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35-507: (Redirected from The Green Hat ) Green hat may refer to: Green hat, in de Bono's Six Thinking Hats Green hat, an ecclesiastical hat for a bishop Green hat, a Chinese term for cuckold Green Hat , a 2004 film Green Hat Films, a film company of Todd Phillips The Green Hat (novel) , by Michael Arlen, 1924 The Green Hat (play) See also [ edit ] Green beret (disambiguation) Topics referred to by

70-412: A certain number of candidates, and to determine how many candidates a person holding a certain number of shares can elect. Some Bugzilla installations allow the use of cumulative voting to decide which software bugs most urgently need correcting. Voters in a cumulative election can employ different strategies for allocating their vote. Plump voting occurs when a voter assigns all their points to

105-530: A corporate setting, challengers of cumulative voting argue that the board of directors gets divided and this hurts the company's long term profit. Using a staggered board of directors can diminish the ability of minority factions to obtain representation by reducing the number of seats up for election at any given time. Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised states that groups may adopt cumulative voting in its by-laws , and notes that "A minority group, by coordinating its effort in voting for only one candidate who

140-476: A desired number of points next to each candidate. Then, the scores on the ballot are divided by the total number of points the voter has assigned, to make sure the allocation adds up to 100%. The need to normalize votes complicates counting by hand, but simplifies the process of voting and gives each voter maximum flexibility. Advocates of cumulative voting often argue that political and racial minorities deserve better representation. By concentrating their votes on

175-448: A form of cardinal voting : a variant on score voting where the total scores for each candidate must add up to a fixed value (e.g. 100%). If instead the sum of squares must add up to a fixed value, the method becomes quadratic voting . Cumulative voting is semi-proportional , allowing for more representative government than winner-take-all elections using block plurality voting or block instant-runoff voting . Cumulative voting

210-437: A likely occurrence under either first past the post voting or block voting. Thus, cumulative voting generally produces similar results to SNTV (especially if voters are informed and rational, in which case they will tend to engage in plumping . Plumping though reduces cumulative voting's effectiveness at releasing voters from need for strategic voting by engaging in vote splitting.). Cumulative voting can also be thought of as

245-499: A method to collectively prioritize options, for example ideas generated from a brainstorming session within a workshop. This approach is described as "multi-voting" and was likely derived from the nominal group technique and is one of many tools suggested within the Six Sigma business management strategy. Cumulative voting is used in elections where more than one seat is filled. It permits voters to cast multiple votes, as many as

280-423: A small number of candidates of their choice, voters in the minority can win some representation—for example, a like-minded grouping of voters that is 20% of a city would be well-positioned to elect one out of five seats. All forms of cumulative voting achieve this objective (although if two or more candidates of that minority run in the same election, vote splitting may deny the group its possible representation). In

315-555: A symbol for a different thinking direction was first mentioned by De Bono as early as 1971 in his book "Lateral Thinking for Management" when describing a brainstorming framework. These metaphors allow for a more complete and elaborate segregation of the thinking directions. The six thinking hats indicate problems and solutions about an idea the thinker may come up with. Similarly, "The Five Stages of Thinking" method—a set of tools corresponding to all six thinking hats—first appears in his CoRT Thinking Programme in 1973: Having identified

350-403: Is a member of the group, may be able to secure the election of that candidate as a minority member of the board." The Norfolk Island Legislative Assembly on Norfolk Island was elected using a form of cumulative voting where voters cannot give all their votes to one candidate. It is also used heavily in corporate governance , where it is mandated by seven U.S. states, and it was used to elect

385-458: Is automatically distributed evenly among those preferred candidates. Voters are unable to specify a differing level of support for a more preferred candidate, giving them less flexibility but simplifying ballot completion. A more common and slightly more complex cumulative voting system is called dot voting or multi-voting . Under this method, voters are given an explicit number of points, which they can distribute among one or more candidates on

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420-948: Is being critical of the points which emerge from the discussion (Black hat). The hats aid individuals in addressing problems from a variety of angles, and focus individuals on deficiencies in the way that they approach problem solving. In 2005, the tool found some use in the United Kingdom innovation sector, where it was offered by some facilitation companies and had been trialled within the United Kingdom's civil service . Dot-voting Condorcet methods Positional voting Cardinal voting Quota-remainder methods Approval-based committees Fractional social choice Semi-proportional representation By ballot type Pathological response Strategic voting Paradoxes of majority rule Positive results Cumulative voting (sometimes called

455-656: Is commonly-used in corporate governance, where it is mandated by 7 U.S. states. The method can also be used in participatory budgeting . Cumulative voting was used to elect the Illinois House of Representatives from 1870 until its repeal in 1980 and used in England and Scotland in the late 19th century to elect some school boards. As of March 2012, more than fifty communities in the United States use cumulative voting, all resulting from cases brought under

490-422: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Six Thinking Hats The premise of the method is that the human brain thinks in a number of distinct ways which can be deliberately challenged, and hence planned for use in a structured way allowing one to develop tactics for thinking about particular issues. De Bono identifies six distinct directions in which

525-479: Is one of the methods endorsed by the 18F digital services agency of the United States' General Services Administration, and is part of the Design Sprint methodology. Generally, the number of points given to each voter is equal to the number of winning candidates (seats to be filled), which is typically a holdover after a transition from block plurality voting . A similar method is to have the voter write in

560-443: Is presented as a valuable survival instinct because, in the natural world, the thing that is out of the ordinary may well be dangerous. This mode is identified as the root of negative judgement and critical thinking . Colored hats are used as metaphors for each direction. Switching to a direction is symbolized by the act of putting on a colored hat, either literally or metaphorically. This metaphor of using an imaginary hat or cap as

595-451: Is to say that the group might plan the first few hats then the facilitator will see what seems to be the right way to go. Sequences always begin and end with a blue hat; the group agrees together how they will think, then they do the thinking, then they evaluate the outcomes of that thinking and what they should do next. Sequences (and indeed hats) may be used by individuals working alone or in groups. Example programs are shown below, each hat

630-450: Is typically used for approximately 2 minutes at a time—although at the start of a process an extended white hat session is common to get everyone onto the same page, and the red hat is recommended to be used for a very short period to get a visceral gut reaction—about 30 seconds, and in practice often takes the form of dot-voting . Typically, a project will begin with an extended white hat action, as facts are assembled. Thereafter, each hat

665-503: Is used for a few minutes at a time only, except the red hat which is limited to a very short 30 seconds or so to ensure that it is an instinctive gut reaction , rather than a form of judgement. This pace may have a positive impact on the thinking process. De Bono believed that the key to a successful use of the Six Thinking Hats methodology was the deliberate focusing of the discussion on a particular approach as needed during

700-517: The Blue hat to discuss how the meeting will be conducted and to develop the goals and objectives. The discussion may then move to Red hat thinking in order to collect opinions and reactions to the problem. This phase may also be used to develop constraints for the actual solution such as who will be affected by the problem and/or solutions. Next the discussion may move to the ( Yellow then) Green hat in order to generate ideas and possible solutions. Next

735-598: The Illinois House of Representatives from 1870 until 1980. It was used in England between 1870 and 1902, under the Elementary Education Act 1870 , to elect school boards. Starting in the late 1980s, it has been adopted in a growing number of jurisdictions in the United States. Generally, this has been in an attempt to resolve lawsuits brought against bloc voting methods. With strategic voting, one can calculate how many shares are needed to elect

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770-739: The National Voting Rights Act of 1965 . Among them are Peoria, Illinois for half of its city council, Chilton County, Alabama for its county council and school board, and Amarillo, Texas , for its school board and College Board of Regents. Courts sometimes mandate its use as a remedy in lawsuits brought under the Voting Rights Act in the United States; an example of this occurred in 2009 in Port Chester, New York which had its first cumulative voting elections for its board of trustees in 2010. Cumulative voting

805-513: The single divisible vote ) is a election system where a voter casts multiple votes but can lump votes on a specific candidate or can split their votes across multiple candidates. The candidates elected are those receiving the largest number of votes cast in the election, up to the number of representatives to be elected. Cumulative voting can simplify strategic voting , by allowing larger groups of voters to elect multiple representatives by splitting their vote between multiple candidates. This removes

840-473: The ballot. Typically, this is done by having a voter make one mark for each point they wish to assign to the desired candidate. In dot-voting participants vote on their chosen options using a limited number of stickers or marks with pens — dot stickers being the most common. This sticker voting approach is a form of cumulative voting. Dot-voting is now widely used for making quick collaborative decisions by teams adopting agile and lean methodologies. For example, it

875-417: The brain can be challenged. In each of these directions the brain will identify and bring into conscious thought certain aspects of issues being considered (e.g. gut instinct, pessimistic judgement, neutral facts). Some may feel that using the hats is unnatural, uncomfortable or even counterproductive and against their better judgement. A compelling example presented is sensitivity to "mismatch" stimuli. This

910-503: The complexity associated with randomized or coordinated strategies. It may be thought of as a variant of block voting . Under both cumulative voting and block voting, a voter casts multiple votes but in the case of cumulative voting, can lump them all on one candidate (the equivalent of engaging in plumping ). When voters do this, the result is similar to SNTV . When supporters of a minority candidate do this, they may be of sufficient strength to elect that minority representative, not

945-539: The cumulative plan enables him to give two of his votes to one candidate and two to another, or he may give three votes to one candidate and his fourth to another candidate. In fact he may distribute or cumulate his four votes as he pleases.... If one-fourth of the voters give all their votes to one candidate, they can elect him, no matter what the other three-fourths choose to do[...] thus Cumulative Voting if used carefully allows for minority representation. A form of cumulative voting has been used by group facilitators as

980-404: The discussion may move between White hat thinking as part of developing information and Black hat thinking to develop criticisms of the solution set. Because everyone is focused on a particular approach at any one time, the group tends to be more collaborative than if one person is reacting emotionally (Red hat) while another person is trying to be objective (White hat) and still another person

1015-404: The meeting or collaboration session. For instance, a meeting may be called to review a particular problem and to develop a solution for the problem. The Six Thinking Hats method could then be used in a sequence to first explore the problem, then develop a set of solutions, and to finally choose a solution through critical examination of the solution set. The meeting may start with everyone assuming

1050-443: The number of seats to be filled, allows each voter to put more than one vote on a preferred candidate. When voters in the minority concentrate their votes in this way for just one candidate, it increases their chances of obtaining representation in a legislative body. This is different from bloc voting , where a voter may not vote more than once for any candidate and the largest single block, even if less than 50 percent, can control all

1085-406: The representation elected in the district. Cumulative voting systems differ both in the ways voters mark their selections and in the degree to which voters are permitted to split their votes. Possibly the simplest ballot is called satisfaction approval voting or the equal-and-even method. On this ballot, a voter simply marks all candidates they approve of, as in approval voting , and their vote

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1120-415: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Green hat . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Green_hat&oldid=1235138392 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

1155-420: The six modes of thinking that can be accessed, distinct programs can be created. These are sequences of hats which encompass and structure the thinking process toward a distinct goal. A number of these are included in the materials provided to support the franchised training of the six hats method; however it is often necessary to adapt them to suit an individual purpose. Also, programs are often "emergent", which

1190-580: Was also used to elect city boards in Toronto , Canada starting in 1904 . The Proportional Representation Review (September 1903) described it like this: Cumulative voting as applied to the Board of Control, means that each elector will have four votes but that he need not give each of them to a different candidate. He may do so if he wishes; but he has also the power to give all his four votes to one candidate. This makes "plumping" four times as powerful as it

1225-508: Was by the old "block" vote system, when if you "plumped" for one candidate, you threw away three out of your four votes. Now you have the benefit of your full voting power, whether you plump or not. And plumping is the correct thing; in fact proportional representation is simply effective representation with the addition in the best systems of a provision for transfer of votes, so as to prevent wasting too many on one candidate... Besides permitting an elector to give all four votes to one candidate,

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