108-526: The Outlaw Josey Wales is a 1976 American revisionist Western film set during and after the American Civil War . It was directed by and starred Clint Eastwood (as Josey Wales ), with Chief Dan George , Sondra Locke , Bill McKinney and John Vernon . During the Civil War, Josey Wales is a Missouri farmer turned soldier who seeks to avenge the death of his family and gains a reputation as
216-427: A Milwaukee, Wisconsin speech on September 17, 1964, that the office-holding supporters of a civil rights bill would politically " bite the dust " by 1966 and 1968. The Encyclopædia Britannica characterized him not so much as a segregationist but more as a "populist" who pandered to the white majority of Alabama voters. It notes that his failed attempt at presidential politics created lessons that later influenced
324-569: A community college system that has now spread throughout the state, preparing many students to complete four-year degrees at Auburn University , University of Alabama at Birmingham , or the University of Alabama . Wallace Community College ( Dothan ), is named for his father. Wallace Community College Selma ( Selma ), and Wallace State Community College ( Hanceville ) are named for him. Lurleen B. Wallace Community College in Andalusia
432-500: A contingent election in the United States House of Representatives , thereby enhancing the political clout of segregationist Southern leaders. Wallace won five Southern states but failed to force a contingent election. As of the 2024 election , he remains the most recent third-party candidate to receive pledged electoral college votes from any state. Wallace won election to the governorship again in 1970 , and ran in
540-564: A $ 3.7 million budget. In 1996, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". Josey Wales was portrayed by Michael Parks in the film's 1986 sequel, The Return of Josey Wales . His wife Laura Lee was played by Mary Ann Averett in the sequel. During the American Civil War ,
648-469: A courtroom." On the other hand, Wallace issued injunctions to prevent the removal of segregation signs in rail terminals, becoming the first Southern judge to do so. Similarly, during efforts by civil rights organizations to expand voter registration of blacks, Wallace blocked federal efforts to review Barbour County voting lists. He was cited for criminal contempt of court in 1959. As judge, Wallace granted probation to some blacks, which may have cost him
756-439: A feared gunfighter. At the end of the war his group surrenders but is massacred, and Wales becomes an outlaw, pursued by bounty hunters and soldiers. The film was adapted by Sonia Chernus and Philip Kaufman from author Asa Earl "Forrest" Carter 's 1972 novel The Rebel Outlaw: Josey Wales (republished, as shown in the movie's opening credits, as Gone to Texas ). The film was a commercial success, earning $ 31.8 million against
864-603: A federal court in Birmingham , the four children were allowed to enter on September 9, becoming the first to integrate a primary or secondary school in Alabama. Wallace desperately wanted to preserve segregation. In his own words: "The President [John F. Kennedy] wants us to surrender this state to Martin Luther King and his group of pro-Communists who have instituted these demonstrations." Wallace predicted, during
972-542: A fervent Louisiana segregationist and anti-Semite; Kent Courtney, a John Bircher; and "a representative sent by Willis Carto , head of the Liberty Lobby and publisher of the anti-Semitic magazine American Mercury . " Wallace ran for president in the 1968 election as the American Independent Party candidate, with Curtis LeMay as his candidate for vice president. Wallace hoped to force
1080-521: A fine, reported to be around $ 60,000, for the violation. This resulted in the Director's Guild passing a new rule, known as "the Eastwood Rule", which prohibits an actor or producer from firing the director and then personally taking on the director's role. From then on, the film was directed by Eastwood himself with Daley as the second-in-command. With Kaufman's planning already in place, the team
1188-459: A gunfighter is over. Shane rides away to an uncertain future, possibly to die (he is wounded), and it is farmer Starrett ( Van Heflin ) and his family who endure. Fifteen years after Stevens's Shane , Sergio Leone directed Once Upon a Time in the West , a revisionist Western which completely subverts the traditional with complex characters and multiple plot devices, the key one being revenge –
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#17327879680581296-537: A life of farming when food prices were high. When his father died in 1937, his mother had to sell their farmland to pay existing mortgages . Wallace was raised as a Methodist . From age ten, Wallace was fascinated with politics. In 1935, he won a contest to serve as a page in the Alabama Senate , and confidently predicted that he would one day be governor. Wallace became a regionally successful boxer in high school, then went directly to law school in 1937 at
1404-541: A new perspective on the Western genre. Early examples of this sub-genre are Leone's A Fistful of Dollars , starring Clint Eastwood , and Corbucci's Minnesota Clay , starring Cameron Mitchell , both made in 1964. The revisionist and psychological Westerns have been carried forward from their own standard settings into the neo-Western , a notable of which is the Coen brothers ' No Country for Old Men (2007), based on
1512-780: A professor of history at Emory University in Atlanta , added: "George Wallace laid the foundation for the dominance of the Republican Party in American society through the manipulation of racial and social issues in the 1960s and 1970s. He was the master teacher, and Richard Nixon and the Republican leadership that followed were his students." Wallace considered Happy Chandler , the former baseball commissioner , two-term former governor of Kentucky and former Senator from Kentucky , as his running mate in his 1968 campaign as
1620-433: A reputation for fairness regardless of the race of the plaintiff. It was common practice at the time for judges in the area to refer to black lawyers by their first names, while their white colleagues were addressed formally as "Mister"; black lawyer J. L. Chestnut later said that "Judge George Wallace was the most liberal judge that I had ever practiced law in front of. He was the first judge in Alabama to call me 'Mister' in
1728-505: A separate and inferior race. In a 1963 letter to a social studies teacher, Wallace stated they were inclined to criminality – especially "atrocious acts ... such as rape, assault and murder" – because of a high incidence of venereal disease. Desegregation, he wrote, would lead to "intermarriage ... and eventually our race will be deteriated [sic] to that of the mongrel complexity." In 1938, at age 19, Wallace contributed to his grandfather's successful campaign for probate judge. Late in 1945, he
1836-646: A third of the vote running against three Johnson-designated surrogates. Wallace was known for stirring crowds with his oratory. The Huntsville Times interviewed Bill Jones, Wallace's first press secretary, who recounted "a particularly fiery speech in Cincinnati, Ohio in 1964 that scared even Wallace, [where he] angrily shouted to a crowd of 1,000 people that 'little Pinkos' were 'running around outside' protesting his visit, and continued, after thunderous applause, saying, 'When you and I start marching and demonstrating and carrying signs, we will close every highway in
1944-635: A third-party candidate; as one of Wallace's aides put it, "We have all the nuts in the country; we could get some decent people–-you working one side of the street and he working the other side." Wallace invited Chandler, but when the press published the prospect, Wallace's supporters objected; Chandler had supported the hiring of Jackie Robinson by the Brooklyn Dodgers . Wallace retracted the invitation, and (after considering Kentucky Fried Chicken founder Colonel Harland Sanders ) chose former Air Force General Curtis LeMay of California . LeMay
2052-439: A thousand times after 1963 – that he was a segregationist, not a racist." A reporter covering state politics in 1961 observed that, while other Alabama politicians conversed primarily about women and Alabama football, for Wallace "it was race – race, race, race – and every time that I was closeted alone with him, that's all we talked about." Wallace's preoccupation with race was based on his belief that black Americans comprised
2160-402: A traditional Western drifter riding across a traditional Western landscape but it is soon apparent that he has entered a complex setting which is populated by, as Kim Newman puts it, "believable characters with mixed motives". Even though rancher Ryker ( Emile Meyer ) is ostensibly the villain of the piece, he makes the point that he has striven for thirty years to develop the cattle range which
2268-609: Is fleeing to Mexico and suggests they do likewise. Wales subsequently rescues young Navajo woman Little Moonlight and kills another bounty hunter. Alongside Little Moonlight, Wales also rescues an elderly Kansan woman Sarah Turner and her granddaughter Laura Lee from marauding Comancheros . At the town of Santo Rio, two employees of Turner's dead son Tom, Travis and Chato, also join the group. Wales and his companions find Tom's abandoned ranch and settle down there. Discovering that Travis and Chato have been kidnapped by Comanche chief Ten Bears , Wales rides into his camp and negotiates
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#17327879680582376-710: Is generally agreed that there were hints of a darker perspective in some films of the 1930s such as Westward Ho (1935), directed by Robert N. Bradbury and starring John Wayne , in which the hero leads a band of vigilantes on a quest for revenge. Westward Ho is the earliest film in AllMovie 's list of revisionist Westerns. The earliest films classified by AllMovie as psychological Westerns are The Ox-Bow Incident and The Outlaw (both 1943). The Outlaw/Gunfighter sub-genre focused on outlaws and gunfighters as human beings rather than using them as stock characters, often dressed in black, as in traditional Westerns. The aim
2484-570: Is named for Wallace's first wife, Lurleen Burns Wallace . The University of South Alabama , a new state university in Mobile, was chartered in 1963 during Wallace's first year in office as governor. On November 15–20, 1963, in Dallas , Wallace announced his intention to oppose the incumbent president, John F. Kennedy, for the 1964 Democratic presidential nomination. Days later, also in Dallas, Kennedy
2592-535: Is no longer free, American, or honest. But you, Mr. Governor, have demonstrated not only by the overwhelming victories in the recent elections in your own state of Alabama, but also in the showing which you have made in states long dominated by cheap demagogues and selfish radicals that there is still in America love for freedom, hard common sense, and at least some hope for the preservation of our constitutional liberties. In 1964, Alabama Republicans stood to benefit from
2700-481: Is not exhaustive. It includes major films labelled revisionist Western, anti-Western, psychological Western, Indian Western, outlaw Western, gunfighter Western, or spaghetti Western. By 1970, revisionism had supplanted the traditional as the predominant Western sub-genre and so the list highlights the films released until then to illustrate the development of the concept. Subsequently, revisionist themes have prevailed in Western film production. Major releases from 1971 to
2808-411: Is now being taken over by fence-building " sodbusters ", many of whom have the mixed motives noted by Newman. Despite the complexity of its characters, Shane is nevertheless filmed in a conventional setting and ends with the hero outshooting and killing the three main villains. There is, however, an element of revisionism in the ending when the disillusioned Shane admits to Ryker that he knows his day as
2916-536: The 1972 Democratic presidential primaries , having moderated his stance on segregation. His campaign effectively ended when he was shot in Maryland by Arthur Bremer , and Wallace remained paralyzed below the waist for the rest of his life. Wallace won re-election as governor in 1974, and he once again unsuccessfully sought the Democratic presidential nomination in the 1976 Democratic presidential primaries . In
3024-701: The Academy Award for Original Music Score . In 1996, it was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry . It was also one of the few Western films to receive critical and commercial success in the 1970s at a time when the Western was thought to be dying as a major genre in Hollywood. Clint Eastwood says on
3132-534: The Confederate States of America . In his inaugural speech , Wallace said: In the name of the greatest people that have ever trod this Earth, I draw the line in the dust and toss the gauntlet before the feet of tyranny, and I say segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever. This sentence had been written by Wallace's new speechwriter, Ku Klux Klan leader Asa Earl Carter . In 1963, President John F. Kennedy 's administration ordered
3240-457: The House of Representatives to decide the election with one vote per state if he could obtain sufficient electoral votes to make him a power broker. Wallace hoped that Southern states could use their clout to end federal efforts at desegregation . His platform contained generous increases for beneficiaries of Social Security and Medicare . Wallace's foreign policy positions set him apart from
3348-628: The Jefferson Davis Hotel in Montgomery with Alabama Republican leader James D. Martin , who had narrowly lost the U.S. Senate election in 1962 to J. Lister Hill . Wallace and his aides sought to determine if Barry M. Goldwater , the forthcoming Republican presidential nominee who as a senator from Arizona had voted against the Civil Rights Act of 1964 on libertarian and constitutional grounds, would advocate repeal of
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3456-659: The Southern Democrats who were dissatisfied with the 1964 Civil Rights Act and the 1965 Voting Rights Act that were signed earlier in the decade by President Lyndon B. Johnson . However, some Democrats feared Wallace's appeal to organized blue-collar workers would damage Humphrey in Northern states such as Ohio, New Jersey and Michigan. Wallace ran a " law and order " campaign similar to Nixon's, further worrying Republicans. In Wallace's 1998 obituary, The Huntsville Times political editor John Anderson summarized
3564-591: The University of Alabama School of Law in Tuscaloosa . He was a member of the Delta Chi fraternity. It was at the University of Alabama that he crossed paths with future political adversary Frank Minis Johnson Jr. , who would go on to become a prominent liberal federal judge. Wallace also knew Chauncey Sparks , who became a conservative governor. These men had an effect on his personal politics reflecting
3672-558: The University of Alabama School of Law , and served in the United States Army Air Force during World War II . After the war, he won election to the Alabama House of Representatives , and served as a state judge. Wallace first sought the Democratic nomination in the 1958 Alabama gubernatorial election . Initially a moderate on racial issues, Wallace adopted a hard-line segregationist stance after losing
3780-479: The Western fiction. Called a post-classical variation of the traditional Western, the revisionist subverts the myth and romance of the traditional by means of character development and realism to present a less simplistic view of life in the " Old West ". While the traditional Western always embodies a clear boundary between good and evil , the revisionist Western does not. Revisionist themes have existed since
3888-584: The general election on November 8, 1966 . She was inaugurated in January 1967, but on May 7, 1968, she died in office of cancer at the age of 41, amid her husband's ongoing second presidential campaign. On her death, she was succeeded by Lieutenant Governor Albert Brewer , who had run without Republican opposition amid the Wallace–Martin races. George Wallace's influence in state government thus subsided until his next bid for election in his own right in 1970. He
3996-542: The 1948 general election, having rallied behind Governor Strom Thurmond of South Carolina. In his 1963 inaugural speech as governor, Wallace excused his failure to walk out of the 1948 convention on political grounds. In 1952, he became the Circuit Judge of the Third Judicial Circuit in Alabama. Here he became known as "the fighting little judge", a nod to his past boxing association. He gained
4104-545: The 1958 gubernatorial election. In 1958, Wallace ran in the Democratic primary for governor. Since the 1901 constitution's effective disfranchisement of Black Alabamians, the Democratic Party had been virtually the only party in Alabama. For all intents and purposes, the Democratic primary, which was a political crossroads for Wallace, was the only real contest at the state level. State Representative George C. Hawkins of Gadsden ran, but Wallace's main opponent
4212-442: The 1958 nomination. Wallace ran for governor again in 1962 , and won the race. Seeking to stop the racial integration of the University of Alabama , Wallace earned national notoriety by standing in front of the entrance of the University of Alabama, blocking the path of black students. Wallace left office when his first term expired in 1967 due to term limits. His wife, Lurleen , won the next election and succeeded him, with him as
4320-436: The 1999 DVD release that the movie is "certainly one of the high points of my career... in the Western genre of filmmaking". In 2011, Eastwood called The Outlaw Josey Wales an anti-war film . As for Josey Wales, I saw the parallels to the modern day at that time. Everybody gets tired of it, but it never ends. A war is a horrible thing, but it's also a unifier of countries... Man becomes his most creative during war. Look at
4428-760: The U.S. Army's 2nd Infantry Division from Fort Benning, Georgia to be prepared to enforce the racial integration of the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa. In a vain attempt to halt the enrollment of black students Vivian Malone and James Hood , Governor Wallace stood in front of Foster Auditorium at the University of Alabama on June 11, 1963. This became known as the " Stand in the Schoolhouse Door ". In September 1963, Wallace attempted to stop four black students from enrolling in four separate elementary schools in Huntsville . After intervention by
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4536-558: The U.S. House, Martin already had his eyes on Wallace's own position as governor. Term limits in the Alabama Constitution prevented Wallace from seeking a second term in 1966. Therefore, Wallace offered his wife, Lurleen Wallace , as a surrogate candidate for governor. In the Democratic primary, she defeated two former governors, Jim Folsom and John M. Patterson , Attorney General Richmond Flowers Sr. , and former U.S. Representative Carl Elliott . Largely through
4644-658: The United States presidency as a Democratic Party candidate three times, and once as an American Independent Party candidate, carrying five states in the 1968 election . Wallace opposed desegregation and supported the policies of " Jim Crow " during the Civil Rights Movement , declaring in his very controversial 1963 inaugural address that he stood for "segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever". Born in Clio, Alabama , Wallace attended
4752-594: The Vietnam War, he first said that America could win in Vietnam without them. However, he alarmed the audience by further commenting, "we [Americans] have a phobia about nuclear weapons. I think there may be times when it would be most efficient to use nuclear weapons." The "politically tone-deaf" LeMay became a drag on Wallace's candidacy for the remainder of the campaign. In 1968, Wallace pledged that "If some anarchist lies down in front of my automobile, it will be
4860-551: The Western as a way to represent Leftist doctrine in the second half of the 1960s, interpreting the conflict between Mexico and the U.S. through the lens of Italian politics. Leone popularized the morally ambivalent gunfighter through his representation of "The Man with No Name," Clint Eastwood's gritty anti-hero who was copied again and again in Spaghetti Westerns in characters such as Django and Ringo and which came to be one of its universal attributes. Beginning in
4968-411: The amount of weaponry that was made in four short years of World War II —the amount of ships and guns and tanks and inventions and planes and P-38s and P-51s , and just the urgency and the camaraderie, and the unifying. But that's kind of a sad statement on mankind, if that's what it takes. Informational notes Citations Revisionist Western The revisionist Western is a sub- genre of
5076-462: The blade through Terrill's chest, killing him. Returning to the town saloon , Wales discovers its patrons telling Fletcher, accompanied by two Texas Rangers , that an outlaw named Josey Wales was recently killed in Monterrey by five gunmen. The Rangers accept the story and leave, while Fletcher pretends not to recognize Wales and tells him he will go to Mexico himself to look for Wales and tell him
5184-454: The bushwhackers after they surrender, with Wales, Fletcher and fellow bushwhacker Jamie being the only survivors. Wales and Jamie flee, and Lane forces Fletcher to assist Terrill in hunting them down. A mortally wounded Jamie helps Wales kill two bounty hunters before dying. With a $ 5,000 bounty on his head, Wales flees to Texas . He meets elderly Cherokee man Lone Watie on the way, who informs Wales that Confederate General Joseph O. Shelby
5292-471: The character. This marked the beginning of a professional and domestic relationship between Eastwood and Locke that would span six films and last into the late 1980s. Ferris Webster was hired as the film's editor and Jerry Fielding as composer. In June 1975, it was announced that Eastwood would star in the film with a scheduled Bicentennial Celebration release. Principal photography began on October 6, 1975. A rift between Eastwood and Kaufman developed during
5400-405: The company threatened to dismiss him if he took a leave of absence to run for vice president. To keep LeMay on the ticket, Wallace backer and Texas oil tycoon H. L. Hunt set up a million-dollar fund to reimburse LeMay for any income lost in the campaign. Campaign aides tried to persuade LeMay to avoid questions relating to nuclear weapons, but when asked if he thought their use was necessary to win
5508-627: The country.' The audience leaped to its feet and headed for the exit", Jones said, "It shook Wallace. He quickly moved to calm them down." At graduation exercises in the spring of 1964 at Bob Jones University in Greenville, South Carolina , Wallace received an honorary doctorate. At the commencement, Bob Jones Jr. , read the following citation as a tribute to Wallace: Men who have fought for truth and righteousness have always been slandered, maligned, and misrepresented. The American press in its attacks upon Governor Wallace has demonstrated that it
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#17327879680585616-484: The de facto governor. Lurleen died of cancer in May 1968, ending Wallace's period of influence; her doctor had informed him of the cancer's diagnosis in 1961, but Wallace had not told his wife. Wallace challenged sitting president Lyndon B. Johnson in the 1964 Democratic presidential primaries , but Johnson prevailed in the race. In the 1968 presidential election , Wallace ran a third-party campaign in an attempt to force
5724-441: The desegregation guidelines and had sponsored a U.S. House amendment to forbid the placement of students and teachers on the basis of racial quotas. He predicted that Wallace's legislation would propel the issuance of a court order compelling immediate and total desegregation in all public schools. He also compared the new Alabama law to "another two-and-a-half-minute stand in the schoolhouse door". Lurleen Wallace defeated Martin in
5832-427: The early 1970s are particularly noted for their hyper-realistic photography and production design. Other films, such as those directed by Clint Eastwood , were made by professionals familiar with the Western as a criticism and expansion against and beyond the genre. Eastwood's The Outlaw Josey Wales ( 1976 ) and Unforgiven ( 1992 ) made use of strong supporting roles for women and Native Americans . This list
5940-551: The early 20th century but it was not until 1968, when the Hays Code restrictions were relaxed, that revisionism finally supplanted the traditional. Although many earlier Westerns are labelled as revisionist, the distinction between them is often blurred by variable themes and plot devices. Some are labelled psychological Westerns , which is closely related to and sometimes overlaps with the psychological drama and psychological thriller genres because of their focus on character, at
6048-436: The expense of the action and thrills that predominate in the traditional. Other revisionist films, in which action and adventure remain prominent, are labelled Indian Westerns or outlaw/gunfighter Westerns because, instead of the traditional hero , the protagonist is a Native American , an outlaw , or a gunfighter . The term anti-Western is generally used in reference to particularly gruesome and/or nihilistic examples of
6156-406: The film a 91% approval rating based on 44 reviews, with an average score of 8/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Recreating the essence of his iconic Man With No Name in a post-Civil War Western, director Clint Eastwood delivered the first of his great revisionist works of the genre." The film received a Metacritic rating of 69 based on 9 reviews. The Outlaw Josey Wales was nominated for
6264-408: The film inspired goodwill to other Native American chiefs such as Sitting Bull , Crazy Horse and Geronimo – as a result, "it became fashionable for Westerns to be pro-Indian". Many of the films were produced in the 1950s during the milieu of McCarthyism and attempted to strike back against blacklisting of the film industry at that time, notably High Noon (1952) starring Gary Cooper . By
6372-399: The film, and was originally titled The Rebel Outlaw: Josey Wales and later retitled Gone to Texas . The script was worked on by Sonia Chernus and producer Robert Daley at Malpaso, and Eastwood himself paid some of the money to obtain the screen rights. Michael Cimino and Philip Kaufman later oversaw the writing of the script, aiding Chernus. Kaufman wanted the film to stay as close to
6480-414: The filming. Kaufman insisted on filming with a meticulous attention to detail, which caused disagreements with Eastwood, not to mention the attraction the two shared towards Locke and apparent jealousy on Kaufman's part in regard to their emerging relationship. One evening, Kaufman insisted on finding a beer can as a prop to be used in a scene, but while he was absent, Eastwood ordered Surtees to quickly shoot
6588-540: The final script. The movie was shot in DeLuxe Color and Panavision . Kaufman cast Chief Dan George , who had been nominated for an Academy Award for Supporting Actor in Little Big Man , as the old Cherokee Lone Watie. Sondra Locke , also a previous Academy Award nominee, was cast by Eastwood against Kaufman's wishes as Laura Lee, the granddaughter of the old settler woman; at 32 she was a decade older than
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#17327879680586696-454: The floor." In the 1962 Democratic primary, Wallace finished first, ahead of State Senator Ryan DeGraffenried Sr. , and taking 35 percent of the vote. In the runoff, Wallace won the nomination with 55 percent of the vote. As no Republican filed to run, this all but assured Wallace of becoming the next governor. He won a crushing victory in the November general election , taking 96 percent of
6804-516: The former United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare . Wallace claimed that the law would thwart the national government from intervening in schools. Critics denounced Wallace's "political trickery" and expressed alarm at the potential forfeiture of federal funds. Republican gubernatorial candidate James D. Martin accused the Democrats of "playing politics with your children" and "neglecting academic excellence". Martin also opposed
6912-631: The genre. The spaghetti Westerns of the 1960s, not bound by the Hays Code, were strongly revisionist by presenting morally ambiguous stories featuring an anti-hero or a sympathetic villain . From 1969, revisionism has prevailed in Western film production. The traditional Western typically features a strong male lead character, often a lawman or cavalry officer, who takes direct action on behalf of supposedly civilized people against those deemed to be uncivilized ( see also : Civilizing mission ). The former are portrayed as honest townsfolk or travelers, and
7020-502: The ideologies of both leaders later during his time in office. He received a Bachelor of Laws degree in 1942. Early in 1943, Wallace was accepted for pilot training by the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF). Soon afterwards Wallace contracted life-threatening spinal meningitis , but prompt medical attention with sulfa drugs saved his life. Left with partial hearing loss and permanent nerve damage, he
7128-498: The impact from the 1968 campaign: "His startling appeal to millions of alienated white voters was not lost on Richard Nixon and other Republican strategists. First Nixon, then Ronald Reagan , and finally George Herbert Walker Bush successfully adopted toned-down versions of Wallace's anti-busing, anti-federal government platform to pry low- and middle-income whites from the Democratic New Deal coalition." Dan Carter,
7236-413: The last automobile he will ever lie down in front of" and asserted that the only four letter words that hippies did not know were "w-o-r-k" and "s-o-a-p." Responding to criticism of the former comment, Wallace later elaborated that he meant such a protester would be punished under the law, not run over. This type of rhetoric became famous. He accused Humphrey and Nixon of wanting to radically desegregate
7344-697: The late 1960s, independent filmmakers produced revisionist and hallucinogenic films, later retroactively identified as the separate but related subgenre of " acid Westerns ,” that radically turn the usual trappings of the Western genre inside out to critique both capitalism and the counterculture . Monte Hellman 's The Shooting and Ride in the Whirlwind (1966), Alejandro Jodorowsky 's El Topo ( 1970 ), Roland Klick 's Deadlock (1970), Robert Downey Sr. 's Greaser's Palace ( 1972 ), Alex Cox 's Walker ( 1987 ), and Jim Jarmusch 's Dead Man ( 1995 ) fall into this category. Films made during
7452-462: The late 1970s, Wallace announced that he became a born-again Christian , and moderated his views on race, renouncing his past support for segregation. Wallace left office in 1979, but re-entered politics and won election to a fourth, and final, term as governor in 1982. Wallace is the third longest-serving governor in U.S. history , having served 5,848 days in office. George Corley Wallace Jr.
7560-484: The latter as outlaws or hostile Native Americans . In the revisionist Western, the traditional format and themes are subverted by such devices as the Native American protagonist; strong female characters ; the outlaw protagonist; plots that are pre-eminently concerned with survival in a wild environment; or the presentation of a morally ambiguous storyline without definite heroes, these often featuring
7668-439: The law, particularly the public accommodations and equal employment sections. Bill Jones indicated that Wallace agreed with Goldwater's anti-communist stance but opposed the Republican's proposal to make Social Security a voluntary program. Jones stressed that Wallace had sacrificed his own presidential aspirations that year to allow a direct Republican challenge to President Johnson. It was later disclosed that Wallace proposed at
7776-436: The meeting with Martin to switch parties if he could be named as Goldwater's running-mate, a designation later given to U.S. Representative William E. Miller of New York . Goldwater reportedly rejected the overture because he considered Wallace to be a racist. The unpledged electors in Alabama included the future U.S. senator, James Allen , then the lieutenant governor , and the subsequent Governor Albert Brewer , then
7884-573: The most successful directors were Italian, resulting in these films being known by the misnomer Spaghetti Western. Leone is often credited with initiating the growth of these co-produced European Westerns as he played a seminal role due to the financial success of A Fistful of Dollars. Scholars such as Austin Fisher have begun to pay attention to how in this popular genre Italian directors such as Damiano Damiani , Sergio Sollima and Sergio Corbucci , in responding to international and national events, chose
7992-486: The motive of enigmatic gunfighter Harmonica ( Charles Bronson ). As in Shane , it is not the gunfighters who "inherit the West" but in this case the compassionate town-building ex-prostitute Jill ( Claudia Cardinale ). By the end of the film, all of the antagonists except Harmonica are dead and, like Shane, he rides away to an uncertain future. Opinion is divided on the origin of the revisionist or psychological Western but it
8100-522: The novel as possible in style and retained many of the mannerisms in Wales's character which Eastwood would display on screen, such as his distinctive diction with words like "reckon", "hoss" (instead of "horse"), and "ye" (instead of "you") and spitting tobacco juice on animals and victims. The characters of Wales, the Cherokee chief, Navajo woman, and the old settler woman and her daughter all appeared in
8208-672: The novel. On the other hand, Kaufman was less happy with the novel's political stance; he felt that it had been "written by a crude fascist" and that "the man's hatred of government was insane". He also felt that element of the script needed to be severely toned down, but he later said, "Clint didn't, and it was his film". Kaufman was later fired by Eastwood, who took over the film's direction himself. Cinematographer Bruce Surtees , James Fargo , and Fritz Manes scouted for locations and eventually found sites in Page, Arizona , Tucson, Arizona , Kanab, Utah and Oroville, California even before they saw
8316-541: The other candidates in the field. "If the Vietnam War was not winnable within 90 days of his taking office, Wallace pledged an immediate withdrawal of U.S. troops ... Wallace described foreign aid as money 'poured down a rat hole' and demanded that European and Asian allies pay more for their defense." Richard Nixon feared that Wallace might split the conservative vote and allow the Democratic nominee, Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey , to prevail. He mostly attracted
8424-568: The populist candidacies of Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan . Jack Newfield wrote in 1971 that Wallace "recently has been sounding like William Jennings Bryan as he attacked concentrated wealth in his speeches". The principal achievement of Wallace's first term was an innovation in Alabama industrial development that several other states later copied: he was the first Southern governor to travel to corporate headquarters in northern states to offer tax abatements and other incentives to companies willing to locate plants in Alabama. He also initiated
8532-457: The present include: George Wallace George Corley Wallace Jr. (August 25, 1919 – September 13, 1998) was the 45th governor of Alabama , serving from 1963 to 1967, again from 1971 to 1979, and finally from 1983 to 1987. He is remembered for his staunch segregationist and populist views. During Wallace's tenure as governor of Alabama, he promoted "industrial development, low taxes, and trade schools ." Wallace unsuccessfully sought
8640-506: The return of the two men; an impressed Ten Bears becomes blood brothers with Wales. A bounty hunter whose partner was killed by Wales at Santo Rio guides Terrill and his men to the town. On the following morning, Terrill's men launch a surprise attack on the ranch, but Wales' companions manage to gun them all down. A wounded and ammunitionless Wales follows the fleeing Terrill back to Santo Rio, where he corners him. A wounded Terrill attempts to draw his sabre but Wales grabs his hand and forces
8748-551: The scene as light was fading and then drove away, leaving before Kaufman had returned. On October 24, 1975, Kaufman was fired at Eastwood's command by producer Bob Daley. The sacking caused an outrage amongst the Directors Guild of America and other important Hollywood executives, since the director had already worked hard on the film, including completing all of the pre-production. Pressure mounted on Warner Bros. and Eastwood to back down, and their refusal to do so resulted in
8856-557: The screening. Time magazine named the film one of the year's top 10. Roger Ebert compared the nature and vulnerability of Eastwood's portrayal of Josey Wales with his " Man with No Name " character in the Dollars Trilogy and praised the atmosphere of the film. On The Merv Griffin Show , Orson Welles lauded the film, calling Eastwood "one of America's finest directors". Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes retrospectively gave
8964-407: The so-called anti-hero or a sympathetic villain . The object is to blur the traditionally clear boundaries between "right" and "wrong" (the "good guy" against the "bad guy") by emphasizing the need for survival amidst ambiguity. The traditional Western treats characters in simplistic terms as good or bad with minimal character development . The psychological Western, which began in the 1940s and
9072-479: The state House Speaker. National Democrats balked over Johnson's exclusion from the ballot, but most supported the unpledged slate, which competed directly with the Republican electors. As The Tuscaloosa News explained, loyalist electors would have offered a clearer choice to voters than did the unpledged slate. The 1964 Republican electors were the first since Reconstruction to prevail in Alabama. The Goldwater-Miller slate received 479,085 votes (69.5 percent) to
9180-783: The time of the loosening, and later abandonment, of the restrictive Hays Code in the 1960s, many directors of the New Hollywood generation such as Sam Peckinpah , George Roy Hill , and Robert Altman focused on the Western and each produced their own classics in the genre, including Peckinpah's The Wild Bunch (1969), Hill's Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (1969), and Altman's McCabe & Mrs. Miller (1971). Meanwhile, European directors such as Sergio Leone and Sergio Corbucci had been making Western films unencumbered by American expectations nor Hays Code inspired censorship, and these spaghetti Westerns also provided
9288-588: The traditional Western, are nearly always the enemy of the "heroic" white settlers and cavalry. In the Indian Western, roles can be reversed with peaceful Native Americans driven to fight against white aggression. Usually, however, the Native American hero or heroine is played by brownface whites such as Burt Lancaster and Jean Peters in Apache (1954). In Dances With Wolves , the female lead
9396-491: The unintended consequences of two developments: (1) Governor Wallace vacating the race for the Democratic presidential nomination against President Johnson, and (2) the designation of unpledged Democratic electors in Alabama, in effect removing President Johnson from the general election ballot. Prior to the 1964 Republican National Convention in San Francisco , Wallace and his aides Bill Jones and Seymore Trammell met in
9504-562: The unpledged electors' 209,848 (30.5 percent). The Republican tide also brought to victory five Republican members of the United States House of Representatives , including William Louis Dickinson , who held the Montgomery-based district seat until 1993, and James D. Martin, the Gadsden oil products dealer who defeated then State Senator George C. Hawkins for the U.S. House seat formerly held by Carl Elliott . Hardly yet sworn into
9612-427: The vote. As noted above, Democratic dominance had been achieved by disenfranchising most blacks and many poor whites in the state for decades, which lasted until years after federal civil rights legislation was passed in 1964 and 1965. Wallace took the oath of office on January 14, 1963, standing on the gold star marking the spot where, nearly 102 years earlier, Jefferson Davis was sworn in as provisional president of
9720-436: The wake of his defeat, Wallace adopted a hard-line segregationist stance and used this stance to court the white vote in the next gubernatorial election in 1962. When a supporter asked why he started using racist messages, Wallace replied, "You know, I tried to talk about good roads and good schools and all these things that have been part of my career, and nobody listened. And then I began talking about niggers, and they stomped
9828-411: The war is over. Wales responds by stating that "I reckon so. I guess we all died a little in that damned war" before riding off into the sunset. The Outlaw Josey Wales was inspired by a 1972 novel by supposedly-Cherokee writer Forrest Carter, alias of former KKK Leader and segregationist speech writer of George Wallace , Asa Earl Carter , an identity that would be exposed in part due to the success of
9936-695: The wife and son of Missouri farmer Josey Wales are murdered by pro-Union paramilitaries led by the brutal Captain Terrill. After burying their corpses, Wales seeks vengeance for his family by joining a group of Confederate bushwhackers under the command of William T. Anderson , attacking the Union Army and pro-Union sympathizers. After the war ends in 1865, Wales' superior Captain Fletcher persuades his men to surrender, having been promised amnesty by Union General Jim Lane . However, Terrill's men massacre
10044-579: The work of Cormac McCarthy , an author known for writing revisionist Western literature, such as the novel Blood Meridian . European countries, which had imported Western productions since their silent film inception, began creating their own versions and, in 1964, Sergio Leone's A Fistful of Dollars became an international hit initiating the spaghetti Western filone. Although they were mostly shot in Spanish locations, featured U.S. actors, and were co-produced by European and U.S. producers, many of
10152-521: The work of Wallace's supporters, the Alabama restriction on gubernatorial succession was later modified to allow two consecutive terms. Wallace defended his wife's proxy candidacy. He felt somewhat vindicated when Republicans in Idaho denied renomination in 1966 to Governor Robert E. Smylie , author of the article entitled "Why I Feel Sorry for Lurleen Wallace". In his memoirs, Wallace recounts his wife's ability to "charm crowds" and cast-off invective: "I
10260-585: Was Attorney General of Alabama John M. Patterson , who ran with the support of the Ku Klux Klan , an organization Wallace had spoken out against. Despite being endorsed by the NAACP , Wallace lost the nomination by over 34,400 votes. After the election, aide Seymore Trammell recalled Wallace saying, "Seymore, you know why I lost that governor's race? ... I was outniggered by John Patterson. And I'll tell you here and now, I will never be outniggered again." In
10368-474: Was Mary McDonnell playing a white who had been raised by the Lakota . There had been earlier films which portrayed Native Americans sympathetically, but the breakthrough for this sub-genre was Broken Arrow (1950), directed by Delmer Daves and starring James Stewart , with Jeff Chandler as Cochise . Kim Newman wrote that Chandler's performance established Cochise as "the 1950s model of an Indian hero" and
10476-579: Was assassinated , and Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson succeeded him as president. Building upon his notoriety after the University of Alabama controversy, Wallace entered the Democratic primaries in 1964 on the advice of a public relations expert from Wisconsin. Wallace campaigned strongly by expressing his opposition to integration and a tough approach on crime. In Democratic primaries in Wisconsin, Indiana, and Maryland, Wallace garnered at least
10584-555: Was "first gentleman" for less than a year and a half. Planning for Wallace's 1968 presidential campaign began with a strategy session on the evening of the March 1967 inauguration of Lurleen Wallace. The meeting featured prominent white supremacists and anti-Semites, including: Asa Carter; William Simmons of the White Citizens' Council ; Dallas County Sheriff Jim Clark ; former Mississippi governor Ross Barnett ; Leander Perez ,
10692-500: Was able to finish making the film efficiently. Filming ended on December 6, 1975. "Eastwood is such a taciturn and action-oriented performer that it's easy to overlook the fact that he directs many of his movies—and many of the best, most intelligent ones. Here, with the moody, gloomily beautiful, photography of Bruce Surtees, he creates a magnificent Western feeling." Roger Ebert Upon release in August 1976, The Outlaw Josey Wales
10800-590: Was appointed as one of the assistant attorneys general of Alabama, and, in May 1946, he won his first election as a member to the Alabama House of Representatives . At the time, he was considered a moderate on racial issues. As a delegate to the 1948 Democratic National Convention , he did not join the Dixiecrat walkout at the convention, despite his opposition to U.S. President Harry S. Truman 's proposed civil rights program. Wallace considered it an infringement on states' rights . The Dixiecrats carried Alabama in
10908-449: Was born in Clio, Alabama , to George Corley Wallace Sr. and Mozelle Smith. Since his parents disliked the designation "Junior", he was called "George C.", to distinguish him from his father, George Corley Sr., and paternal grandfather, the physician George Oscar Wallace, who was called "Doc Wallace". He had two younger brothers, Gerald and Jack, and a younger sister named Marianne. During World War I , Wallace's father left college to pursue
11016-550: Was commanded by General Curtis LeMay , who was his running mate in the 1968 presidential race .) While some may argue that Wallace did not espouse racist views, most sources support the conclusion that he was motivated by racist ideology. For instance, one source on Wallace's career as a judge reports: "every black attorney who argued a case in Wallace's ... courtroom was struck by his fairness .... But no one who knew Wallace well ever took seriously his earnest profession – uttered
11124-573: Was considered instrumental in the establishment in 1947 of the United States Air Force and an expert in military affairs. His four-star military rank, experience at Strategic Air Command and presence advising President Kennedy during the Cuban Missile Crisis were considered foreign-policy assets to the Wallace campaign. By 1968, LeMay had retired and was serving as chairman of the board of an electronics company, but
11232-431: Was hugely popular through the 1950s and 1960s, prioritizes character development ahead of action whilst retaining most of the traditional aspects. For the most part, the psychological Western morphed into the revisionist Western as censorship restrictions were relaxed and removed in the 1960s. Shane (1953), directed by George Stevens , is a psychological Western. The title character ( Alan Ladd ) seems at first to be
11340-447: Was immensely proud of her, and it didn't hurt a bit to take a back seat to her in vote-getting ability." Wallace rebuffed critics who claimed that he had "dragooned" his wife into the race. "She loved every minute of being governor the same way ... that Mrs. (Margaret) Smith loves being senator." During the 1966 campaign, George Wallace signed state legislation to nullify desegregation guidelines between Alabama cities and counties and
11448-580: Was instead trained as a flight engineer . During 1945, as a member of a B-29 crew with 468th Bombardment Group , stationed in the Mariana Islands as part of the Twentieth Air Force , Wallace took part in air raids on Japan and reached the rank of staff sergeant . In mid-1945, Wallace received an early discharge on medical grounds, due to "severe anxiety", and a 10% disability pension for "psychoneurosis". (The Twentieth Air Force
11556-471: Was to examine the impact of gunfights on the participants by revealing their neuroses and redeeming characteristics. AllMovie's earliest films of this type are two silents: The Road Agent (1926), directed by J. P. McGowan and starring Al Hoxie ; and Jesse James (1927), directed by Lloyd Ingraham and starring Fred Thomson . In a similar vein, the Indian Western seeks to reverse negative stereotypes by sympathetic portrayal of Native Americans who, in
11664-721: Was widely acclaimed by critics, many of whom saw Eastwood's role as an iconic one, relating it with much of America's ancestral past and the destiny of the nation after the American Civil War. The film was pre-screened at the Sun Valley Center for the Arts and Humanities in Idaho in a six-day conference entitled Western Movies: Myths and Images . Academics such as Bruce Jackson, critics such as Jay Cocks and Arthur Knight and directors such as King Vidor , Henry King, William Wyler and Howard Hawks were invited to
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