenophon , was located at the confluence of the Khabur River, known by them as the 'Mascas', and the Euphrates according to Robin Waterfield . Other authors have been circumspect upon the precise location of Corsote due to the changing names and courses of the rivers since that time. The Khabur river was sometimes identified with

1800-532: The beginning of the 19th century, it had a total of 2,551 students, making it the largest university in the country after Paris. The modern faculties, ancestors of the University of Lyon, were established under the July Monarchy : the Faculty of Sciences of Lyon opened its doors in 1833, the Faculty of Letters in 1838, the Faculty of Theology in 1839 (transformed into the Catholic Faculty in 1885),

1850-535: The confluence of the Saône and Rhône rivers, near Switzerland and Italy , on the route between northern and southern Europe. Primarily a merchant city under the Ancien Régime , Lyon does not have a long university history: this delay is partly due to the fear that education would divert young people from commerce and industry. The first modern higher education institution in Lyon was established in 1519 under

1900-631: The construction of a series of dams and canals . Three dams were built in the Khabur Basin as part of a large irrigation scheme that also includes the Tabqa Dam on the Euphrates. The section of the Khabur River within Tell Tamer Subdistrict are home to a self-governing Assyrian enclave. Two dams, Hasakah West and Hasakah East, have been constructed on tributaries to the Khabur between Ra's al-'Ayn and Al-Hasakah. The capacity of

1950-593: The initiative of the Brotherhood of the Trinity ( Confrérie de la Trinité ). On 21 July 1527, following its success, the institution came under the control of the Lyon municipality, which then assumed financial responsibility for it. The institution became the Collège Confrérie de la Trinité . It was the first coeducational institution, notably welcoming poets Louise Labé and Pernette du Guillet during

2000-468: The probably source for the settlement of Terqa. After 1987, a French team led by Olivier Rouault of Lyon University took over the dig and continued to work there until local conditions deteriorated around 2010. There are 550 cuneiform tablets from Terqa held at the Deir ez-Zor Museum. Notable features found at Terqa include Ninkarrak was the ancient goddess of healing. Her temple was identified based on

2050-556: The reign of the Amorite ruler Yahdun-Lim one of whose year names was "Year in which Yahdun-Lim built the city walls of Mari and Terqa". Control by Mari continued into the time of Zimri-Lim (c. 1775 to 1761 BC). One year name of Zimri-Lim was "Year in which Zimri-Lim offered a great throne to Dagan of Terqa". When not ruled by a king, Terqa was a vassal city-state ruled by a governor subordinate to Mari . Kibri-Dagan, governor of Terqa, under Zimri-Lim. In Mari Letter ARM 13.110 concerns

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2100-479: The remains of Terqa are covered by the modern town of Ashara , which limits the possibilities for excavation. The site was briefly excavated by Ernst Herzfeld in 1910. In 1923, 5 days of excavations were conducted by François Thureau-Dangin and P. Dhorrne. From 1974 to 1986, Terqa was excavated for 10 seasons by a team from the International Institute for Mesopotamian Area Studies including

2150-510: The reservoir of Hasakah West is 0.09 km , and is also the southeastern end of the Assyrian enclave. The capacity of Hasakah East is 0.2 km . A third dam, Hassakeh South, was constructed on the Khabur 25 km south of Al-Hasakah. The reservoir of this dam has a capacity of 0.7 km . The Khabur Valley, which now has about four million acres (16,000 km ) of farmland, is Syria's main wheat -cultivation area. The northeastern part

2200-473: The river's main source of water. Several important wadis join the Khabur north of Al-Hasakah , together creating what is known as the Khabur Triangle, or Upper Khabur area. From north to south, annual rainfall in the Khabur basin decreases from over 400 mm to less than 200 mm. This has made the river a vital water source for agriculture throughout history. The Khabur joins the Euphrates near

2250-472: The second largest university in the country after Paris, which had 17,000 students. The University of Lyon in this centralised form existed until 1968. As with all universities in France, following the events of May 1968 , the University of Lyon was replaced by autonomous faculties. The Edgar Faure law aimed to grant greater autonomy to faculties and break with the highly centralised vision that had governed higher education in France since 1896. The law provided

2300-431: The structure has been dated to roughly the same period as the reigns of three kings of Terqa. The earliest of them was Yadikh-abu, a contemporary of Samsuiluna of Babylon , defeated by the latter in 1721 BCE. Kashtiliash, and Shunuhru-ammu also ruled during this period. The temple was remodeled multiple times. The Egyptian scarabs found in the temple of Ninkarrak represent the easternmost known example of such objects in

2350-412: The time of the Mitanni kings Sausadatra, Sa’itarna and Parattarna. According to Podany (2014), Later, it fell into the sphere of the Kassite dynasty of Babylon and eventually the Neo-Assyrian Empire . A noted stele of Assyrian king Tukulti-Ninurta II (890 to 884 BC) was found near Terqa. The main site is around 20 acres (8.1 ha) in size and has a height of 60 feet (18 m). Two thirds of

2400-452: The town of Busayrah . The course of the Khabur can be divided into two distinct zones: the Upper Khabur area or Khabur Triangle north of Al-Hasakah, and the Middle and Lower Khabur between Al-Hasakah and Busayrah. The tributaries to the Khabur are listed from east to west. Most of these wadis only carry water for part of the year. The river was well noted by ancient writers, with various names used by various writers: Ptolemy and Pliny

2450-403: Was built atop the Trinity Chapel , driven by astronomer Jean de Saint-Bonnet. In 1763, following the suppression of the Jesuit order in France, the Lyon municipality ordered the institution’s takeover by the Oratorian order . Like all universities and higher education institutions of the Ancien Régime, the Collège de la Trinité was abolished by the National Convention on 15 September 1793 during

2500-414: Was prominent in Terqa as well, and also in Susa . This was a deity associated with the underworld. In the majority of known sources Lagamal is a male deity, but it was regarded as a goddess rather than a god in Terqa. The oldest attested ice house (building) in the world may have been built in Terqa. It is recorded in a cuneiform tablet from c. 1780 BC that Zimri-Lim , the King of Mari ordered such

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