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56-456: The English Hymnal is a hymn book which was published in 1906 for the Church of England by Oxford University Press . It was edited by the clergyman and writer Percy Dearmer and the composer and music historian Ralph Vaughan Williams , and was a significant publication in the history of Anglican church music . The preface to the hymnal describes itself as "a collection of the best hymns in

112-596: A Gospel to be read on each day. Other known witnesses of the Christian Jerusalem-Rite Lectionary are those preserved in Georgian , Caucasian Albanian language , and Armenian translations (6th to 8th centuries CE). Those churches (Eastern Orthodox and Byzantine Catholic) which follow the Rite of Constantinople , provide an epistle and Gospel reading for most days of the year, to be read at

168-635: A collection of scripture readings appointed for Christian or Jewish worship on a given day or occasion. There are sub-types such as a "gospel lectionary" or evangeliary , and an epistolary with the readings from the New Testament Epistles . By the Medieval era the Jewish community had a standardized schedule of scripture readings from both the Torah and the prophets to be read in

224-606: A denominational hymnal but was well-received by choirs. Mason's famous hymns, which were also included in Southern tunebooks, appeared later editions or publications: Laban ("My soul, be on thy guard;" 1830), Hebron ("Thus far the Lord hath led me on," 1830), Boylston ("My God, my life, my love," 1832), Shawmut ("Oh that I could repent! 1835") Bethany (" Nearer, My God, to Thee ", as sung in the United States) (1856). In England,

280-603: A description attributed to Vaughan-Williams himself. A supplement to the hymnal, English Praise , was published in 1975. The New English Hymnal appeared in 1986, and its supplement, New English Praise in 2006, both under the imprint of the Canterbury Press, now SCM Canterbury Press . The Revised English Hymnal was published on 29 November 2023. Hymnal Hymnals are omnipresent in churches but are not often discussed; nevertheless, liturgical scholar Massey H. Shepherd once observed: "In all periods of

336-668: A one-year lectionary consisting of a limited selection of sacred readings from the Scriptures. The reason to these limited selections is to maintain consistency, as is a true feature in the Roman Rite. There is one reading to be proclaimed before the Gospel, either taken from the Old Testament (referred to as Lesson) or from the letters of Saint Paul, Saint John, or Saint Peter (referred to as Epistle). The Lesson (or Epistle)

392-620: A three-year cycle, with four passages from Scripture (including one from the Psalms ) being used in each celebration, while on weekdays only three passages (again including one from the Psalms) are used, with the first reading and the psalm recurring in a two-year cycle, while the Gospel reading recurs after a single year. This revised Mass Lectionary, covering much more of the Bible than the readings in

448-517: A two-year cycle for the weekday mass readings (called Cycle I and Cycle II). Odd-numbered years are Cycle I; even-numbered ones are Cycle II. The weekday lectionary includes a reading from the Old Testament, Acts, Revelation, or the Epistles; a responsorial Psalm ; and a reading from one of the Gospels. These readings are generally shorter than those appointed for use on Sundays. The pericopes for

504-517: A virgin market in the Methodist and Baptist revival movement . Singing in these camp meetings was chaotic because multiple tunes were sung simultaneously for any given hymn text. Since he lacked musical training , Wyeth employed Elkanah Kelsey Dare to collect tunes and edit them. Wyeth's Repository of Music, Part Second (1813) included 41 folk tunes, the first printed in America. This was also

560-656: Is contained in a book called the Epistolarium , a liturgical book containing the epistles that were to be said or sung by a subdeacon at a solemn High Mass. The Gospels are contained in a book called Evangeliarium , or more recently called as "Book of the Gospels", that were to be said or sung by a deacon at a solemn High Mass. However, the Ambrosian Rite and the Mozarabic Rite has two Readings to be proclaimed, called Prophetia and Epistola . After

616-723: Is sometimes associated with the high-church or Anglo-Catholic movement within Anglicanism . When the book was published, high and broad churches used Hymns Ancient and Modern and evangelical churches normally used the Hymnal Companion to the Book of Common Prayer . The hymnal has, however, been adopted not only in various movements of Anglicanism but also in several other denominations in Britain, such as some Roman Catholic churches. A new edition of The English Hymnal

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672-789: Is still used by the Amish , making it the oldest hymnal in continuous use. The first hymnal of the Lutheran Reformation was Achtliederbuch , followed by the Erfurt Enchiridion . An important hymnal of the 17th century was Praxis pietatis melica . Market forces rather than denominational control have characterized the history of hymnals in the thirteen colonies and the antebellum United States; even today, denominations must yield to popular tastes and include "beloved hymns" such as Amazing Grace and Come Thou Fount of Every Blessing , in their hymnals, regardless of whether

728-835: Is the basis for many Protestant lectionaries, most notably the Revised Common Lectionary (RCL) and its derivatives, as organized by the Consultation on Common Texts (CCT) organization located in Nashville, Tennessee . Like the Mass lectionary, they generally organize the readings for worship services on Sundays in a three-year cycle, with four elements on each Sunday, and three elements during daily Mass : The lectionaries (both Catholic and RCL versions) are organized into three-year cycles of readings. The years are designated A , B , or C . Each yearly cycle begins on

784-676: The Te Deum go back much further. The Reformation in the 16th century, together with the growing popularity of moveable type , quickly made hymnals a standard feature of Christian worship in all major denominations of Western and Central Europe. The first known printed hymnal was issued in 1501 in Prague by Czech Brethren (a small radical religious group of the Bohemian Reformation ) but it contains only texts of sacred songs. The Ausbund , an Anabaptist hymnal published in 1564,

840-594: The Bible . The annual cycle of the Gospels is composed of four series: The interruption of the reading of the Gospel of Matthew after the Elevation of the Holy Cross is known as the "Lukan Jump". The jump occurs only in the Gospel readings, there is no corresponding jump in the epistles. From this point on the epistle and Gospel readings do not exactly correspond, the epistles continuing to be determined according to

896-629: The Divine Liturgy ; however, during Great Lent there is no celebration of the liturgy on weekdays (Monday through Friday), so no epistle and Gospel are appointed for those days. As a historical note, the Greek lectionaries are a primary source for the Byzantine text-type used in the scholarly field of textual criticism . The Gospel readings are found in what Orthodoxy usually calls a Gospel Book ( Evangélion ), although in strict English terms

952-903: The Menaion , Triodion or Pentecostarion . During Great Lent, parables are read every day at vespers and at the Sixth Hour . These parables are found in the Triodion. In the Jacobite Syriac Churches , the lectionary begins with the liturgical calendar year on Qudosh `Idto (the Sanctification of the Church), which falls on the eighth Sunday before Christmas. Both the Old and the New Testament books are read except

1008-590: The Missouri Harmony (1820) of Allen D. Carden. and the Southern Harmony (1835) of William Walker drew attention to the fact that they contained regional folk songs for singing in two, three, or four parts. A new direction was taken by B. F. White with the publication of the Sacred Harp (1844): whereas others had gone on to produce a series of tunebooks, White stopped at one, then spent

1064-818: The Second Vatican Council of 1962–1965, the Holy See , even before producing an actual lectionary (in Latin ), promulgated the Ordo Lectionum Missae (Order of the Readings for Mass), giving indications of the revised structure and the references to the passages chosen for inclusion in the new official lectionary of the Roman Rite of Mass . It introduced an arrangement by which the readings on Sundays and on some principal feasts recur in

1120-578: The Tridentine Roman Missal , which recurred after a single year, has been translated into the many languages in which the Roman Rite Mass is now celebrated, incorporating existing or specially prepared translations of the Bible and with readings for national celebrations added either as an appendix or, in some cases, incorporated into the main part of the lectionary. The Roman Catholic Mass Lectionary as revised after Vatican II

1176-531: The synagogue . A sequential selection was read from the Torah , followed by the " haftarah " – a selection from the prophetic books or historical narratives (e.g. "Judges", "Kings", etc.) closely linked to the selection from the Torah. Jesus may have read a providentially "random" reading when he read from Isaiah 61:1 - 2 , as recorded in Luke 4:16–21 , when he inaugurated his public ministry. The early Christians adopted

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1232-503: The "Ancient" in the title referring to the appearance of Phos Hilaron , translated from Greek by John Keble , and many hymns translated from Latin. This was a game-changer. The Hymns Ancient and Modern experienced immediate and overwhelming success. Total sales in 150 years were over 170 million copies. As such, it set the standard for many later hymnals on both sides of the Atlantic. English-speaking Lutherans in America began singing

1288-466: The Church's history, the theology of the people has been chiefly molded by their hymns." Since the twentieth century, singer-songwriter hymns have become common, but in previous centuries, generally poets wrote the words, and musicians wrote the tunes. The texts are known and indexed by their first lines ("incipits") and the hymn tunes are given names, sometimes geographical (the tune "New Britain" for

1344-457: The English language." Much of the contents was used for the first time at St Mary's, Primrose Hill , in north London, and the hymnbook could be considered a musical companion to The Parson's Handbook , Dearmer's 1899 manifesto on English church ceremonial, vestments and furnishings. The high quality of the music is due largely to the work of Vaughan Williams as musical editor. The standard of

1400-400: The Gospels is used for the final reading. The lectionary is not to be confused with a missal , gradual or sacramentary . While the lectionary contains scripture readings, the missal or sacramentary contains the appropriate prayers for the service, and the gradual contains chants for use on any particular day. In particular, the gradual contains a responsory which may be used in place of

1456-418: The Greek ones are in the form of an Evangeliary , and an Epistle Book ( Apostól ). There are differences in the precise arrangement of these books between the various national churches. In the Byzantine practice, the readings are in the form of pericopes (selections from scripture containing only the portion actually chanted during the service), and are arranged according to the order in which they occur in

1512-573: The Jewish custom of reading extracts from the Old Testament on the Sabbath. They soon added extracts from the writings of the Apostles and Evangelists. Both Hebrew and Christian lectionaries developed over the centuries. Typically, a lectionary will go through the scriptures in a logical pattern, and also include selections which were chosen by the religious community for their appropriateness to particular occasions. The one-year Jewish lectionary reads

1568-739: The New Testament are prescribed for each Sunday and Feast day. The New Testament readings include a reading from Acts, another from the Catholic Epistles or the Pauline Epistles , and a third reading from one of the Gospels . During Christmas and Easter a fourth lesson is added for the evening service . The readings reach a climax with the approach of the week of the Crucifixion. Through Lent lessons are recited twice

1624-787: The Russian Church has begun the process of returning to the use of the Lukan Jump. Similarly to the Gospel Cycle, Epistle readings follow this plan although some exceptions vary: Other services have scriptural readings also. There is a Gospel lesson at Matins on Sundays and feast days. These are found in the Evangelion . There are also readings from the Old Testament , called "parables" ( paroemia ), which are read at vespers on feast days. These parables are found in

1680-594: The arrangements and original compositions made it a landmark in English hymnody and one of the most influential hymnals of the 20th century. The hymnal included the first printing of several arrangements and hymn settings by Vaughan Williams. Among the most famous are Sine Nomine , a new tune to For All the Saints ; and Ye Watchers and Ye Holy Ones , a new text for the hymn tune Lasst uns erfreuen . The hymnal also includes many plainsong melodies (in both plainsong and modernised notation). After its publication, use of

1736-581: The birth of the "folk hymn": the use of a folk tune, collected and harmonized by a trained musician, printed with a hymn text. "Nettleton," the tune used in North America to sing "Come Thou Fount" (words written in 1758), first appeared here. Southerners identified with folk hymns of Wyeth's 1813 Part Second and collected more: the titles of Kentucky Harmony (1816) of Ananias Davisson , the Tennessee Harmony (1818) of Alexander Johnson,

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1792-405: The books of Revelation , Song of Solomon , and I and II Maccabees . Scripture readings are assigned for Sundays and feast days, for each day of Lent and Holy Week, for raising people to various offices of the Church, for the blessing of Holy Oil and various services such as baptisms and funerals. Generally, three Old Testament lections , a selection from the prophets , and three readings from

1848-516: The church year, beginning with the Sunday of Pascha (Easter), and continuing throughout the entire year, concluding with Holy Week . Then follows a section of readings for the commemorations of saints and readings for special occasions ( baptism , funeral , etc.). In the Slavic practice, the biblical books are reproduced in their entirety and arranged in the canonical order in which they appear in

1904-587: The entirety of the Torah within the space of a year and may have begun in the Babylonian Jewish community; the three-year Jewish lectionary seems to trace its origin to the Jewish community in and around the Holy Land. Within Christianity, the use of pre-assigned, scheduled readings from the scriptures can be traced back to the early church , and seems to have developed out of the practices of

1960-520: The first Sunday of Advent (the Sunday between 27 November and 3 December inclusive). Year B follows year A, year C follows year B, then back again to A. The Gospel of John is read throughout Easter , and is used for other liturgical seasons including Advent , Christmas , and Lent where appropriate. In Year B, chapter 6 of John's Gospel is read on the 17th to the 21st Sundays of Ordinary Time (ninth to thirteenth Sundays after Trinity), during July and August. The Roman Catholic lectionary includes

2016-629: The first reading along with the psalms are arranged in a two-year cycle. The Gospels are arranged so that portions of all four are read every year. This weekday lectionary has also been adapted by some denominations with congregations that celebrate daily Eucharistic services. It has been published in the Episcopal Church's Lesser Feasts and Fasts and in the Anglican Church of Canada 's Book of Alternative Services (among others). This eucharistic lectionary should not be confused with

2072-490: The growing popularity of hymns inspired the publication of more than 100 hymnals during the period 1810–1850. The sheer number of these collections prevented any one of them from being successful. In 1861, members of the Oxford Movement published Hymns Ancient and Modern under the musical supervision of William Henry Monk , with 273 hymns. For the first time, translations from languages other than Hebrew appeared,

2128-596: The hymnal had been banned for a time by the Archbishop of Canterbury . Ultimately, The English Hymnal , along with the Church Hymnal for the Christian Year , "undermined the uniformity of the Church of England and successfully challenged [the] hegemony" of Hymns Ancient and Modern , of which a new and revised edition had been published two years previous. The book is a characteristic green colour and

2184-460: The incipit " Amazing Grace , how sweet the sound"). The hymnal editors curate the texts and the tunes. They may take a well-known tune and associate it with new poetry, or edit the previous text; hymnal committees are typically staffed by both poets and musicians. Some hymnals are produced by church bodies and others by commercial publishers. In large denominations, the hymnal may be part of a coordinated publication project that involves several books:

2240-469: The metrical translations of German chorales by Catherine Winkworth and Jane Laurie Borthwick , and rediscovered their heritage. Although closely associated with the Church of England , Hymns Ancient and Modern was a private venture by a committee, called the Proprietors, chaired by Sir Henry Baker . Lectionary A lectionary ( Latin : lectionarium ) is a book or listing that contains

2296-595: The middle of September can be understood. The reasoning is theological and is based on a vision of Salvation History: the Conception of the Forerunner constitutes the first step of the New Economy, as mentioned in the stikhera of the matins of this feast. The Evangelist Luke is the only one to mention this Conception ( Luke 1:5–24 ). In Russia, the use of the Lukan Jump vanished; however, in recent decades,

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2352-401: The moveable Paschal cycle and the Gospels being influenced by the fixed cycle. The Lukan Jump is related to the chronological proximity of the Elevation of the Cross to the Conception of the Forerunner (St. John the Baptist ), celebrated on 23 September. In late Antiquity , this feast marked the beginning of the ecclesiastical New Year. Thus, beginning the reading of the Lukan Gospel toward

2408-409: The one provided in the 1979 Book of Common Prayer. In some churches, the lectionary is carried in the entrance procession by a lector . In the Catholic Church, the Book of the Gospels is carried in by a deacon (when there is no deacon, a lector might process in with the Book of the Gospels). When the Book of the Gospels is used, the first two readings are read from the lectionary, while the Book of

2464-647: The pew hymnal proper; an accompaniment version (e.g. using a ring binder so that individual hymns can be removed and sit nicely on a music stand); a leader's guide (e.g. matching hymns to lectionary readings); and a hymnal companion, providing descriptions about the context, origin and character of each hymn, with a focus on their poets and composers. In some hymnals, the front section is occupied by service music, such as doxologies, three-fold and seven-fold amens, or entire orders of worship ( Gradual , Alleluia , etc.). A section of responsorial psalms may also be included. Hymnals usually contain one or more indexes; some of

2520-523: The present day, and Walker's Christian Harmony , published in 1866, with the first convention organized in 1875 (43 all-day singings in 2010); the Kentucky Harmony was republished in altered form as the Shenandoah Harmony in 2010, reviving the world of predominantly minor key melodies and unusual tonalities of Davisson's work. In the North, the " Better Music Boys ," cultivated musicians such as Lowell Mason and Thomas Hastings who turned to Europe for musical inspiration, introduced musical education into

2576-525: The psalms" in general, was served by hymnals for West gallery singing imported from England. William Billings of Boston took the first step beyond West Gallery music in publishing The New-England Psalm-Singer (1770), the first book in which tunes were entirely composed by an American. The tune-books of Billings and other Yankee tunesmiths were widely sold by itinerant singing-school teachers. The song texts were predominantly drawn from English metrical psalms , particularly those of Isaac Watts . All of

2632-505: The publications of these tunesmiths (also called "First New England School") were essentially hymnals. In 1801, the tunebook market was greatly expanded by the invention of shape notes , which made it easier to learn how to read music. John Wyeth , a Unitarian printer in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania , who had apprenticed in Boston during the emergence of the First New England School, began to publish tunebooks in 1810 in German and English for various sectarian groups (but not Unitarians). He saw

2688-503: The responsorial psalm. See: Book of Common Prayer . In the Eastern Churches ( Eastern Orthodox , Oriental Orthodox , Eastern Catholic , the Assyrian Church of the East , Ancient Church of the East , and those bodies not in communion with any of them but still practicing eastern liturgical customs) tend to retain the use of a one-year lectionary in their liturgy. Different churches follow different liturgical calendars (to an extent). Most Eastern lectionaries provide for an epistle and

2744-430: The rest of his life building an organization, modeled on church conventions, to organize singing events, with the result that the Sacred Harp continues as a living tradition to the present. The other tunebooks eventually yielded to denominational hymnals that became pervasive with the development of railroad networks, with the exception of the Southern Harmony, for which there is an annual singing in Benton, Kentucky to

2800-443: The same time, few other books are so well memorized. Singers often have the song number of their favorite hymns memorized, as well as the words of other hymns. In this sense, a hymnal is the intersection of advanced literate culture with the persistent survival or oral traditions into the present day. The earliest hand-written hymnals are from the Middle Ages in the context of European Christianity , although individual hymns such as

2856-452: The school system, and emphasized the use of organs, choirs, and "special music." In the long term this resulted in a decline of congregational singing. On the other hand, they also composed hymns that could be sung by everybody. Mason's The Handel and Haydn Society Collection of Church Music (1822) was published by the Handel and Haydn Society of Boston while Mason was still living in Savannah ; nobody else would publish it. This never became

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2912-422: The second temple period. The earliest documentary record of a special book of readings is a reference by Gennadius of Massilia to a work produced by Musaeus of Marseilles at the request of Bishop Venerius of Marseilles , who died in 452, though there are 3rd-century references to liturgical readers as a special role in the clergy. Before the liturgical reforms of Vatican II , the Latin liturgical rite used

2968-425: The song texts conform to sectarian teaching. The first hymnal, and also the first book, printed in British North America , is the Bay Psalm Book , printed in 1640 in Cambridge , Massachusetts , a metrical Psalter that attempted to translate the psalms into English so close to the original Hebrew that it was unsingable. The market demand created by this failure, and the dismal nature of Calvinist "lining out

3024-493: The specialized indexes may be printed in the companion volumes rather than the hymnal itself. A first line index is almost universal. There may also be indexes for the first line of every stanza, the first lines of choruses, tune names, and a metrical index (tunes by common meter, short meter, etc.). Indexes for composers, poets, arrangers, translators, and song sources may be separate or combined. Lists of copyright acknowledgements are essential. Few other books are so well indexed; at

3080-409: The various Daily Office lectionaries in use in various denominations. The Consultation on Common Texts has produced a three-year Daily Lectionary which is thematically tied into the Revised Common Lectionary, but the RCL does not provide a daily Eucharistic lectionary as such. Various Anglican and Lutheran churches have their own daily lectionaries. Many of the Anglican daily lectionaries are adapted from

3136-406: Was issued in 1933, which principally had better accompaniments by J. H. Arnold to the plainsong melodies, and over 100 new tunes. This was achieved without renumbering hymns or extending the book excessively. Instead many formerly duplicated tunes were changed to new tunes. Where unique tunes were changed the old tunes were moved into an appendix, which is often referred to as "the chamber of horrors",

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