Great Britain
43-738: The Lunenburg Rebellion (also known as "The Hoffman Insurrection") was an insurrection in December 1753 by the new settlers at Lunenburg, Nova Scotia , over poor living conditions as well as weariness of the Foreign Protestant settlers from repeated resettlement by the British. It was led by army captain John Hoffman within the first year of settlement, against the British, amidst the backdrop of Father Le Loutre's War (1749-1755) between Britain and France . Halifax, Nova Scotia
86-536: A palisade along the neck of land where the village was laid out. The settlers spent the summer building shelters for the winter and, not having been able to conduct any fishing or farming, had to be provisioned from Halifax. When the settlers became dissatisfied with the distribution of provisions and due to general distrust and frustration from mistreatment by the British, they rose in armed rebellion in The Lunenburg Rebellion and briefly declared
129-614: A population of 2,396 living in 1,089 of its 1,242 total private dwellings, a change of 5.9% from its 2016 population of 2,263 . With a land area of 4.04 km (1.56 sq mi), it had a population density of 593.1/km (1,536.0/sq mi) in 2021. In 2016, the majority of the population is English-speaking Canadian Protestants . At 58, the median age is higher than the provincial median of 46. Household incomes are similar to provincial averages. Jean Pettrequin Jean Pettrequin ( c. 1724 –1764)
172-527: A republic, only to be put down by troops led by Colonel Robert Monckton . Others defected to the Acadian side. In 1754, the town had a sawmill and a store. In 1755, after the expulsion of the Acadians , the British needed to repopulate vacated lands. It offered generous land grants to colonists from New England , which was experiencing a severe shortage in land. Today these immigrants are referred to as
215-539: A result, Governor Peregrine Hopson received warnings from Fort Edward that as many as 300 natives nearby were prepared to oppose the settlement of Lunenburg and intended to attack upon the arrival of settlers. The move was part of the British government's campaign to establish Protestants in Nova Scotia against the power of Catholic Acadians. In June 1753, 1400 German and French Protestant settlers, supervised by British Officer Charles Lawrence and protected by
258-447: A schoolmaster to write a reply to the letter, but when the schoolmaster asked to see the letter Pettrequin stated that he was forbidden to show it to anyone. Rumours spread throughout the town about the contents of this letter, and other townsfolk pressured Pettrequin to show them the letter. Pettrequin promised that he would produce the letter on 16 December. A group of townsfolk, disenchanted with their living conditions, demanded to see
301-577: A young Scotsman and recruiting agent, to recruit Foreign Protestants and promised them land, a year's subsistence, and arms and tools. Transportation was not free, although some settlers were able to finance their passage by contracting their labour to the government. Dick was criticized for collecting 'in general old miserable wretches', misleading prospective settlers about New World conditions, exploiting their labour, and overcrowding ships. In total, he transported over 2700 "Germans and Swiss", many of which were French Huguenots from Lorraine . Although
344-565: Is divided into 50 municipalities , of which Lunenburg is one. The town is also within Lunenburg County , which was created for court sessional purposes in the 1860s and today has no government of its own, but the borders of which are coincident with certain provincial and federal electoral districts such as the Lunenburg Provincial Electoral District , and census districts. The county also covers
387-414: Is moderate, owing to its coastal location which helps to limit extremes in temperatures. This means it is slightly milder in winter and slightly cooler in summer than most areas at similar latitudes. Lunenburg enjoys warm, breezy summers with temperatures in the low to mid 20s °C (70s °F). It is seldom hot and humid. Winters are cold and frequently wet. Heavy winter snowfall can occur, but Lunenburg's snowpack
430-637: Is often referred to as "The Hoffman Insurrection," because it was led by John Hoffman, one of the army captains who had established the settlers in the town. Hoffman, a previous Justice of Peace at Halifax, led a mob that eventually locked up in one of the blockhouses the Justice of the Peace and some of Commander Patrick Sutherland's troops. The rebels then declared a republic. Commander Patrick Sutherland at Lunenburg asked for reinforcements from Halifax and Lawrence sent Colonel Robert Monckton with troops to suppress
473-590: Is the part of town which is protected by UNESCO. It is also the site of the old harbour. About 40 buildings in this area are on the Canadian Register of Historic Places including: The Lunenburg Opera House is also in this area, though built in 1909, and not on the registry. In 2005, the province of Nova Scotia bought 17 waterfront buildings from Clearwater Foods, the owner of the High Liner Foods brand, to ensure their preservation. Ownership
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#1732802433409516-476: Is usually short lived due to frequent winter rains and regular freeze-thaw cycles. Thick fog and damp conditions can occur at any time of year, but especially in spring. Seasonal lag due to cooler ocean temperatures means that spring conditions arrive in Lunenburg late in the season, often not until mid May. On the whole, Lunenburg precipitation is high from November to May, with July, August and September enjoying
559-625: The New England Planters . Lunenburg was raided in 1756 by a mixed group of Mi'kmaq and Maliseet raiders, devastating the town. The attacks continued on the British with the Lunenburg Campaign of 1758 . Hostilities with Mi'kmaq ended around 1760. During the American Revolution , privateers from the rebelling colonies raided Lunenburg, including the 1782 raid , devastating the town once again. The town
602-599: The 1700s to the New World. Under the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht , France ceded the part of Acadia today known as peninsular Nova Scotia to Britain. To guard against Mi'kmaq, Acadian and French colonial attacks, the British erected Fort George in 1749 at Citadel Hill Halifax and founded the town of Halifax. The British sought to settle the lands with loyal subjects, and recruited more than 1,400 Foreign Protestants , mostly artisans and farmers, from Europe in July 1753 to populate
645-581: The 1800s, Lunenburg prospered through shipping, trade, fishing, farming, shipbuilding, and outgrew its original boundaries. The town was extended into the east and west of the Old Town into what is now known as the New Town. This area includes about a dozen buildings on the Canadian Register of Historic Places. Government in Nova Scotia has only two tiers: provincial and municipal. The province
688-466: The British Navy ships, a unit of Regular soldiers under Major Patrick Sutherland, and a unit of rangers under Joseph Gorham, established the village of Lunenberg. The settlement was founded by two British army officers John Creighton and Patrick Sutherland and German-immigrant local official Dettlieb Christopher Jessen . As a desperate solution to the "foreigner" problem, it was decided to move
731-544: The British government intended to settle these Foreign Protestant settlers in agricultural communities, such as the Bay of Fundy , most remained in Halifax because of uncertainty over Acadian land titles. The Foreign Protestant settlers did not like the "shanty town" and complained of an inability to obtain land, building materials, as well as having to pay high rents and prices. These settlers not receiving what they were promised and
774-501: The Foreign Protestants to Merligash (renamed Lunenburg), under the direction of Charles Lawrence. On 19 June 1753 they were given town lots and within two months it was reported by Lawrence that although the settlers had set up homes and gardens, the settlers were 'inconceivably turbulent, I might have said mutinous'. The Protestant settlers were fed up with not receiving promised farmland and the treatment they'd received at
817-539: The US. The Lunenburg Cure was the term for a style of dried and salted cod that the city exported to markets in the Caribbean. Today a large hammered copper cod weather vane is mounted on the spire of St. Andrew's Presbyterian Church . The Smith & Rhuland shipyard built many boats, including Bluenose (1921), Flora Alberta (1941), Sherman Zwicker (1942), Bluenose II (1963), Bounty (1961), and
860-485: The hands of the British. In mid-December 1753, within six months of their arrival at Lunenburg, Nova Scotia , the new settlers rebelled against the British, supported by Father Jean-Louis Le Loutre . The incident appears to have been sparked by rumours created by Jean Pettrequin of a letter from London , that the settlers were not receiving all support authorized by the British Parliament. The rebellion
903-555: The hardships they endured to that point led to building frustrations. Because of problems with these settlers, the British government stopped recruiting Foreign Protestants in 1752. In the spring of 1753, it became public knowledge that the British were planning to unilaterally establish the settlement of Lunenburg, without negotiating with the Mi'kmaq people. The British decision was a continuation of violations of an earlier treaty and undermined Chief Jean-Baptiste Cope 's 1752 Peace Treaty. As
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#1732802433409946-471: The landscape. Glaciers abraded and plucked at the bedrock during their advances across the country, creating various deposits that vary in thickness, including drumlins , which are a key feature of Lunenburg County. The coastline in the area is heavily indented, and the town is on an isthmus on the Fairhaven Peninsula, with harbours on both the front and back sides. The climate of Lunenburg
989-406: The letter to be returned, Zouberbuhler claimed that his wife had burned the letter and that Pettrequin should not reveal the contents of the letter to others. At a subsequent hearing, Pettrequin claimed that another settler, John William Hoffman, told him that a letter was sent from a sailor in Halifax. Hoffman encouraged Pettrequin to respond to the letter and tell the town of its contents. Hoffman
1032-411: The letter, which Pettrequin refused to do. On 15 December, Pettrequin was detained in a blockhouse by the mob. When government officials investigated, Pettrequin claimed he did not know why the mob had seized him. Patrick Sutherland secured Pettrequin's release, but he was subsequently recaptured and returned to the blockhouse. The mob interrogated him to determine the location of the letter; when this
1075-463: The rebellion. Monckton arrested Hoffman and took him to Halifax. Hoffman was charged with planning to join the French and take a large number of settlers with him. He was fined and imprisoned on Georges Island (Nova Scotia) for two years, after what appears to be Nova Scotia's first (aborted) treason trial in 1754. After the rebellion a number of the French and German-speaking Foreign Protestants left
1118-503: The replica HMS Surprise (1970). In 1967 the yard was taken over by Scotia Trawler Equipment Limited. After the end of World War II, shipbuilders switched from producing schooners to trawlers , aided by migrant labour from Newfoundland. Lunenburg is in a natural harbour at the western side of Mahone Bay , about 100 km (62 mi) southwest of Downtown Halifax . The area is built largely on Cambrian to Ordovician sedimentary deposits . The last glacial period transformed
1161-845: The same terrain as the Municipality of the District of Lunenburg which surrounds, but does not include, Bridgewater , Lunenburg, and Mahone Bay , as they are incorporated separately and not part of the district municipality. According to the 2016 census, the most common National Occupational Classification was sales and services, with 24 per cent of jobs. By the North American Industry Classification System , about half of all jobs were in health care and social assistance, accommodation and food services, manufacturing, and retail. High Liner Foods runs Canada's largest secondary fish-processing plant in
1204-685: The site in the warm summer months. Acadians settled in the area around the 1620s. The Acadians and Mi’kmaq co-existed peacefully and some intermarried, creating networks of trade and kinship. In 1688, 10 Acadians and 11 Mi’kmaq were resident with dwellings and a small area of cultivated land. By 1745, there were eight families. When Edward Cornwallis , newly appointed Governor of Nova Scotia , visited in 1749, he reported several Mi’kmaq and Acadian families living together at Mirliguèche in comfortable houses and said they "appeared to be doing well." Britain and France carried their military conflicts in Europe in
1247-562: The site the best example of planned British colonial settlement in North America, as it retains its original layout and appearance of the 1800s, including local wooden vernacular architecture . UNESCO considers the town in need of protection because the future of its traditional economic underpinnings, the Atlantic fishery, is now very uncertain. The historic core of the town is also a National Historic Site of Canada . Lunenburg
1290-411: The site. The British had failed to provide promised land in Halifax to many of these settlers and they had become frustrated, causing problems for the British. The resettlement thus served the additional purpose of removing many of the Foreign Protestants from Halifax. Led by Charles Lawrence , the settlers were accompanied by about 160 soldiers. They assembled prefabricated blockhouses and constructed
1333-408: The town was one of the first British attempts to settle Protestants in Nova Scotia. Historically, Lunenburg's economy relied on the offshore fishery, and today it hosts Canada's largest secondary fish-processing plant. The town experienced prosperity in the late 1800s, and many of its architectural gems date back to that era. In 1995, UNESCO designated it a World Heritage Site . UNESCO considers
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1376-460: The town. The town's architecture and picturesque location make it attractive to the film industry. The dramatic and climactic wedding scenes of the award winning Canadian movie Cloudburst starring Olympia Dukakis were filmed in Lunenburg. Other films set in New England and filmed partly in Lunenburg include The Covenant and Dolores Claiborne . The 2010 Japanese movie Hanamizuki
1419-553: The village to join Le Loutre and the Acadians. The rebellion and fallout of the rebellion was considered by the British to be yet another mark against the Acadians, who continued to seek neutrality while farming lands the British intended to settle new colonists on. Lunenburg, Nova Scotia Lunenburg ( / ˈ l uː n ə n b ɜːr ɡ / ) is a port town on the South Shore of Nova Scotia , Canada. Founded in 1753,
1462-405: The warmest and driest conditions. Fall is typically bright, clear and cool. Jan: 1° Feb: 2° Mar: 5° Apr: 11° May: 15° Jun: 21° Jul: 23° Aug: 24° Sep: 21° Oct: 15° Nov: 9° Dec: 4° The original planned town was built on a steep south-facing hillside. It was laid out with compact lots in a rectangular grid pattern of narrow streets without regard to the topography. It is now known as the Old Town, and
1505-567: The waterfront are still used by business. The shipyard ABCO Industries was founded in 1947 on the site of the World War II Norwegian military training facility Camp Norway , and now builds welded aluminum vessels. Lunenburg Shipyard is owned and operated by Lunenburg Industrial Foundry & Engineering. It offers a dry dock, manufacturing and machining, a carpentry shop, and a foundry capable of pouring 272 kg castings . There are wharves for commercial inshore fishing. In
1548-422: Was a carpenter who immigrated to Lunenburg, Nova Scotia . He claimed to receive a letter that promised additional supplies to the town; this letter subsequently instigated an uprising in the town. Pettrequin immigrated to Lunenberg, Nova Scotia, with German and Swiss Protestant settlers in 1752, after overcrowding in Halifax necessitated the migration of these immigrants to other parts of the colony. Each settler
1591-582: Was fortified at the beginning of the War of 1812 . The British officials authorised the privateer Lunenburg, operated by Lunenburg residents, to raid American shipping. Over the following years, port activities transitioned from coastal trade and local mixed fisheries, to offshore fisheries. During the Prohibition in the United States between 1920 and 1933, Lunenburg was a base for rum-running to
1634-483: Was given 50 acres of land in which they did not have to pay taxes on them for 10 years. In his first winter in the town, Pettrequin claimed that a sailor brought him a letter from a cousin in England. Since he was illiterate, the sailor told Pettrequin that the letter described how the British parliament ordered supplies for Lunenberg and his cousin was asking Pettrequin if the supplies had arrived. In November he asked
1677-488: Was named in 1753 after the Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg who had become King George II of Great Britain . The Acadian inhabitants of the site had called it Mirliguèche, a French spelling of a Mi'kmaq name of uncertain meaning. An earlier Mi'kmaq name was āseedĭk, meaning clam-land. The Mi'kmaq have lived in a territory from the present site of Lunenburg to Mahone Bay. At one point, as many as 300 Mi'kmaq people inhabited
1720-470: Was partly set and filmed in Lunenburg. Further, the supernatural drama television show Haven was partly filmed there throughout its 5 season run, though the story is set in the U.S. State of Maine. The 2012 film The Disappeared , the 2020 television series Locke & Key , and the fourth season of the 2017 television series The Sinner were filmed in Lunenburg. In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada , Lunenburg had
1763-481: Was the first British colony settled at public expense, from 1749-1764. The goal of this project was to provide a preferred or loyal population to contend with Acadians for land and resources. Issues with the initial settlement of Halifax led to the British government, desperate in its search for a new source of settlers, to turn to settling Nova Scotia with "Foreign Protestants" made up of Swiss, French Huguenots, and Germans. The British Board of Trade hired John Dick,
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1806-705: Was transferred to the Lunenburg Waterfront Association. Shipbuilding infrastructure worth $ 1.5 million was added to the Lunenburg waterfront as part of the Bluenose II restoration project, which started in 2010. The site of the Smith & Rhuland shipyard is now a recreational marina. The Fisheries Museum of the Atlantic , part of the Nova Scotia Museum , includes a small fleet of vessels, including Bluenose II. Parts of
1849-451: Was unsuccessful, they tortured him for the information. Pettrequin claimed that he sold the letter to the town's magistrate Sebastian Zouberbuhler . At this point Pettrequin was untied, but still detained by the mob. The following day, he told a member of the mob that he had first asked Zouberbuhler to send a reply to his cousin's letter, but Zouberbuhler threatened Pettrequin to obtain the letter. Pettrequin then claimed that when he asked for
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