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107-484: It was the first film to receive a PG-13 rating, although it was the fifth to be released with that rating (after Red Dawn , The Woman in Red , Dreamscape , and Dune ). Crenna received a Golden Globe Award nomination for his supporting role and Marisa Tomei made her big screen debut with a minor role in the film. In the summer of 1963, Jeffrey Willis joins some friends for a day of gin rummy at El Flamingo Club,

214-479: A 2011 documentary about bullying, and Philomena —which has two instances of the word—released in 2013, were originally given R ratings on grounds of the language but the ratings were dropped to PG-13 after successful appeals (albeit Bully needed some cuts). The King's Speech , however, was given an R rating for one scene using the word fuck several times in a speech therapy context; the MPAA refused to recertify

321-533: A PG-13 rating. More than one occurrence will usually incur an R rating as will the usage of such an expletive in a sexual context. Known as the "automatic language rule", the rule has been applied differently depending on the subject matter of the film. For example, All the President's Men (1976) received a PG rating after appealing it from an R, despite multiple instances of strong language, likely because of its historic subject matter. The automatic language rule

428-671: A PG-13 rating. Nudity that is sexually oriented will generally require an R rating. Since 2006, films have been flagged by the MPAA for carrying nudity. In 2010, the MPAA flagged three films specifically for " male nudity ", precipitated by parental pressure in response to Brüno . In 2018, MPAA Ratings Chair Joan Graves clarified the MPA's position by stating that "we don't usually define [nudity] as male or female ... usually, we just mention partial nudity, [or] graphic nudity." The MPAA does not have any explicit criteria for sexual content other than excluding sex scenes from G-rated films. Prior to

535-408: A career. Jeffrey gets further immersed in the "easy buck", as evidenced by Phil showing off his success, as opposed to Mr. Willis' manual labor, or the example of Phil's brother, who studied for years to become a lawyer but has had little financial return. During dinner, Jeffrey notably says he "will not be needing college" and plans to pursue being a car salesman instead. Jeffrey and his co-workers at

642-489: A chance to visit her sometime. On Labor Day and the last day of the summer at the El Flamingo , Jeffery observes that a regular onlooker, "Big Sid", is feeding signals to Brody, the true cause of his winning streak. When Big Sid and a member of the gin team playing against Brody's team are overcome by the heat, Jeffrey fills in, opposing Brody, and seeking to help win back the unfair profits Brody won from his friends over

749-720: A different probability distribution with known variance σ i 2 {\displaystyle \sigma _{i}^{2}} , all having the same mean, one possible choice for the weights is given by the reciprocal of variance: The weighted mean in this case is: and the standard error of the weighted mean (with inverse-variance weights) is: Note this reduces to σ x ¯ 2 = σ 0 2 / n {\displaystyle \sigma _{\bar {x}}^{2}=\sigma _{0}^{2}/n} when all σ i = σ 0 {\displaystyle \sigma _{i}=\sigma _{0}} . It

856-607: A look I had never seen before." Authorities in Washington invoked a municipal ordinance that would have prevented any minors from seeing the film, threatening theater owners with arrest if they did. Meacham insinuated that the board had succumbed to pressure from Warner Brothers, which had spent $ 10 million, more than twice its original budget, making the film; an X rating would have seriously limited The Exorcist ' s commercial prospects. New Yorker critic Pauline Kael echoed his criticism. "If The Exorcist had cost under

963-538: A million or been made abroad," she wrote, "it would almost certainly be an X film. But when a movie is as expensive as this one, the [board] doesn't dare give it an X." In 1974, Richard Heffner took over as president of the board. During his interview process, he had asked to screen recent films that had sparked ratings controversies, including The Exorcist . "How could anything be worse than this?" he recalled thinking later. "And it got an R?" After he took over as head, he would spearhead efforts to be more aggressive with

1070-716: A news article: "I think it distorts and ruptures the intent of this voluntary film ratings system. All R-rated films are not alike." John Fithian, the president of the National Association of Theatre Owners, also said that the cards can be harmful. He noted in a news article for the Christian Science Monitor that the R rating is "broad enough to include relatively family-friendly fare such as Billy Elliot and Erin Brockovich (which were both rated R for language) along with films that push

1177-427: A private beach resort on Long Island for a July 4 gathering. There, he meets the girl of his dreams Carla Sampson. After the gin game and being told of the club's strict policy regarding guests, Jeffrey is upset, but not for long, since he immediately lands a job as a car valet and eventually, cabana steward. Jeffrey is an 18-year-old kid from a middle class Brooklyn family and his father does not approve of him working at

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1284-529: A rape, some strong sexual content, nudity and language." By the early 2000s, the MPAA began applying rating explanations for PG, PG-13, and NC-17-rated films as well. Depictions of violence are permitted under all ratings but must be moderated for the lower ones. Violence must be kept to a minimum in G-rated films and must not be intense in PG-rated films. Depictions of intense violence are permitted under

1391-554: A sample, is denoted as P ( I i = 1 ∣ Some sample of size  n ) = π i {\displaystyle P(I_{i}=1\mid {\text{Some sample of size }}n)=\pi _{i}} , and the one-draw probability of selection is P ( I i = 1 | one sample draw ) = p i ≈ π i n {\displaystyle P(I_{i}=1|{\text{one sample draw}})=p_{i}\approx {\frac {\pi _{i}}{n}}} (If N

1498-527: A similar lesson that Mr. Willis had "You can't plant a tree and expect to hang a swing on it the next day", and recommends Jeffrey accept the stock boy job to prove himself and work his way up. Jeffrey becomes shocked at his mentor's actions and reconsiders college. Meanwhile, Jeffery continues dating Carla and eventually sleeps with her. But as the summer draws to a close, she tells him that she will be returning to college in California and hopes he will get

1605-416: A stopgap measure. To accommodate "the irresistible force of creators determined to make 'their films' " , and to avoid "the possible intrusion of government into the movie arena", he developed a set of advisory ratings which could be applied after a film was completed. On November 1, 1968, the voluntary MPAA film rating system took effect, with three organizations serving as its monitoring and guiding groups:

1712-407: A tick mark if multiplying by the indicator function. I.e.: y ˇ i ′ = I i y ˇ i = I i y i π i {\displaystyle {\check {y}}'_{i}=I_{i}{\check {y}}_{i}={\frac {I_{i}y_{i}}{\pi _{i}}}} In this design based perspective,

1819-570: A version with less profanity was finally given a PG-13 rating. The same, however, could not be said about the 1995 teen drama Kids , which director Larry Clark wanted rated R so parents could take their kids to it for educational purposes, but the MPAA rated it NC-17 due to its content of teen sex and turned down Clark's appeal. The film was then released unrated by Miramax (under Shining Excalibur Films because Miramax, formerly owned by Disney , hesitated to release it as an NC-17 film). Weighted arithmetic mean The weighted arithmetic mean

1926-637: Is Bad Education (2004), an NC-17 foreign-language film that grossed $ 5.2 million in the United States theatrically (a moderate success for a foreign-language film ). In 2000, the Directors Guild of America called the NC-17 rating an "abject failure", for causing filmmakers to re-edit films to receive an R rating, rather than accept an NC-17 rating. They argued that this was "not only compromising filmmakers' visions, but also greatly increasing

2033-573: Is which expands to: Therefore, data elements with a high weight contribute more to the weighted mean than do elements with a low weight. The weights may not be negative in order for the equation to work . Some may be zero, but not all of them (since division by zero is not allowed). The formulas are simplified when the weights are normalized such that they sum up to 1, i.e., ∑ i = 1 n w i ′ = 1 {\textstyle \sum \limits _{i=1}^{n}{w_{i}'}=1} . For such normalized weights,

2140-457: Is a special case of the general formula in previous section, The equations above can be combined to obtain: The significance of this choice is that this weighted mean is the maximum likelihood estimator of the mean of the probability distributions under the assumption that they are independent and normally distributed with the same mean. The weighted sample mean, x ¯ {\displaystyle {\bar {x}}} ,

2247-480: Is arguably the rule that can most often be successfully appealed. The ratings board may award a PG-13 rating passed by a two-thirds majority if they believe the language is justified by the context or by the manner in which the words are used. It is sometimes claimed that films rated PG-13 are only able to use the expletive fuck once to avoid an R rating for language. There are several exceptional cases in which PG-13-rated films contain multiple occurrences of

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2354-524: Is called a Ratio estimator and it is approximately unbiased for R . In this case, the variability of the ratio depends on the variability of the random variables both in the numerator and the denominator - as well as their correlation. Since there is no closed analytical form to compute this variance, various methods are used for approximate estimation. Primarily Taylor series first-order linearization, asymptotics, and bootstrap/jackknife. The Taylor linearization method could lead to under-estimation of

2461-561: Is considered constant, and the variability comes from the selection procedure. This in contrast to "model based" approaches in which the randomness is often described in the y values. The survey sampling procedure yields a series of Bernoulli indicator values ( I i {\displaystyle I_{i}} ) that get 1 if some observation i is in the sample and 0 if it was not selected. This can occur with fixed sample size, or varied sample size sampling (e.g.: Poisson sampling ). The probability of some element to be chosen, given

2568-761: Is dining. Cass Elliot , of the Mamas & The Papas fame, told producer and friend Michael Phillips about Neil Marshall's script, which took over ten years to finally get made into a film. The principal location for the movie was the Silver Gull Beach Club in Breezy Point in New York City's Rockaways , inside the Gateway National Recreation Area . The film grossed a total of $ 23,859,382 domestically. On

2675-559: Is echoed by other critics, including David Ansen , as well as many filmmakers. Moreover, Ebert argued that the rating system is geared toward looking at trivial aspects of the film (such as the number of times a profane word is used) rather than at the general theme of the film (for example, if the film realistically depicts the consequences of sex and violence). He called for an A (adults only) rating, to indicate films high in violence or mature content that should not be marketed to teenagers, but do not have NC-17 levels of sex. He also called for

2782-424: Is fixed, and the randomness comes from it being included in the sample or not ( I i {\displaystyle I_{i}} ), we often talk about the multiplication of the two, which is a random variable. To avoid confusion in the following section, let's call this term: y i ′ = y i I i {\displaystyle y'_{i}=y_{i}I_{i}} . With

2889-413: Is itself a random variable. Its expected value and standard deviation are related to the expected values and standard deviations of the observations, as follows. For simplicity, we assume normalized weights (weights summing to one). If the observations have expected values E ( x i ) = μ i , {\displaystyle E(x_{i})={\mu _{i}},} then

2996-486: Is known we can estimate the population mean using Y ¯ ^ known  N = Y ^ p w r N ≈ ∑ i = 1 n w i y i ′ N {\displaystyle {\hat {\bar {Y}}}_{{\text{known }}N}={\frac {{\hat {Y}}_{pwr}}{N}}\approx {\frac {\sum _{i=1}^{n}w_{i}y'_{i}}{N}}} . If

3103-593: Is not enforced by law; films can be exhibited without a rating, although most theaters refuse to exhibit non-rated or NC-17 rated films . Non-members of the MPA may also submit films for rating. Other media, such as television programs , music and video games , are rated by other entities such as the TV Parental Guidelines , the RIAA and the ESRB , respectively. In effect as of November 1968, following

3210-410: Is rather limited due to the strong assumption about the y observations. This has led to the development of alternative, more general, estimators. From a model based perspective, we are interested in estimating the variance of the weighted mean when the different y i {\displaystyle y_{i}} are not i.i.d random variables. An alternative perspective for this problem

3317-416: Is restricted to PG-13 and above. An example of an otherwise PG film being assigned a PG-13 rating for a drug reference (momentary, along with brief language) is Whale Rider . The film contained only mild profanity, but was rated PG-13 because of a scene where drug paraphernalia were briefly visible. Critic Roger Ebert criticized the MPAA for the rating and called it "a wild overreaction". In May 2007,

The Flamingo Kid - Misplaced Pages Continue

3424-400: Is similar to an ordinary arithmetic mean (the most common type of average ), except that instead of each of the data points contributing equally to the final average, some data points contribute more than others. The notion of weighted mean plays a role in descriptive statistics and also occurs in a more general form in several other areas of mathematics. If all the weights are equal, then

3531-565: Is that of some arbitrary sampling design of the data in which units are selected with unequal probabilities (with replacement). In Survey methodology , the population mean, of some quantity of interest y , is calculated by taking an estimation of the total of y over all elements in the population ( Y or sometimes T ) and dividing it by the population size – either known ( N {\displaystyle N} ) or estimated ( N ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {N}}} ). In this context, each value of y

3638-681: Is the probability of selecting both i and j. And Δ ˇ i j = 1 − π i π j π i j {\displaystyle {\check {\Delta }}_{ij}=1-{\frac {\pi _{i}\pi _{j}}{\pi _{ij}}}} , and for i=j: Δ ˇ i i = 1 − π i π i π i = 1 − π i {\displaystyle {\check {\Delta }}_{ii}=1-{\frac {\pi _{i}\pi _{i}}{\pi _{i}}}=1-\pi _{i}} . If

3745-560: Is used in the United States and its territories to rate a motion picture 's suitability for certain audiences based on its content. The system and the ratings applied to individual motion pictures are the responsibility of the Motion Picture Association (MPA), previously known as the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) from 1945 to 2019. The MPA rating system is a voluntary scheme that

3852-481: Is very large and each p i {\displaystyle p_{i}} is very small). For the following derivation we'll assume that the probability of selecting each element is fully represented by these probabilities. I.e.: selecting some element will not influence the probability of drawing another element (this doesn't apply for things such as cluster sampling design). Since each element ( y i {\displaystyle y_{i}} )

3959-1074: The π {\displaystyle \pi } -estimator. This estimator can be itself estimated using the pwr -estimator (i.e.: p {\displaystyle p} -expanded with replacement estimator, or "probability with replacement" estimator). With the above notation, it is: Y ^ p w r = 1 n ∑ i = 1 n y i ′ p i = ∑ i = 1 n y i ′ n p i ≈ ∑ i = 1 n y i ′ π i = ∑ i = 1 n w i y i ′ {\displaystyle {\hat {Y}}_{pwr}={\frac {1}{n}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}{\frac {y'_{i}}{p_{i}}}=\sum _{i=1}^{n}{\frac {y'_{i}}{np_{i}}}\approx \sum _{i=1}^{n}{\frac {y'_{i}}{\pi _{i}}}=\sum _{i=1}^{n}w_{i}y'_{i}} . The estimated variance of

4066-451: The El Flamingo also venture to Yonkers Raceway together, risking cash on a horse tip but coming up short when the trotter breaks stride. Eventually, Jeffrey leaves home to pursue the sales job. However, Brody, angry that he disturbed him during a dance class, reveals to him that the job opening at the car dealership is for a stock boy, not as a salesman as Jeffrey had been led to believe was his when he asked for it. Brody lectures Jeffrey in

4173-547: The Hays Code of the classical Hollywood cinema era, the MPA rating system is one of various motion picture rating systems that are used to help parents decide what films are appropriate for their children . It is administered by the Classification & Ratings Administration (CARA), an independent division of the MPA. The MPA film ratings are as follows: In 2013, the MPA ratings were visually redesigned, with

4280-504: The X rating , and was distributed by their Claridge Pictures subsidiary. Two other films were rated X by the time the MPAA published their first weekly bulletin listing ratings: Paramount 's Sin With a Stranger and Universal 's Birds in Peru . Both films were subsequently released by subsidiaries. The ratings used from 1968 to 1970 were: This content classification system originally

4387-735: The pwr -estimator is given by: Var ⁡ ( Y ^ p w r ) = n n − 1 ∑ i = 1 n ( w i y i − w y ¯ ) 2 {\displaystyle \operatorname {Var} ({\hat {Y}}_{pwr})={\frac {n}{n-1}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}\left(w_{i}y_{i}-{\overline {wy}}\right)^{2}} where w y ¯ = ∑ i = 1 n w i y i n {\displaystyle {\overline {wy}}=\sum _{i=1}^{n}{\frac {w_{i}y_{i}}{n}}} . The above formula

The Flamingo Kid - Misplaced Pages Continue

4494-414: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , 85% of 20 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 6.8/10. Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned the film a score of 67 out of 100, based on 12 critics, indicating "generally favorable" reviews. Vincent Canby of The New York Times described The Flamingo Kid as "an ebullient, unsentimental Summer of '42 , updated to

4601-443: The sampling design is one that results in a fixed sample size n (such as in pps sampling ), then the variance of this estimator is: The general formula can be developed like this: The population total is denoted as Y = ∑ i = 1 N y i {\displaystyle Y=\sum _{i=1}^{N}y_{i}} and it may be estimated by the (unbiased) Horvitz–Thompson estimator , also called

4708-622: The "Hays Code" by invoking the First Amendment . Valenti cited examples such as Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? , which used prohibited language including "hump the hostess", and Blowup , which was denied Code approval due to nudity, resulting in Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , then a member studio of the MPAA, releasing it through a subsidiary. Valenti revised the Code to include the "SMA" (Suggested for Mature Audiences) advisory as

4815-445: The "X" rating (or any other symbol or description that was not an MPAA trademark). In 1970, the ages for "R" and "X" were raised from 16 to 17. Also, due to confusion over whether "M"-rated films were suitable for children, "M" was renamed to "GP" (for General audiences, Parental guidance suggested), and in 1971, the MPAA added the content advisory "Some material not generally suitable for pre-teenagers". On February 11, 1972, "GP"

4922-586: The MPA logo, and links to MPA websites along the bottom. Jack Valenti , who had become president of the Motion Picture Association of America in May 1966, deemed the Motion Picture Production Code , which had been in place since 1930 and rigorously enforced since July 1, 1934, out of date and bearing "the odious smell of censorship ". Filmmakers were pushing at the boundaries of the code with some even going as far as filing lawsuits against

5029-406: The MPAA announced that depictions of cigarette smoking would be considered in a film's rating. Anti-smoking advocates stated that the child-friendly PG rating was inappropriate for the 2011 Nickelodeon -animated film Rango , which included over 60 depictions of characters smoking. Nudity is restricted to PG and above, and anything that constitutes more than brief nudity will require at least

5136-613: The MPAA controversially decided to give the film Blue Valentine an NC-17 rating. The Weinstein Company challenged this decision, and the MPAA ended up awarding the same cut an R rating on appeal. Actor Ryan Gosling , who stars in the film, noted that NC-17 films are not allowed wide advertisement and that, given the refusal of major cinema chains like AMC and Regal to show NC-17 rated movies, many such films will never be accessible to people who live in markets that do not have art house theatres. Legal scholar Julie Hilden wrote that

5243-886: The MPAA has a "masterpiece exception" that it has made for films that would ordinarily earn an NC-17 rating, if not for the broader artistic masterpiece that requires the violence depicted as a part of its message. She cites Saving Private Ryan , with its bloody depiction of the D-Day landings , as an example. This exception is troubling, Hilden argues, because it ignores context and perspective in evaluating other films and favors conventional films over edgier films that contribute newer and more interesting points to public discourse about violence. Starting in 2004, GKC Theatres (since absorbed into AMC Theatres ) introduced "R Cards", which parents could obtain for their children under 17 to see R-rated films without adult accompaniment. The cards generated much controversy; MPAA president Jack Valenti said in

5350-416: The MPAA's own website, further mentioning a bias against homosexual content compared to heterosexual content, particularly with regards to sex scenes. Filmmaker Darren Stein further insists that his tame teen comedy G.B.F. , which features multiple same-sex kisses but no intercourse, strong language, violence, or nudity, was "rated R for being gay." The 2011 documentary Bully received an R rating for

5457-558: The MPAA, the National Association of Theatre Owners (NATO), and the International Film Importers & Distributors of America (IFIDA). Only films that premiered in the United States after that date were affected by this. Walter Reade was the only one of 75 top U.S. exhibitors who refused to use the ratings. Warner Bros.-Seven Arts ' The Girl on a Motorcycle was the first film to receive

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5564-413: The NC-17 rating to be removed and to have the X rating revived. He felt that everyone understood what X-rated means, while fewer people understood what NC-17 meant. MPAA chairman Dan Glickman has disputed these claims, stating that far more films are initially rated NC-17 for violence than for sex, but that these are later edited by studios to receive an R rating. Despite this, an internal critic of

5671-499: The PG-13 rating, but violence that is both realistic and extreme or persistent will generally require at least an R rating. Snippets of language that go "beyond polite conversation" are permitted in G-rated films, but no stronger words are present. Profanity may be present in PG rated films, and use of one of the harsher "sexually-derived words" as an expletive will initially incur at least

5778-435: The United States which indicate how closely the trailer adheres to the MPA's (and prior to November 2019, the MPAA's) standards. The MPA also creates blue feature tags for theatrical and home media use. Theatrical releases show the blue tag after the film, with home media releases showing it prior to the film. They feature the rating block and any content descriptors as assigned by the Classification and Rating Administration,

5885-499: The United States, and later released both the original NC-17 and the cut R-rated version on DVD. A Fox Searchlight spokesman said the NC-17 rating did not give them much trouble in releasing this film (they had no problem booking it, and only the Salt Lake City newspaper Deseret News refused to take the film's ad), and Fox Searchlight was satisfied with this film's United States box office result. Another notable exception

5992-554: The X rating, especially over violence in films. In 1976, he got the board to give the Japanese martial arts film The Street Fighter an X rating for its graphic violence, the first time a film had earned that rating purely for violence. The NC-17 rating has been described as a "kiss of death" for any film that receives it. Like the X rating it replaced, NC-17 limits a film's prospects of being marketed, screened in theaters and sold in major video outlets. In 1995, MGM/UA released

6099-2535: The above notation, the parameter we care about is the ratio of the sums of y i {\displaystyle y_{i}} s, and 1s. I.e.: R = Y ¯ = ∑ i = 1 N y i π i ∑ i = 1 N 1 π i = ∑ i = 1 N y ˇ i ∑ i = 1 N 1 ˇ i = ∑ i = 1 N w i y i ∑ i = 1 N w i {\displaystyle R={\bar {Y}}={\frac {\sum _{i=1}^{N}{\frac {y_{i}}{\pi _{i}}}}{\sum _{i=1}^{N}{\frac {1}{\pi _{i}}}}}={\frac {\sum _{i=1}^{N}{\check {y}}_{i}}{\sum _{i=1}^{N}{\check {1}}_{i}}}={\frac {\sum _{i=1}^{N}w_{i}y_{i}}{\sum _{i=1}^{N}w_{i}}}} . We can estimate it using our sample with: R ^ = Y ¯ ^ = ∑ i = 1 N I i y i π i ∑ i = 1 N I i 1 π i = ∑ i = 1 N y ˇ i ′ ∑ i = 1 N 1 ˇ i ′ = ∑ i = 1 N w i y i ′ ∑ i = 1 N w i 1 i ′ = ∑ i = 1 n w i y i ′ ∑ i = 1 n w i 1 i ′ = y ¯ w {\displaystyle {\hat {R}}={\hat {\bar {Y}}}={\frac {\sum _{i=1}^{N}I_{i}{\frac {y_{i}}{\pi _{i}}}}{\sum _{i=1}^{N}I_{i}{\frac {1}{\pi _{i}}}}}={\frac {\sum _{i=1}^{N}{\check {y}}'_{i}}{\sum _{i=1}^{N}{\check {1}}'_{i}}}={\frac {\sum _{i=1}^{N}w_{i}y'_{i}}{\sum _{i=1}^{N}w_{i}1'_{i}}}={\frac {\sum _{i=1}^{n}w_{i}y'_{i}}{\sum _{i=1}^{n}w_{i}1'_{i}}}={\bar {y}}_{w}} . As we moved from using N to using n, we actually know that all

6206-528: The backside of home video releases. Film rating content descriptors are exclusively used for films rated from PG to NC-17; they are not used for G-rated films because the content in them is suitable for all audiences even if containing mild objectionable content. If a film has not been submitted for a rating or is an uncut version of a film that was submitted, the labels Not Rated ( NR ) or Unrated ( UR ) are often used. Uncut/extended versions of films that are labeled "Unrated" also contain warnings saying that

6313-503: The best thing about his own movie -- its authenticity. Even at its most enjoyable, The Flamingo Kid leaves you haunted by its lack of ambition." A soundtrack to the film was released by Motown . A stage musical based on The Flamingo Kid is currently in development for a future Broadway production. The musical features a book and lyrics by Tony Award winner Robert L. Freedman , music by Tony Award nominee Scott Frankel , and direction by Tony Award winner Darko Tresnjak . Following in

6420-494: The big-budget film Showgirls ; it became the most widely distributed film with an NC-17 rating (showing in 1,388 cinemas simultaneously), but it was a box office failure that grossed only 45% of its $ 45 million budget. Some modest successes can be found among NC-17 theatrical releases, however; Fox Searchlight Pictures released the original NC-17-rated American edition of the European film The Dreamers (2003) in theaters in

6527-809: The class means and the number of students in each class are needed. Since only the relative weights are relevant, any weighted mean can be expressed using coefficients that sum to one. Such a linear combination is called a convex combination . Using the previous example, we would get the following weights: Then, apply the weights like this: Formally, the weighted mean of a non-empty finite tuple of data ( x 1 , x 2 , … , x n ) {\displaystyle \left(x_{1},x_{2},\dots ,x_{n}\right)} , with corresponding non-negative weights ( w 1 , w 2 , … , w n ) {\displaystyle \left(w_{1},w_{2},\dots ,w_{n}\right)}

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6634-469: The course of the summer. Jeffrey and his team eventually win back what was unfairly lost, including a good profit besides. Impressed that he was defeated without cheating, Phil says they can "skip this stock boy nonsense" and offers him the salesman job, but Jeffrey declines. Realizing the mistakes he made in rejecting his father's good advice, Jeffrey makes up with his dad in a touching final scene at Larry's Fish House ("Any Fish You Wish"), where his family

6741-522: The data elements are independent and identically distributed random variables with variance σ 2 {\displaystyle \sigma ^{2}} , the standard error of the weighted mean , σ x ¯ {\displaystyle \sigma _{\bar {x}}} , can be shown via uncertainty propagation to be: For the weighted mean of a list of data for which each element x i {\displaystyle x_{i}} potentially comes from

6848-402: The early workings of the ratings system is film critic and writer Stephen Farber, who was a CARA intern for six months during 1969 and 1970. In The Movie Ratings Game , he documents a prejudice against sex in relation to violence. The 2006 documentary This Film Is Not Yet Rated also points out that four times as many films received an NC-17 rating for sex as they did for violence according to

6955-410: The expectation of the weighted sample mean will be that value, E ( x ¯ ) = μ . {\displaystyle E({\bar {x}})=\mu .} When treating the weights as constants, and having a sample of n observations from uncorrelated random variables , all with the same variance and expectation (as is the case for i.i.d random variables), then

7062-452: The extremes of violence, including Pulp Fiction and Kill Bill ". The film rating system has had a number of high-profile critics. Film critic Roger Ebert called for replacing the NC-17 rating with separate ratings for pornographic and non-pornographic adult film. Ebert argued that the system places too much emphasis on sex, while allowing the portrayal of massive amounts of gruesome violence. The uneven emphasis on sex versus violence

7169-549: The film "a sluggish but thoughtful comedy" and "a summer comedy that somehow sees the light on the shortest day of the year, like a much-needed Caribbean vacation." She also commented that "the performances make up for the sloppy history in the film, and it's a good-hearted and diverting story." Paul Attanasio of The Washington Post stated that " The Flamingo Kid is filled with banal chatter about "dreams" and ends with TV-style happy-family hokum […]. But it also has some snappy sitcom dialogue." He also wrote that "Marshall undercuts

7276-603: The film on appeal, despite the British Board of Film Classification reducing the British rating from a 15 rating to a 12A on the grounds that the uses of the expletive were not directed at anyone. This was satirized in the 2005 film Be Cool , in which the film producer Chili Palmer ( John Travolta ) says: "Do you know that unless you're willing to use the R rating, you can only say the 'F' word once? You know what I say? Fuck that. I'm done." Often film producers will use

7383-527: The film. Among those patrons were many children, not always accompanied by adults. This left many commentators incredulous that the ratings board would have found that a film with disturbing scenes such as a possessed 12-year-old girl masturbating with a crucifix was acceptable for children to see. Roy Meacham, a Washington, D.C., critic who had praised the film while admonishing parents not to take their children to it, recalled those children he did see leaving showings "drained and drawn afterward; their eyes had

7490-610: The following expectancy: E [ y i ′ ] = y i E [ I i ] = y i π i {\displaystyle E[y'_{i}]=y_{i}E[I_{i}]=y_{i}\pi _{i}} ; and variance: V [ y i ′ ] = y i 2 V [ I i ] = y i 2 π i ( 1 − π i ) {\displaystyle V[y'_{i}]=y_{i}^{2}V[I_{i}]=y_{i}^{2}\pi _{i}(1-\pi _{i})} . When each element of

7597-905: The footsteps of Tresnjak and Freedman's Tony Award-winning A Gentleman's Guide to Love and Murder , The Flamingo Kid premiered at Hartford Stage in Hartford, Connecticut , and ran from May 9 to June 15, 2019. The cast included Jimmy Brewer as Jeffrey, Samantha Massell as Karla, Adam Heller as Arthur, Marc Kudisch as Phil Brody, Lesli Margherita as Phyllis Brody, Liz Larsen as Ruth, Lindsey Brett Carothers as Joyce, Ben Fankhauser as Steve, and Alex Wyse as Hawk. The creative team also included Denis Jones (choreographer), Bruce Coughlin (orchestrations), Alexander Dodge (scenic design), Linda Cho (costume design), Philip Rosenberg (lighting design), and Peter Hylenski (sound design). Deadline Hollywood announced in September 2012 that Walt Disney Pictures

7704-1480: The formula from above. An alternative term, for when the sampling has a random sample size (as in Poisson sampling ), is presented in Sarndal et al. (1992) as: Var ⁡ ( Y ¯ ^ pwr (known  N ) ) = 1 N 2 ∑ i = 1 n ∑ j = 1 n ( Δ ˇ i j y ˇ i y ˇ j ) {\displaystyle \operatorname {Var} ({\hat {\bar {Y}}}_{{\text{pwr (known }}N{\text{)}}})={\frac {1}{N^{2}}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}\sum _{j=1}^{n}\left({\check {\Delta }}_{ij}{\check {y}}_{i}{\check {y}}_{j}\right)} With y ˇ i = y i π i {\displaystyle {\check {y}}_{i}={\frac {y_{i}}{\pi _{i}}}} . Also, C ( I i , I j ) = π i j − π i π j = Δ i j {\displaystyle C(I_{i},I_{j})=\pi _{ij}-\pi _{i}\pi _{j}=\Delta _{ij}} where π i j {\displaystyle \pi _{ij}}

7811-467: The grades up and divide by the total number of students): x ¯ = 4300 50 = 86. {\displaystyle {\bar {x}}={\frac {4300}{50}}=86.} Or, this can be accomplished by weighting the class means by the number of students in each class. The larger class is given more "weight": Thus, the weighted mean makes it possible to find the mean average student grade without knowing each student's score. Only

7918-441: The indicator variables get 1, so we could simply write: y ¯ w = ∑ i = 1 n w i y i ∑ i = 1 n w i {\displaystyle {\bar {y}}_{w}={\frac {\sum _{i=1}^{n}w_{i}y_{i}}{\sum _{i=1}^{n}w_{i}}}} . This will be the estimand for specific values of y and w, but

8025-436: The likelihood that adult-oriented movies are seen by the very groups for which they are not intended." As of March 2007, according to Variety , MPAA chairman Dan Glickman had been made aware of the attempts to introduce a new rating, or find ways to reduce the stigma of the NC-17 rating. Film studios have pressured the MPAA to retire the NC-17 rating, because of its likely impact on their film's box office revenue. In 2010,

8132-441: The minimum age for NC-17-rated films was raised to 18, by rewording it to "No One 17 and Under Admitted". The ratings used since 1996 are: Since September 1990, the MPAA has included explanations, or "descriptors", of why each film received an "R" rating, allowing parents to know what type of content the film contained. For example, the descriptor for The Girl Who Played with Fire read "Rated [R] for brutal violence including

8239-407: The morning class is 80 and the mean of the afternoon class is 90. The unweighted mean of the two means is 85. However, this does not account for the difference in number of students in each class (20 versus 30); hence the value of 85 does not reflect the average student grade (independent of class). The average student grade can be obtained by averaging all the grades, without regard to classes (add all

8346-543: The non-trademarked "X" rating, and it soon became synonymous with pornography in American culture. In late 1989 and early 1990, respectively, Henry: Portrait of a Serial Killer and The Cook, the Thief, His Wife & Her Lover , two critically acclaimed art films featuring strong adult content, were released. Neither film was approved for an MPAA rating, limiting their commercial distribution and prompting criticism of

8453-417: The packaging of MPAA-rated films via a settlement that would come into effect by fall that year. The ratings used from 1984 to 1990 were: In 1989, Tennessee state law set the minimum age to view a theatrically exhibited R-rated film without adult accompaniment at 18, instead of 17, and categorized the admission of minors to X-rated films as a misdemeanor . The statute remained in force until 2013, when it

8560-408: The population mean as a ratio of an estimated population total ( Y ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {Y}}} ) with a known population size ( N {\displaystyle N} ), and the variance was estimated in that context. Another common case is that the population size itself ( N {\displaystyle N} ) is unknown and is estimated using

8667-515: The private club. His hero and mentor at the resort is the reigning gin rummy card game champ, Phil Brody, a salesman of exotic sports and luxury cars. Jeffrey, a winning gin rummy player himself, and his friends admire Brody and how his wins at the Gin rummy table make him seem "psychic," knowing which cards to give up. Brody also takes a liking to Jeffrey, eventually showing him his car business, and gives him hopes that car sales are where he belongs as

8774-417: The profanity contained within the film, which prevented most of the intended audience, middle and high schoolers , from seeing the film. The film's director, Lee Hirsch, has refused to recut the film, stating, "I feel a responsibility as a filmmaker, as the person entrusted to tell (these kids') stories, to not water them down." A petition collected more than 200,000 signatures to change the film's rating and

8881-452: The rating displayed on a left panel and the name of the rating shown above it. A larger panel on the right provides a more detailed description of the film's content and an explanation of the rating level is placed on a horizontal bar at the bottom of the rating. Film ratings often have accompanying brief descriptions of the specifics behind the film's content and why it received a certain rating. They are displayed in trailers, posters, and on

8988-588: The rating system's PG classification "no longer matched a notion of childhood most parents in America could agree on." Steven Spielberg , director of Temple of Doom and executive producer of Gremlins , suggested a new intermediate rating between "PG" and "R". The "PG-13" rating was introduced on July 1, 1984, with the advisory "Parents Are Strongly Cautioned to Give Special Guidance for Attendance of Children Under 13 – Some Material May Be Inappropriate for Young Children". The first film to be released with this rating

9095-582: The rating system's lack of a designation for such films. In September 1990, the MPAA introduced the rating NC-17 ("No Children Under 17 Admitted"). Henry & June , previously to be assigned an X rating, was the first film to receive the NC-17 rating instead. Although films with an NC-17 rating had more mainstream distribution opportunities than X-rated films, many theaters refused to screen them, most entertainment media did not accept advertising for them, and many large video outlets refused to stock them. The ratings used from 1990 to 1996 were: In 1996,

9202-459: The release of The Exorcist at the end of 1973, CARA president Aaron Stern took the unusual step of calling director William Friedkin to tell him that since it was an "important film", it would be rated R and could be released without any cuts. The film drew huge crowds upon its release, many of whom were so horrified by the film they vomited and/or fainted; a psychiatric journal would later document four cases of "cinematic neurosis " induced by

9309-826: The sample (i.e.: N ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {N}}} ). The estimation of N {\displaystyle N} can be described as the sum of weights. So when w i = 1 π i {\displaystyle w_{i}={\frac {1}{\pi _{i}}}} we get N ^ = ∑ i = 1 n w i I i = ∑ i = 1 n I i π i = ∑ i = 1 n 1 ˇ i ′ {\displaystyle {\hat {N}}=\sum _{i=1}^{n}w_{i}I_{i}=\sum _{i=1}^{n}{\frac {I_{i}}{\pi _{i}}}=\sum _{i=1}^{n}{\check {1}}'_{i}} . With

9416-641: The sample is inflated by the inverse of its selection probability, it is termed the π {\displaystyle \pi } -expanded y values, i.e.: y ˇ i = y i π i {\displaystyle {\check {y}}_{i}={\frac {y_{i}}{\pi _{i}}}} . A related quantity is p {\displaystyle p} -expanded y values: y i p i = n y ˇ i {\displaystyle {\frac {y_{i}}{p_{i}}}=n{\check {y}}_{i}} . As above, we can add

9523-2159: The selection probability are uncorrelated (i.e.: ∀ i ≠ j : C ( I i , I j ) = 0 {\displaystyle \forall i\neq j:C(I_{i},I_{j})=0} ), and when assuming the probability of each element is very small, then: We assume that ( 1 − π i ) ≈ 1 {\displaystyle (1-\pi _{i})\approx 1} and that Var ⁡ ( Y ^ pwr (known  N ) ) = 1 N 2 ∑ i = 1 n ∑ j = 1 n ( Δ ˇ i j y ˇ i y ˇ j ) = 1 N 2 ∑ i = 1 n ( Δ ˇ i i y ˇ i y ˇ i ) = 1 N 2 ∑ i = 1 n ( ( 1 − π i ) y i π i y i π i ) = 1 N 2 ∑ i = 1 n ( w i y i ) 2 {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\operatorname {Var} ({\hat {Y}}_{{\text{pwr (known }}N{\text{)}}})&={\frac {1}{N^{2}}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}\sum _{j=1}^{n}\left({\check {\Delta }}_{ij}{\check {y}}_{i}{\check {y}}_{j}\right)\\&={\frac {1}{N^{2}}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}\left({\check {\Delta }}_{ii}{\check {y}}_{i}{\check {y}}_{i}\right)\\&={\frac {1}{N^{2}}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}\left((1-\pi _{i}){\frac {y_{i}}{\pi _{i}}}{\frac {y_{i}}{\pi _{i}}}\right)\\&={\frac {1}{N^{2}}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}\left(w_{i}y_{i}\right)^{2}\end{aligned}}} The previous section dealt with estimating

9630-449: The statistical properties comes when including the indicator variable y ¯ w = ∑ i = 1 n w i y i ′ ∑ i = 1 n w i 1 i ′ {\displaystyle {\bar {y}}_{w}={\frac {\sum _{i=1}^{n}w_{i}y'_{i}}{\sum _{i=1}^{n}w_{i}1'_{i}}}} . This

9737-417: The summer of 1963" and wrote that "even if The Flamingo Kid comes out of sit-com country, the character and the performance effortlessly rise above their origins." He also stated that "the film has the kind of slickness one expects of the most popular television fare, but it also has a bit of the satirical edge of a film like Elaine May's The Heartbreak Kid ." Rita Kempley of The Washington Post called

9844-419: The three instances of fuck in the musical to qualify it as PG-13 under MPAA guidelines. A study of popular American teen-oriented films rated PG and PG-13 from 1980 to 2006 found that in those films, teenaged characters use more and stronger profanity than adult ones in the same movies. However, the study found that the overall amount of such language had declined somewhat since the 1980s. Drug use content

9951-422: The uncut version of the film contains content that differs from the theatrical release and might not be suitable for minors. If a film has not yet been assigned a final rating, the label This Film Is Not Yet Rated is used in trailers and television commercials. The MPA also rates film trailers, print advertising, posters, and other media used to promote a film. Rating cards appear at the head of trailers in

10058-722: The variance for small sample sizes in general, but that depends on the complexity of the statistic. For the weighted mean, the approximate variance is supposed to be relatively accurate even for medium sample sizes. For when the sampling has a random sample size (as in Poisson sampling ), it is as follows: If π i ≈ p i n {\displaystyle \pi _{i}\approx p_{i}n} , then either using w i = 1 π i {\displaystyle w_{i}={\frac {1}{\pi _{i}}}} or w i = 1 p i {\displaystyle w_{i}={\frac {1}{p_{i}}}} would give

10165-959: The variance of the weighted mean can be estimated as the multiplication of the unweighted variance by Kish's design effect (see proof ): With σ ^ y 2 = ∑ i = 1 n ( y i − y ¯ ) 2 n − 1 {\displaystyle {\hat {\sigma }}_{y}^{2}={\frac {\sum _{i=1}^{n}(y_{i}-{\bar {y}})^{2}}{n-1}}} , w ¯ = ∑ i = 1 n w i n {\displaystyle {\bar {w}}={\frac {\sum _{i=1}^{n}w_{i}}{n}}} , and w 2 ¯ = ∑ i = 1 n w i 2 n {\displaystyle {\overline {w^{2}}}={\frac {\sum _{i=1}^{n}w_{i}^{2}}{n}}} However, this estimation

10272-404: The weighted mean is equivalently: One can always normalize the weights by making the following transformation on the original weights: The ordinary mean 1 n ∑ i = 1 n x i {\textstyle {\frac {1}{n}}\sum \limits _{i=1}^{n}{x_{i}}} is a special case of the weighted mean where all data have equal weights. If

10379-457: The weighted mean is the same as the arithmetic mean . While weighted means generally behave in a similar fashion to arithmetic means, they do have a few counterintuitive properties, as captured for instance in Simpson's paradox . Given two school classes   —   one with 20 students, one with 30 students   —   and test grades in each class as follows: The mean for

10486-427: The weighted sample mean has expectation E ( x ¯ ) = ∑ i = 1 n w i ′ μ i . {\displaystyle E({\bar {x}})=\sum _{i=1}^{n}{w_{i}'\mu _{i}}.} In particular, if the means are equal, μ i = μ {\displaystyle \mu _{i}=\mu } , then

10593-416: The weights, used in the numerator of the weighted mean, are obtained from taking the inverse of the selection probability (i.e.: the inflation factor). I.e.: w i = 1 π i ≈ 1 n × p i {\displaystyle w_{i}={\frac {1}{\pi _{i}}}\approx {\frac {1}{n\times p_{i}}}} . If the population size N

10700-534: The word fuck : Adventures in Babysitting , where the word is used twice in the same scene; Antwone Fisher which has three uses; Taylor Swift: The Eras Tour , which has four uses (six in the "Taylor's Version" cut); The Hip Hop Project , which has seventeen uses; and Gunner Palace , a documentary of soldiers in the Iraq War , which has 42 uses of the word with two used sexually. Both Bully ,

10807-417: The word for a scene of gravitas or humor and then bleep out any further instances with sound effects. Some forms of media are cut post-release so as to obtain a PG-13 rating for home media release or to feature on an Internet streaming service that will not carry films rated higher than PG-13. In 2020, a recording of Hamilton was released on Disney+ after cuts by Lin-Manuel Miranda to remove two of

10914-452: Was developing a remake of The Flamingo Kid . Brett Ratner and Michael Phillips were to act as producers on the film, while music video director Nzingha Stewart was working on the script. In 2015, it was reported that ABC Studios was contemplating a half-hour television comedy series based on The Flamingo Kid , but nothing came of that either. PG-13 (Motion Picture Association) The Motion Picture Association film rating system

11021-591: Was revised to "PG". The ratings used from 1970 to 1972 were: The ratings used from 1972 to 1984 were: In the 1980s, complaints about violence and gore in films such as Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom and Gremlins , both of which received PG ratings, refocused attention on films seen by younger children. According to author Filipa Antunes, this revealed the conundrum of a film that "could not be recommended for all children but could also not be repudiated for all children uniformly," leading to speculation that

11128-455: Was ruled to be in violation of the First Amendment . The law was amended in 2013 as to prohibit persons under the age of 18 only if the film was considered "harmful to minors". In the rating system's early years, "X"-rated films such as Midnight Cowboy (1969) and A Clockwork Orange (1971) were understood to be unsuitable for children, but non-pornographic and intended for the general public. However, pornographic films often self-applied

11235-2423: Was taken from Sarndal et al. (1992) (also presented in Cochran 1977), but was written differently. The left side is how the variance was written and the right side is how we've developed the weighted version: Var ⁡ ( Y ^ pwr ) = 1 n 1 n − 1 ∑ i = 1 n ( y i p i − Y ^ p w r ) 2 = 1 n 1 n − 1 ∑ i = 1 n ( n n y i p i − n n ∑ i = 1 n w i y i ) 2 = 1 n 1 n − 1 ∑ i = 1 n ( n y i π i − n ∑ i = 1 n w i y i n ) 2 = n 2 n 1 n − 1 ∑ i = 1 n ( w i y i − w y ¯ ) 2 = n n − 1 ∑ i = 1 n ( w i y i − w y ¯ ) 2 {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\operatorname {Var} ({\hat {Y}}_{\text{pwr}})&={\frac {1}{n}}{\frac {1}{n-1}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}\left({\frac {y_{i}}{p_{i}}}-{\hat {Y}}_{pwr}\right)^{2}\\&={\frac {1}{n}}{\frac {1}{n-1}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}\left({\frac {n}{n}}{\frac {y_{i}}{p_{i}}}-{\frac {n}{n}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}w_{i}y_{i}\right)^{2}={\frac {1}{n}}{\frac {1}{n-1}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}\left(n{\frac {y_{i}}{\pi _{i}}}-n{\frac {\sum _{i=1}^{n}w_{i}y_{i}}{n}}\right)^{2}\\&={\frac {n^{2}}{n}}{\frac {1}{n-1}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}\left(w_{i}y_{i}-{\overline {wy}}\right)^{2}\\&={\frac {n}{n-1}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}\left(w_{i}y_{i}-{\overline {wy}}\right)^{2}\end{aligned}}} And we got to

11342-547: Was the John Milius war film Red Dawn . In 1985, the wording was simplified to "Parents Strongly Cautioned – Some Material May Be Inappropriate for Children Under 13". Around the same time, the MPAA won a trademark infringement lawsuit against the producers and distributors of I Spit on Your Grave over a fraudulent application of its R rating to the uncut version of the film, and forced its member studios and several other home video distributors to put MPAA ratings on

11449-416: Was to have three ratings, with the intention of allowing parents to take their children to any film they chose. However, the National Association of Theatre Owners urged the creation of an adults-only category, fearful of possible legal problems in local jurisdictions. The "X" rating was not an MPAA trademark and would not receive the MPAA seal; any producer not submitting a film for MPAA rating could self-apply

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