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73-740: The United Socialist Movement (USM) was an anarcho-communist political organisation based in Glasgow . Founded in 1934 after splitting from the Anti-Parliamentary Communist Federation , the USM initially aimed to unite revolutionary socialists into an anti-fascist alliance and played a role in the early discussions on the founding of a " Fourth International ". During the Spanish Civil War , it shifted its policies away from unconditional anti-fascism towards

146-502: A collectivist , Bakunin had himself opposed communism, which he considered to be an inherently authoritarian ideology . But with Bakunin's death in 1876, the anarchists began to shift away from his theory of collectivism and towards an anarchist communism. The term "anarchist communism" was first printed in François Dumartheray 's February 1876 pamphlet, To manual workers, supporters of political action . Élisée Reclus

219-560: A dictatorship . The USM organised its anti-war activities through direct action against any involvement in the military apparatus, with some individual members even considering it a "matter of principle not to possess or carry a gas-mask." The USM collaborated with the APCF and Glasgow Anarchist Federation in the establishment of the No-Conscription League, with Guy Aldred serving as the organisation's chairperson, publishing

292-558: A revolutionary vanguard taking power on the workers' behalf and warning that a party dictatorship would inevitably lead to the establishment of a new ruling class . Following the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War , which Aldred proclaimed to be "the mighty proletarian movement that Europe needed", the USM once again saw a surge in activity. In August 1936 the USM founded the semi-weekly newspaper Regeneracion and began to hold frequent open-air meetings which, according to John Taylor Caldwell , "drew bigger crowds than at any time since

365-688: A bitter struggle with the Stalinists , who controlled the distribution of military aid to the Republican cause from the Soviet Union . The events known as the Spanish Revolution was a workers' social revolution that began during the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936 and resulted in the widespread implementation of anarchist and, more broadly, libertarian socialist organizational principles throughout various portions of

438-552: A crisis: for the war represented a breakdown of Capitalist Democracy and faced it with Revolution," but the end of World War II did not produce these same results. After the Allied victory in Europe was proclaimed , a general election was called, in which Aldred ran as the USM candidate for Glasgow Central on an anti-militarist , anti-authoritarian and abstentionist platform. Influenced by Hastings Russell, Aldred also advocated for

511-511: A founding member of the Iberian Anarchist Federation (FAI), summarized this as follows: too much influence in it of Marxism , it erroneously divided and reduced anarchists between individualist anarchists and anarcho-communist sections, and it wanted to unify the anarchist movement along the lines of the anarcho-communists. He saw anarchism as more complex than that, that anarchist tendencies are not mutually exclusive as

584-530: A framework to understand that in a loving relationship, there can be a need to find, and even exaggerate, differences in order to preserve a feeling of separateness and self. It has been pointed out that Jonathan Swift in his 1726 novel Gulliver's Travels described this phenomenon when writing about how two groups entered into a long and vicious war after they disagreed on which was the best end to break an egg. In terms of postmodernity , Clive Hazell argues that consumer culture has been seen as predicated on

657-577: A general condition of abundance , which could set the foundation for the abandonment of exchange value and the free distribution of resources. This program for anarcho-communism was adopted by the Italian anarchists , who had already begun to question collectivism. Although Guillaume had himself remained neutral throughout the debate, in September 1877, the Italian anarcho-communists clashed with

730-643: A more immediate issue than anti-parliamentarism, which he considered to be a largely defunct movement due to the increasing association of anti-parliamentary politics with fascism . Despite his relegation of anti-parliamentarism, Aldred's history caused a dispute within the Glasgow Federation of the ILP, leading to his expulsion and the resignation of the Townhead branch, which in July 1934 came together with

803-418: A pamphlet detailing the rights of conscientious objector and even offering them legal counsel. Some members of the USM including John Taylor Caldwell and Guy Aldred's son Annesley managed to gain unconditional exemption from military service, but others were only able to gain exemption conditional on their return to their workplaces following lengthy court processes and prison sentences. The USM further attacked

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876-406: A platform of freedom of speech and assembly , but he finished last in the polls. Although the split from the APCF had caused less than amicable relations between it and the USM, the two attempted to reconcile throughout the 1930s in the spirit of cooperation between like-minded groups. Aldred aimed to build an "anti-parliamentary international" that would unite the APCF and USM with the remains of

949-469: A revolutionary anti-militarism , which going into World War II led the USM into attempting to form a "Socialist-Pacifist alliance" and even collaborating with some reactionary elements in their opposition to the war. After the war, left with only a small old guard of anarchists and anti-parliamentarists, the USM again shifted its focus towards abstentionism , running unsuccessfully in a number of elections before its eventual dissolution in 1965. Following

1022-672: A split in the Anti-Parliamentary Communist Federation , a number of its prominent members including Guy Aldred and Ethel MacDonald resigned and established the Workers' Open Forum (WOF) in August 1933. For the organisation's official organ, Aldred launched a newspaper the New Spur , published in Nimes by André Prudhommeaux . It printed a number of essays about the "Anti-Parliamentary Pioneers" Mikhail Bakunin and Errico Malatesta , defended

1095-429: Is a political ideology and anarchist school of thought that advocates communism . It calls for the abolition of private property but retention of personal property and collectively-owned items, goods, and services. It supports social ownership of property and the distribution of resources " From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs ". Anarchist communism was first formulated as such in

1168-745: Is being betrayed. In the wake of the repression in Spain and as reports emerged of the Moscow Trials , the USM began to increasingly criticise the Soviet Union. They traced the beginnings of what became the " Great Purge " to the initiation of political repression during the Russian Civil War , declaring that the Old Bolsheviks who had previously participated in the establishment of the state's repressive instruments were now on

1241-601: The Argentine Libertarian Federation . The Fédération Anarchiste (FA) was founded in Paris on 2 December 1945 and elected the platformist anarcho-communist George Fontenis as its first secretary the following year. It was composed of a majority of activists from the former FA (which supported Volin 's Synthesis ) and some members of the former Union Anarchiste, which supported the CNT-FAI support to

1314-799: The Communist Workers' International (CWI), as well as the US-based Communist League of Struggle (CLS) and United Workers Party (UWP), which rejected working together. The CLS leader Vera Buch arrived in Glasgow in May 1935 to discuss with the USM the formation of a Fourth International , encouraging the USM to unite with the APCF, but relations were soon severed following her departure due to disagreements over political differences and financial arrangements. Aldred's attempts to construct this new international were stillborn, with

1387-507: The French Revolution of 1848 , Joseph Déjacque formulated a radical form of communism that opposed both the revolutionary republicanism of Auguste Blanqui and the mutualism of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon . Déjacque opposed the authoritarian conception of a " dictatorship of the proletariat ", which he considered to be inherently reactionary and counter-revolutionary . Instead, he upheld the autonomy and self-organisation of

1460-821: The May Days that were sympathetic to the Revolutionary faction : the anarchists of the CNT - FAI and the Trotskyists of the POUM . In the wake of the repression that followed the events, Ethel MacDonald was arrested and imprisoned by the Catalan government , but after the USM and APCF co-operated in the formation of a joint committee in her defence, she was released and fled the country in September 1937, arriving back in Glasgow by November. In response to her experiences during

1533-491: The Ricardian socialists . He considered a worker's right to be to the satisfaction of their needs, rather than to keep the product of their own labour, as he felt the latter would inevitably lead to capital accumulation . He thus advocated for all property to be held under common ownership and for "unlimited freedom of production and consumption", subordinated only to the authority of the "statistics book". In order to guarantee

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1606-654: The Spanish collectivists at what would be the Anti-Authoritarian International's final congress in Verviers . Alongside the economic question, the two factions were also divided by the question of organisation. While the collectivists upheld trade unions as a means for achieving anarchy, the communists considered them to be inherently reformist and counter-revolutionary organisations that were prone to bureaucracy and corruption . Instead,

1679-460: The Word . Aldred was particularly criticised by other members of the USM for working with the antisemitic Scottish Protestant League and the far-right aristocrat Hastings Russell , with articles by both being published in the Word . Aldred even went as far as to propose a "Socialist-Pacifist alliance" that would be led by Russell as " leader of the opposition to the present Government , and so

1752-619: The arson attack on the German Reichstag building by Marinus van der Lubbe , and criticised the united front policy that advocated an alliance between the Independent Labour Party (ILP) and Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB). Himself frightened by the rise of British Fascism , in January 1934 Aldred joined the ILP, holding that the construction of a united revolutionary anti-fascist movement to be

1825-577: The general strike ". In a meeting on 11 August, the USM called on workers' organisations to convene meetings in solidarity with the Spanish Republicans and condemned Stanley Baldwin 's National Government for not itself supporting the Spanish Republic . They demanded that a recall election be held, advocating for anarchists and anti-parliamentary communists to vote for any anti-fascist candidate that expressed their support for

1898-491: The police and military would be abolished. Déjacque's communist platform outlined in his Humanisphere preceded the program of the Paris Commune , and would anticipate the anarcho-communism later elaborated by Errico Malatesta , Peter Kropotkin and Luigi Galleani . The International Workingmen's Association (IWA) was established in 1864, at a time when a formalised anarchist movement did not yet exist. Of

1971-404: The state , and the introduction of common ownership of property and the distribution of resources " from each according to their ability, to each according to their needs ". In anticipation of anarchist communism, Dézamy rejected the need for a transitional stage between capitalism and communism, instead calling for immediate communisation through the direct cessation of commerce . Following

2044-550: The 1970s, the French Fédération Anarchiste evolved into a joining of the principles of synthesis anarchism and platformism . Anarchist communism supports social ownership of property. Rob Sparrow outlined four main reasons why anarcho-communists oppose patriotism: Narcissism of small differences The term appeared in Freud's Civilization and Its Discontents (1929–30) in relation to

2117-536: The CPGB for its inconsistent position on the war, highlighting its abandonment of anti-imperialist class war rhetoric in order to support the war and recalling its earlier support for the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact . The USM under Aldred began to propose a number of alliances during the war, organising alongside Labour Party MPs and many Christian pacifist groups, even printing a number of their articles in

2190-591: The Civil War, the USM characterised the World War as one of conflict between capitalist powers and opposed the British entry, with Guy Aldred posing the question: "Why should young men go forward to fight to acquire more territory to be plundered and exploited by American millionaires? Why should they conceive American democracy to be something superior to German Fascism?" The USM also refused to differentiate between

2263-559: The FCL and thus produced the end of the organization. A group of militants who disagreed with the FA turning into FCL reorganized a new Federation Anarchiste established in December 1953. This included those who formed L'Entente anarchiste, who joined the new FA and then dissolved L'Entente. The new base principles of the FA were written by the individualist anarchist Charles-Auguste Bontemps and

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2336-694: The FCL in December 1955, disagreeing with the decision to present "revolutionary candidates" to the legislative elections. On 15–20 August 1954, the Ve intercontinental plenum of the CNT took place. A group called Entente anarchiste appeared, which was formed of militants who did not like the new ideological orientation that the OPB was giving the FCL seeing it was authoritarian and almost Marxist. The FCL lasted until 1956, just after participating in state legislative elections with ten candidates. This move alienated some members of

2409-757: The Italian section of the International Workingmen's Association . The theoretical work of Peter Kropotkin took importance later as it expanded and developed pro-organizationalist and insurrectionary anti-organizationalist section. Examples of anarchist communist societies are the anarchist territories of the Makhnovshchina during the Russian Revolution , and those of the Spanish Revolution , most notably revolutionary Catalonia . The modern current of communism

2482-467: The May Days, MacDonald stated: Fascism is not something new, some new force of evil opposed to society, but is only the old enemy, Capitalism, under a new and fearful sounding name [...] Under the guise of 'Anti-Fascism' elements are admitted to the working class movement whose interests are still diametrically opposed to those of the workers [...] Anti-Fascism is the new slogan by which the working class

2555-461: The Republic, and declared that a general strike would be held in the event that the recall didn't happen. Subsequent issues of Regeneracion reaffirmed the USM's support for the Republic, stressing the legitimacy of the Republican government in their attempts to encourage intervention from democratic nations such as Britain and France , with Aldred criticising their continued neutrality. The USM

2628-501: The Republican government during the Spanish Civil War, as well as some young Resistants. In 1950 a clandestine group formed within the FA called Organisation Pensée Bataille (OPB), led by George Fontenis. The new decision-making process was founded on unanimity : each person has a right of veto on the orientations of the federation. The FCL published the same year Manifeste du communisme libertaire . Several groups quit

2701-579: The Republican government, even retroactively condemning the decision of CNT leaders including Federica Montseny to join the Republican government. By this time, the USM and APCF had once again increased their contact with each other, with their relations drastically improving after the resignation of Frank Leech from the APCF in April 1937. The two collaborated in the publication of the Barcelona Bulletin , which published eye-witness accounts of

2774-638: The Soviet Union and the Western Allies, holding that the USSR was a capitalist state with the same motivations for war as the other powers and again drawing comparisons between fascism and Stalinism. Following the British government 's implementation of Defence Regulation 18B and the expansion of its powers in May 1940, Guy Aldred argued that the regulation had transformed the United Kingdom into

2847-640: The Spanish Revolution, which historian Sam Dolgoff claimed was the closest any revolution had come to realizing a free, stateless mass society. Stalinist-led troops suppressed the collectives and persecuted both dissident Marxists and anarchists. Anarcho-communism entered into internal debates over the organization issue in the post-World War II era. Founded in October 1935, the Anarcho-Communist Federation of Argentina (FACA, Federación Anarco-Comunista Argentina) in 1955 renamed itself

2920-452: The USM and APCF remaining largely uninfluential and continuing to feud over their small differences . Guy Aldred's central role in the USM and his tendency to "ignore organisations and work on his own initiative" was denounced by other members of the organisation, some of whom resigned in June 1935 out of frustration with his " domineering personality ". Out of a growing sense of pessimism with

2993-837: The United States were in Yiddish, German, or Russian. However, the American anarcho-communist journal The Firebrand was published in English, permitting the dissemination of anarchist communist thought to English-speaking populations in the United States. According to the anarchist historian Max Nettlau , the first use of the term "libertarian communism" was in November 1880, when a French anarchist congress employed it to identify its doctrines more clearly. The French anarchist journalist Sébastien Faure , later founder and editor of

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3066-697: The WOF to establish the United Socialist Movement (USM). Before long the Leeds Anarchist Group had affiliated with the USM, followed by some London sections of the APCF and the former Hammersmith Socialist Society, which formed a London branch of the USM by 1938. In the context of an ongoing free speech fight in Glasgow , Aldred was nominated by the USM to stand in the local election for the Glasgow Corporation on

3139-532: The Workers' Struggle , in which he accused the CPGB of supporting " terrorism , imperialist opportunism , counter-revolution and political corruption ", called for the destruction of Stalinist Communist Parties and carried out a comparison of Fascism and Stalinism . But soon after the pamphlet's publication, the SATC dissolved, which Aldred claimed was part of an ILP sabotage directed against him personally. Over

3212-718: The adoption of a social credit system, in a departure from orthodox communism . But like his other election runs, Aldred finished at the bottom of the polls with only 300 votes, defeated by the Unionist candidate James Hutchison , who won 9,365 votes. The Word continued to be published by the USM's old guard around Aldred, who stood again in the 1950 and 1951 general elections , both times finishing in last place, collecting 485 votes and 411 votes respectively. Aldred died in October 1963, leaving behind an already waning United Socialist Movement, which finally ceased its activities in 1965. Anarcho-communism Anarchist communism

3285-475: The anarchist movement, over participation in the workers' movement, as well as on other issues. So in Kropotkin's anarcho-communist theory of evolution, the risen people themselves are meant to be the rational industrial manager rather than a working class organized as enterprise. Between 1880 and 1890, with the "perspective of an immanent revolution", who was "opposed to the official workers' movement, which

3358-403: The anarchist territories during the Spanish Revolution . In Spain, the national anarcho-syndicalist trade union Confederación Nacional del Trabajo initially refused to join a popular front electoral alliance, and abstention by CNT supporters led to a right-wing election victory. In 1936, the CNT changed its policy, and anarchist votes helped bring the popular front back to power. Months later,

3431-593: The application of the inborn aggression in man to ethnic (and other) conflicts, a process still considered by Freud, at that point, as a convenient and relatively harmless satisfaction of the inclination to aggression . For Lacanians , the concept clearly related to the sphere of the Imaginary : the narcissism of small differences, which situates envy as the decisive element in issues that involve narcissistic image. American psychiatrist Glen O. Gabbard has suggested that Freud's narcissism of small differences provides

3504-479: The collective ownership of industry, which he believed would lead to capital accumulation and consequently social stratification . Instead Cafiero called for the abolition of all wage labour , which he saw as a relic of capitalism , and for the distribution of resources " from each according to their ability, to each according to their needs ". As anarcho-communism emerged in the mid-19th century, it had an intense debate with Bakuninist collectivism and, within

3577-405: The communists preferred small, loosely-organised affinity groups , which they believed closer conformed to anti-authoritarian principles. In October 1880, a Congress of the defunct International's Jura Federation adopted Carlo Cafiero 's programme of Anarchy and Communism , which outlined a clear break with Guillaume's collectivist programme. Cafiero rejected the use of an exchange value and

3650-577: The conquest of state power by political parties, banned the anarchists from the IWA. The anarchist faction around the Jura Federation resolved to reconstitute as their own Anti-Authoritarian International , which was constructed as a more decentralised and federal organisation. Two of the IWA's largest branches, in Italy and Spain , repudiated Marxism and adopted the anti-authoritarian platform. As

3723-637: The country for two to three years, primarily Catalonia , Aragon , Andalusia , and parts of the Levante . Much of Spain's economy was put under worker control; in anarchist strongholds like Catalonia, the figure was as high as 75%, but lower in areas with heavy Communist Party of Spain influence, as the Soviet -allied party actively resisted attempts at collectivization enactment. Factories were run through worker committees, and agrarian areas became collectivized and ran as libertarian communes . Anarchist Gaston Leval estimated that about eight million people participated directly or at least indirectly in

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3796-430: The delegation of an "Anti-Parliamentary Column". The USM chose Ethel MacDonald to represent them in Spain and on 19 October she left Glasgow to make the trip through France to Barcelona , where she broadcast English language programs from the CNT's radio station. Reports from MacDonald that arrived back in Glasgow were in stark contrast to the USM's initial position of support for the Republican government, as she elaborated

3869-432: The few individual anarchists that were influential at this time, it was Pierre-Joseph Proudhon's conception of federalism and his advocacy of abstentionism that inspired many of the French delegates that founded the IWA and lay the groundwork for the growth of anarchism. Among the French delegates were a more radical minority that opposed Proudhon's mutualism, which held the nuclear family as its base social unit. Led by

3942-462: The following year, the USM's activity was limited to the publication of a single issue of the Word in May 1938 and another issue of Hyde Park in September 1938. But by May 1939, the end of the Spanish Civil War and the first steps towards what would become World War II sparked another surge in the USM's activities, beginning with the revival of the Word as a regular publication. Rejecting their previous support for "democracy against fascism" during

4015-420: The former ruling class responded with an attempted coup causing the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939). In response to the army rebellion, an anarchist-inspired movement of peasants and industrial workers, supported by armed militias, took control of Barcelona and large areas of rural Spain, where they collectivized the land. However, even before the fascist victory in 1939, the anarchists were losing ground in

4088-713: The four-volume Anarchist Encyclopedia , started the weekly paper Le Libertaire ( The Libertarian ) in 1895. In Ukraine , the anarcho-communist guerrilla leader Nestor Makhno led an independent anarchist army during the Russian Civil War . A commander of the Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine , Makhno led a guerrilla campaign opposing both the Bolshevik "Reds" and monarchist "Whites". The Makhnovist movement made various tactical military pacts while fighting various reaction forces and organizing an anarchist society committed to resisting state authority, whether capitalist or Bolshevik . The Dielo Truda platform in Spain also met with strong criticism. Miguel Jimenez,

4161-466: The narcissism of small differences to achieve a superficial sense of one's own uniqueness, an ersatz sense of otherness which is only a mask for an underlying uniformity and sameness . The phenomenon has been portrayed by the British comedy group Monty Python in their satirical 1979 film Life of Brian , by the comedian Emo Philips , and by author Joan Didion in an essay (part of her 1968 book Slouching Towards Bethlehem ) about Michael Laski ,

4234-452: The next Prime Minister ." The increasingly heterogenous content of the Word drew marked condemnation, especially for its platforming of Russell, but Aldred defended the newspaper's turn under the grounds of free speech and declared the Word open "to all Pacifist and all Socialist opinion." In line with the revolutionary wave that followed World War I , Guy Aldred had predicted that "demobilisation and other difficulties would bring about

4307-406: The non-platformist anarcho-communist Maurice Joyeux which established an organization with a plurality of tendencies and autonomy of groups organized around synthesist principles . According to historian Cédric Guérin, the new Federation Anarchiste identity included the unconditional rejection of Marxism , motivated in significant part by the previous conflict with George Fontenis and his OPB. In

4380-489: The platformists saw it and that both individualist and communist views could accommodate anarchosyndicalism. Sébastian Faure had strong contacts in Spain, so his proposal had more impact on Spanish anarchists than the Dielo Truda platform, even though individualist anarchist influence in Spain was less intense than it was in France. The main goal there was reconciling anarcho-communism with anarcho-syndicalism. The most extensive application of anarcho-communist ideas happened in

4453-426: The receiving end: "those who were parties to the Kronstadt massacre , reaped what they helped to sow." In 1937, the USM, APCF and ILP participated, along with the Revolutionary Socialist Party (RSP), in the establishment of the Socialist Anti-Terror Committee (SATC), formed to denounce the Great Terror being imposed in the Soviet Union . In March 1938, the SATC published Guy Aldred's pamphlet Against Terrorism in

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4526-408: The revolutionary prospects in Britain, Aldred decided it was "imperative that Anti-Parliamentarism should be heard again" and in May 1936 launched the USM's new journal Attack , which only lasted a single issue. In an article he wrote for Attack , Aldred argued for the role of workers' councils in the construction of a transitional dictatorship of the proletariat , rejecting the "substitutionism" of

4599-453: The rise of British sympathies for the Republican faction, but the role was eventually assigned to the joint Bureau that had been established by the APCF and the Freedom Group around Emma Goldman , which allowed the USM to take a more critical approach to the events in Spain. An appeal from André Prudhommeaux for weapons, funding and soldiers to be sent to Spain was published in a September 1936 issue of Regeneracion , with Aldred organising

4672-514: The role that the Spanish Revolution had to play in fighting back against the Nationalists , which she described as "the living demonstration of the power of the proletariat, the living truth of the force of direct action ." Urged by MacDonald to emphasise workers' direct action over parliamentary inaction, by February 1937 the USM had changed its characterisation of the civil war from one of " democracy against fascism " to one of " social revolution against capitalism " and began to openly criticise

4745-429: The state. By this time, the Marxists of the IWA had begun to denounce their anti-authoritarian opponents as "anarchists", a label previously adopted by Proudhon and Déjacque and later accepted by the anti-authoritarians themselves. Following the defeat of the Paris Commune in 1871, the IWA split over questions of socialist economics and the means of bringing about a classless society . Karl Marx , who favoured

4818-443: The trade unionist Eugène Varlin , the radicals advocated for a "non-authoritarian communism", which upheld the commune as the base social unit and advocated for the universal access to education . It was the entry of Mikhail Bakunin into the IWA that first infused the federalists with a programme of revolutionary socialism and anti-statism , which agitated for workers' self-management and direct action against capitalism and

4891-476: The universal satisfaction of needs, Déjacque saw the need for the abolition of forced labour through workers' self-management , and the abolition of the division of labour through integrating the proletariat and the intelligentsia into a single class. In order to achieve this vision of a communist society, he proposed a transitionary period of in which direct democracy and direct exchange would be upheld, positions of state would undergo democratization , and

4964-523: The workers, which he saw expressed during the June Days uprising , against the representative politics of governmentalism. Opposed not just to government, but to all forms of oppression , Déjacque advocated for a social revolution to abolish the state, as well as religion, the nuclear family and private property. In their place, Déjacque upheld a form of anarchy based on the free distribution of resources. Déjacque particularly focused his critique on private commerce, such as that espoused by Proudhon and

5037-607: Was accompanied by an anti-organisational tendency, and its partisans declared themselves in favor of agitation amongst the unemployed for the expropriation of foodstuffs and other articles, for the expropriatory strike and, in some cases, for ' individual recuperation ' or acts of terrorism." Even after Peter Kropotkin and others overcame their initial reservations and decided to enter labor unions , anti-syndicalist anarchist-communists remained, such as Sébastien Faure 's Le Libertaire group and Russian partisans of economic terrorism and expropriations. Most anarchist publications in

5110-419: Was founded by the Neo-Babouvists of the journal L'Humanitaire , who drew from the "anti-political and anarchist ideas" of Sylvain Maréchal . The foundations of anarcho-communism were laid by Théodore Dézamy in his 1843 work Code de la Communauté , which was formulated as a critique of Étienne Cabet 's utopian socialism . In his Code , Dézamy advocated the abolition of money , the division of labour and

5183-444: Was quick to express his support for anarchist communism, at a meeting of the Anti-Authoritarian International in Lausanne the following month. James Guillaume 's August 1876 pamphlet, Ideas on Social Organisation , outlined a proposal by which the collective ownership of the means of production could be used in order to transition towards a communist society . Guillaume considered a necessary prerequisite for communism would be

5256-400: Was then in the process of formation (general Social Democratisation ). They were opposed not only to political (statist) struggles but also to strikes which put forward wage or other claims, or which were organised by trade unions." However, "[w]hile they were not opposed to strikes as such, they were opposed to trade unions and the struggle for the eight-hour day . This anti-reformist tendency

5329-560: Was therefore setting aside its own principles of anti-electoralism, anti-capitalism and anti-statism in order to curry support for the Spanish Republic. The USM and APCF carried their dispute through the first year of the civil war, as they both competed for recognition as the official British representative of the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT). In the USM's bid for the position, Aldred took credit for

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