59-474: The Indian Sociologist was an Indian nationalist journal in the early 20th century. Its subtitle was An Organ of Freedom, and Political, Social, and Religious Reform, mouthpiece of the nationalist revolutionaries. The journal was edited by Shyamji Krishnavarma from 1905 to 1914, then between 1920 and 1922. It was originally produced in London until May 1907, when Krishnavarma moved to Paris . The journal
118-886: A Victorian radical . He attended the Iron Infant's School in Farringdon Road , later moving to the Hugh Middleton Higher Grade School, where he was presented to the Prince of Wales because he was the youngest pupil. One of his fellow pupils was the son of Hermann Jung , the Swiss watchmaker and one-time activist in the First International . His first adventures in propaganda were with the Anti-Nicotine League ,
177-551: A 22-year-old anarchist advocate of the free press , published it bearing his own name. The police obtained a warrant and seized 396 copies of the issue. At the trial, the prosecution was led by William Robson, Baron Robson , the Attorney General at the Central Criminal Court . Robson highlighted parts of the journal which Aldred had himself written, particularly focusing on a passage which touched on
236-580: A Nationalist patriot, who, though his ideals are not their ideals, is worthy of the admiration of those workers at home, who have as little to gain from the lick-spittle crew of Imperialistic blood-sucking, capitalist parasites at as what the Nationalists have in India. Aldred also remarked that the Sepoy Mutiny, or Indian Mutiny, would be described as The Indian War of Independence . Aldred received
295-741: A coarse-dressed 16-year-old working-class boy. After careful preliminaries on the part of Voysey, the meeting lasted three hours. Their friendship was to continue until Voysey's death in 1912. In January 1903 the Reverend George Martin, an Anglican priest, visited Guy with one of his leaflets, asking to meet the Holloway Boy Preacher . Martin worked in London's worst slums, and Guy joined him in his work with London's poorest. His friendship with Martin lasted six years and influenced Guy strongly. He soon gave his last sermon from
354-680: A debate in the British House of Commons (30 July 1907) and a ban on import and sale of the journal in India from 19 September 1907. Krishnavarma had already departed in June 1907, remarking in the September issue: "On the earnest advice of some of our friends, we left England, practically for good, during the early part of June last, seeing that mischief was brewing". It was not banned in England and continued to be printed there. However, two of
413-611: A heart condition, Guy Aldred died, almost penniless, in the Western Infirmary , Glasgow, on 16 October 1963 aged 76, leaving his body to Glasgow University 's Department of Anatomy . His remains were cremated at the Maryhill Crematorium , Glasgow on 4 May 1964. Aldred's long-time associate and literary executor , John Taylor Caldwell , produced a biography Come Dungeons Dark: The Life and Times of Guy Aldred, Glasgow Anarchist and ensured that Aldred's work
472-462: A nation of freedom and lovers of freedom so long as they continue to send out members of the dominant classes to exercise despotisms in Britain's name upon the various conquered races that constitute Britain's military empire. The Indian Sociologist will not be identified with any political party. It will be guided in its policy by the fundamental truths of social science, the first principle of which
531-408: A passage which touched on the execution of Dhingra: In the execution of Dhingra that cloak will be publicly worn, that secret language spoken, that solemn veil employed to conceal the sword of Imperialism by which we are sacrificed to the insatiable idol of modern despotism, whose ministers are Cromer , Curzon and Morley & Co. Murder - which they would represent to us as a horrible crime, when
590-448: A pioneer of birth control and sister of Milly Witkop (who was, in turn, partner of anarchist Rudolf Rocker ). Together they published an edition of Margaret Sanger 's Family Limitation , an action which saw them denounced by a London magistrate for "indiscriminate" publication and, despite expert testimony from a consultant to Guy's Hospital and evidence at the appeal that the book had only been sold to those aged over twenty-one,
649-557: A sentence of twelve months hard labour. His involvement with The Indian Sociologist brought him into contact with Har Dayal , who combined anarchism with his Indian Nationalism , based on his view of ancient Aryan culture and Buddhism . Aldred joined the Social Democratic Federation , but left in 1906. He was a political conscientious objector during the First World War and also a founder of
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#1732790480606708-418: A strong leadership base giving the country political direction. Indian nationalism is as much a diverse blend of nationalistic sentiments as its people are ethnically and religiously diverse. Thus the most influential undercurrents are more than just Indian in nature. The most controversial and emotionally charged fibre in the fabric of Indian nationalism is religion. Religion forms a major, and in many cases,
767-657: A wide array of Muslims to the independence struggle and the Congress Party. The Aligarh Muslim University and the Jamia Millia Islamia stand apart – the former helped form the Muslim league, while the JMI was founded to promote Muslim education and consciousness upon nationalistic and Gandhian values and thought. While prominent Muslims like Allama Iqbal , Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Liaquat Ali Khan embraced
826-607: Is based not merely on territorial extent of its sovereignty. Nationalistic sentiments and expression encompass that India's ancient history, as the birthplace of the Indus Valley civilisation , as well as four major world religions – Hinduism , Buddhism , Jainism and Sikhism . Indian nationalists see India stretching along these lines across the Indian subcontinent . India today celebrates many kings and queens for combating foreign invasion and domination, such as Shivaji of
885-484: Is more reprehensible than the murderers of these martyrs? The police spies who threw the bomb at Chicago; the ad-hoc tribunal which murdered innocent Egyptians at Denshawai; the Asquith who assumed full responsibility for the murder of the workers at Featherstone; the assassins of Robert Emmett? Yet these murderers have not been executed! Why then should Dhingra be executed? Because he is not a time-serving executioner, but
944-455: Is that "every man has freedom to do all that he wills, provided he infringes not the freedom of any other man". In discussing political, social, and religious questions, we shall frequently appeal to sociology, which, as expounded by the founder of that new and profound science, proves conclusively that "all despotisms, whether political or religious, whether of sex, of caste, or of custom, may be generalised as limitations to individuality, which it
1003-558: Is the nature of civilisation to remove." The journal also featured two quotes from Herbert Spencer , an important influence on it: The journal was very strongly influenced by Spencer and Krishnavarma used it to advertise the Herbert Spencer Indian Fellowships, five travelling scholarships he set up to enable Indian graduates to study in England. They had the prevision that the fellowship holder "shall not accept any post, office, emoluments, or service under
1062-453: The Band of Hope , and the total abstinence movement, and he remained an abstainer in these respects all his life. His grandfather, an Anglican , encouraged him to attend the church of St Anne and St Agnes , where he took communion in 1894. However, he soon developed a critical attitude to the church, even though he was close to his cousin, a curate at Holloway . At the age of 15 (1902), he
1121-630: The Indian National Congress in India by the political reformer A.O. Hume intensified the process by providing an important platform from which demands could be made for political liberalisation, increased autonomy, and social reform. The leaders of the Congress advocated dialogue and debate with the Raj administration to achieve their political goals. Distinct from these moderate voices (or loyalists) who did not preach or support violence
1180-592: The Indo-Pakistan War of 1971 and the Bangladesh Liberation War , Indian nationalism reached its post-independence peak. However by the 1980s, religious tensions reached a melting point and Indian nationalism sluggishly collapsed in the following decades. Despite its decline and the rise of religious nationalism, Indian nationalism and its historic figures continue to strongly influence the politics of India and reflect an opposition to
1239-572: The Lord Chief Justice , Lord Alverstone , indicated that anyone printing that sort of material would be liable for prosecution. Nevertheless, Aldred, as an advocate of the free press , published it, bearing his own name. The police obtained a warrant and seized 396 copies of the issue. At the trial the prosecution was led by the Attorney General , Sir William Robson , at the Central Criminal Court . Robson highlighted parts of TIS which Aldred had himself written, particularly focussing on
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#17327904806061298-546: The Maratha Empire , Rani Laxmibai of Jhansi , Kittur Chennamma , Maharana Pratap of Rajputana , Prithviraj Chauhan and Tipu Sultan . The kings of Ancient India , such as Chandragupta Maurya and Ashoka of the Magadha Empire, are also remembered for their military genius, notable conquests and remarkable religious tolerance . Akbar was a Mughal emperor, was known to have a good relationship with
1357-452: The 'All India' organization from the independence process and came to see Jinnah, who advocated separatism, as the sole representative of Indian Muslims. This was viewed with dismay by many Indian nationalists, who viewed Jinnah's ideology as damaging and unnecessarily divisive. In an interview with Leonard Mosley , Nehru said that he and his fellow Congressmen were "tired" after the independence movement, so were not ready to further drag on
1416-774: The APCF and later founded the Workers Open Forum , which eventually became the United Socialist Movement . During World War II the USM worked with people from across the political spectrum to oppose military action, in a form of Popular Front , and came to advocate World Government . After Joseph Stalin 's death, Aldred became increasingly supportive of the Soviet Union. Aldred worked closely with his partner Rose Witcop (9 April 1890 – 4 July 1932),
1475-588: The British government after his return to India", a condition which caused some debate. The journal became a significant conduit for the ideas of Herbet Spencer across India. Starting with quite a mild stance in that "India and England should sever their connection peaceably and part as friends", it became more radical in 1907, actively advocating Swaraj (Home Rule) and organisation of the Society of Political Missionaries of India. This incurred police surveillance,
1534-511: The British public with regard to the grievances, demands, and aspirations of the people of India and its unrepresented millions before the bar of public opinion in Great Britain and Ireland. This journal will endeavour to inculcate the great sociological truth that "it is impossible to join injustice and brutality abroad with justice and humanity at home." It will from time to time remind the British people that they can never succeed in being
1593-591: The Congress, Sarojini Naidu , said that she did not consider India's flag to be India's because "India is divided" and that "this is merely a temporary geographical separation. There is no spirit of separation in the heart of India." Giving a more general assessment, Paul Brass says that "many speakers in the Constituent Assembly expressed the belief that the unity of India would be ultimately restored ." Guy Aldred Guy Alfred Aldred (often Guy A. Aldred ; 5 November 1886 – 16 October 1963)
1652-905: The Glasgow Anarchist Group. He initiated the Communist Propaganda Groups, in support of the October Revolution , which subsequently became a component of the Communist League in 1919. Following its collapse, he founded the Anti-Parliamentary Communist Federation (APCF) in 1921, and gradually moved towards opposing the Soviet Union . His links with left communists across Europe brought him close to council communism . In 1932 he split with
1711-576: The Roman Catholic Church as well as with his subjects – Hindus, Buddhists, Sikhs and Jains. He forged familial and political bonds with Hindu Rajput kings. Although previous Sultans had been more or less tolerant, Akbar took religious intermingling to new level of exploration. He developed for the first time in Islamic India an environment of complete religious freedom. Akbar undid most forms of religious discrimination, and invited
1770-464: The art of Satyagraha , typified with a strict adherence to ahimsa (non-violence), and civil disobedience . This permitted common individuals to engage the British in revolution, without employing violence or other distasteful means. Gandhi's equally strict adherence to democracy, religious and ethnic equality and brotherhood, as well as activist rejection of caste-based discrimination and untouchability united people across these demographic lines for
1829-570: The boundaries of caste , linguistic groups and ethnicity. In 1925, K.B. Hedgewar founded the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh in Nagpur , Maharashtra, which grew into the largest civil organisation in the country, and the most potent, mainstream base of Hindu nationalism . Vinayak Damodar Savarkar coined the term Hindutva for his ideology that described India as a Hindu Rashtra , a Hindu nation. This ideology has become
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1888-445: The central element of Indian life. Ethnic communities are diverse in terms of linguistics, social traditions and history across India. An important influence upon Hindu consciousness arises from the time of Islamic empires in India . Entering the 20th century, Hindus formed over 75% of the population and thus unsurprisingly the backbone and platform of the nationalist movement. Modern Hindu thinking desired to unite Hindu society across
1947-689: The cornerstone of the political and religious agendas of modern Hindu nationalist bodies like the Bharatiya Janata Party and the Vishwa Hindu Parishad . Hindutva political demands include revoking Article 370 of the Constitution that grants a special semi-autonomous status to the Muslim-majority state of Kashmir , adopting a uniform civil code, thus ending a special legal frameworks for different religions in
2006-517: The country. These particular demands are based upon ending laws that Hindu nationalists consider to be special treatment offered to different religions. In 1906–1907, the All-India Muslim League was founded, created due to the suspicion of Muslim intellectuals and religious leaders with the Indian National Congress , which was perceived as dominated by Hindu membership and opinions. However, Mahatma Gandhi 's leadership attracted
2065-542: The execution of Dhingra: Aldred also remarked that the Sepoy Mutiny, or Indian Mutiny, would be described as the Indian War of Independence . Aldred received a sentence of twelve months hard labour. Indian nationalist Indian nationalism is an instance of territorial nationalism , which is inclusive of all of the people of India, despite their diverse ethnic, linguistic and religious backgrounds . Indian nationalism can trace roots to pre-colonial India, but
2124-587: The fact that Christianity was not the religion of the world. It had brought home to my understanding the fact that there was an Oriental theology beyond the pale of Christian orthodoxy. Later that year he gained a reputation as a "Boy Preacher", printing and handing out his own leaflets, which were often received with ridicule and disdain. He found employment as an office boy with the National Press Agency in Whitefriars House, where he
2183-759: The first time in India's history. The masses participated in India's independence struggle for the first time, and the membership of the Congress grew over tens of millions by the 1930s. In addition, Gandhi's victories in the Champaran and Kheda Satyagraha in 1918–19, gave confidence to a rising younger generation of Indian nationalists that India could gain independence from British rule. National leaders like Mahatma Gandhi , Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel , Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru , Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose , Maulana Azad , Chakravarti Rajagopalachari , Rajendra Prasad and Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan brought together generations of Indians across regions and demographics, and provided
2242-608: The following statement: The appearance of a journal conducted by an Indian sociologist in England is an event likely to cause surprise in some quarters; but there are many weighty grounds to justify such a publication. The political relations between England and India urgently require a genuine Indian interpreter in the United Kingdom to show, on behalf of India, how Indians really fare and feel under British rule. No systematic attempt has, so far as our knowledge goes, ever been made in this country by Indians themselves to enlighten
2301-423: The hearts of the people, and I am sure it is going to be a short-lived partition." Acharya Kripalani , President of the Congress during the days of Partition, stated that making India "a strong, happy, democratic and socialist state" would ensure that "such an India can win back the seceding children to its lap... for the freedom we have achieved cannot be complete without the unity of India." Yet another leader of
2360-488: The matter for years with Jinnah's Muslim League, and that, anyway, they "expected that partition would be temporary, that Pakistan would come back to us." Gandhi also thought that the Partition would be undone. The All India Congress Committee , in a resolution adopted on 14 June 1947, openly stated that "geography and the mountains and the seas fashioned India as she is, and no human agency can change that shape or come in
2419-508: The murdered is a government flunkey - we see practised by them without repugnance or remorse when the murdered is a working man, a Nationalist patriot, an Egyptian fellaheen or half-starved victim of despotic society's bloodlust. It was so at Featherstone and Denshawai ; it has often been so at Newgate : and it was so with Robert Emmett , the Paris communards , and the Chicago martyrs . Who
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2478-594: The notion that Hindus and Muslims were distinct nations, other major leaders like Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari , Maulana Azad and most of Deobandi clerics strongly backed the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi and the Indian independence struggle, opposing any notion of Muslim nationalism and separatism . The Muslim school of Indian nationalism failed to attract Muslim masses and the Islamic nationalist Muslim League enjoyed extensive popular political support. The state of Pakistan
2537-548: The participation of wise Hindu ministers and kings, and even religious scholars to debate in his court. The consolidation of the British East India Company 's rule in the Indian subcontinent during the 18th century brought about socio-economic changes which led to the rise of an Indian middle class and steadily eroded pre-colonial socio-religious institutions and barriers. The emerging economic and financial power of Indian business-owners and merchants and
2596-512: The printers were arrested for sedition for printing it in 1909. Arthur Fletcher Horsley was arrested and tried for printing the May, June and July issues. He was tried and sentenced on the same day as Madan Lal Dhingra for the assassination of [ William Hutt Curzon Wyllie]. The trial was very prominent, with the remarks by the Lord Chief Justice to indicate anyone printing this sort of material would be liable for prosecution. Nevertheless, Guy Aldred ,
2655-404: The professional class brought them increasingly into conflict with the British authorities. A rising political consciousness among the native Indian social elite (including lawyers, doctors, university graduates, government officials and similar groups) spawned an Indian identity and fed a growing nationalist sentiment in India in the last decades of the nineteenth century. The creation in 1885 of
2714-537: The pulpit and left the "Christian Social Mission". Guy became a speaker at the Institute of Theism , but soon felt it was time to set up his own organisation. In 1904 he founded the Theistic Mission , which met every Sunday. With a considerable, though sometimes boisterous, crowd, Guy was gaining a reputation as a forceful young orator. He was also shifting towards atheism . By August, the meeting banner
2773-484: The sectarian strands of Hindu nationalism and Muslim nationalism . Among antient texts, the Indian subcontinent came to be called Bharat under the rule of Bharata . The Maurya Empire was the first to unite all of India , and South Asia (including parts of Afghanistan ). Much of India has also been unified by later empires, such as the Mughal Empire , Maratha Empire . India's concept of nationhood
2832-619: The stock was ordered to be destroyed . Their case had been strongly supported by Dora Russell who, with her husband Bertrand Russell and John Maynard Keynes , paid the legal costs of the appeal. Aldred and Witcop had a son, Annesley, in 1909. Although they were drifting apart by the time Aldred settled permanently in Glasgow in 1922, finally parting in 1924, they had a legal marriage on 2 February 1926, when it seemed possible Witcop might be deported for her continuing work on family planning . After initially refusing hospital treatment for
2891-421: The way of its final destiny... at when present passions have subsided, India's problems will be viewed in their proper perspective and the false doctrine of two nations will be discredited and discarded by all." V.P. Menon , who had an important role in the transfer of power in 1947, quotes another major Congress politician, Abul Kalam Azad , who said that "the division is only of the map of the country and not in
2950-485: Was a 22-year-old lieutenant in the Royal Navy , and his mother was Ada Caroline Holdsworth, a 19-year-old parasol maker. Although Ada was socially unacceptable to the young naval officer, he married her shortly before Guy's birth. After the wedding, he left her at the church to return to his mother. Guy Fawkes night, 5 November, gave Guy his forename. Guy was brought up in the home of Ada's father, Charles Holdsworth,
3009-563: Was a British anarcho-communist and a prominent member of the Anti-Parliamentary Communist Federation (APCF). He founded the Bakunin Press publishing house and edited five Glasgow -based anarchist periodicals: The Herald of Revolt , The Spur , The Commune , The Council , and The Word , where he worked closely with Ethel MacDonald and his later partner Jenny Patrick . Aldred was born in Clerkenwell , London . His father
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#17327904806063068-482: Was an Indian nationalist newspaper edited by Shyamji Krishnavarma . When Krishnavarma left London for Paris, fearing repression by the authorities, the printing of the newspaper was first taken over by Arthur Fletcher Horsley. However, he was arrested and tried for printing the May, June and July issues. (He was tried and sentenced on the same day as Madan Lal Dhingra , who was convicted of the assassination of Sir William Hutt Curzon Wyllie ). At Horseley's prominent trial
3127-719: Was changed to read The Clerkenwell Freethought Mission . Meetings often generated extreme hostility. On one occasion the crowd charged the platform, knocking Guy to the ground and beating him. Police intervention put an end to the meeting. Around this time he became interested in The Agnostic Journal and became friendly with its editor, "Saladin" , a Scotsman . It was at the Journal's office that he met another Scotsman, John Morrison Davidson, and Guy became more interested in Scottish affairs. The Indian Sociologist
3186-581: Was edited in Paris from June 1907, but the change of address was only announced in the September 1907 issue. Publication continued in Paris until 1914, when Krishnavarma moved to Geneva on account of the First World War . While in Geneva, he abandoned the publication under pressure from the Swiss authorities. He recommenced publication in December 1920 and continued until September 1922. The first issue contained
3245-539: Was fully developed during the Indian independence movement which campaigned for independence from British rule . Indian nationalism quickly rose to popularity in India through these united anti-colonial coalitions and movements. Independence movement figures like Mahatma Gandhi , Subhas Chandra Bose , and Jawaharlal Nehru spearheaded the Indian nationalist movement. After Indian Independence , Nehru and his successors continued to campaign on Indian nationalism in face of border wars with both China and Pakistan. After
3304-545: Was made aware of his London provincialism when Madho Singh II , the Maharaja of Jaipur , visited the city. He became fascinated by the newspaper accounts of the Maharaja moving around with his "travelling god": The Rajah's god was a substantial fact. It had invaded my petty little world. It had brought home to me the realities of other cities and of other religions. It had made known to me, as no mere study could have done,
3363-503: Was promoted to sub-editor. Working with an evangelist named McMasters, he co-founded the "Christian Social Mission", opening shortly after his 16th birthday as the Holloway Boy Preacher . His non-conformist approach aroused concern following his first sermon. After contacting Charles Voysey , Guy was eventually granted an audience on 20 December 1902. The 74-year-old well-to-do Voysey was surprised to be confronted with
3422-586: Was the nationalist movement, which grew particularly strong, radical and violent in Bengal and in Punjab . Notable but smaller movements also appeared in Maharashtra , Madras and other areas across the south. The controversial 1905 partition of Bengal escalated the growing unrest, stimulating radical nationalist sentiments and becoming a driving force for Indian revolutionaries. Mahatma Gandhi pioneered
3481-661: Was ultimately formed following the Partition of India . Indian nationalists led by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru wanted to make what was then British India, as well as the 562 princely states under British paramountcy, into a single secular, democratic state. The All India Azad Muslim Conference , which represented nationalist Muslims, gathered in Delhi in April 1940 to voice its support for an independent and united India . The British Government, however, sidelined
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