Thomas Bertram Costain (May 8, 1885 – October 8, 1965) was a Canadian-American journalist who became a best-selling author of historical novels at the age of 57.
105-539: Costain was born in Brantford , Ontario to John Herbert Costain and Mary Schultz. He attended high school there at the Brantford Collegiate Institute . Before graduating from high school, he had written four novels, one of which was a 70,000 word romance about Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange . These early novels were rejected by publishers. His first writing success came in 1902 when
210-411: A blood test for biomarkers (the cardiac protein troponin ). When there is evidence of an MI, it may be classified as an ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) or Non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) based on the results of an ECG . The phrase "heart attack" is often used non-specifically to refer to myocardial infarction. An MI is different from—but can cause— cardiac arrest , where
315-475: A coronary artery caused by a rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque is usually the underlying mechanism of an MI. MIs are less commonly caused by coronary artery spasms , which may be due to cocaine , significant emotional stress (often known as Takotsubo syndrome or broken heart syndrome ) and extreme cold, among others. Many tests are helpful to help with diagnosis, including electrocardiograms (ECGs), blood tests and coronary angiography . An ECG, which
420-474: A benefit of 15 to 45%. Physical activity can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, and people at risk are advised to engage in 150 minutes of moderate or 75 minutes of vigorous intensity aerobic exercise a week. Keeping a healthy weight, drinking alcohol within the recommended limits, and quitting smoking reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Substituting unsaturated fats such as olive oil and rapeseed oil instead of saturated fats may reduce
525-761: A change of 7.4% from its 2016 population of 134,203 . With a land area of 1,074 km (415 sq mi), it had a population density of 134.2/km (347.7/sq mi) in 2021. 103,210 people gave their ethnic background on the 2021 census, up from 95,780 on the 2016 census. Brantford has the highest proportion of Indigenous people ( Status Indians ) in Southern Ontario , outside of an Indian reserve . In 2021, 51.8% of residents were Christian , down from 64.8% in 2011. 22.2% of residents were Catholic , 17.6% were Protestant , and 7.7% were Christian not otherwise specified. All other Christian denominations and Christian-related traditions accounted for 4.1% of
630-428: A common, and sometimes the only symptom, occurring when damage to the heart limits the output of the left ventricle , with breathlessness arising either from low oxygen in the blood or pulmonary edema . Other less common symptoms include weakness, light-headedness , palpitations , and abnormalities in heart rate or blood pressure . These symptoms are likely induced by a massive surge of catecholamines from
735-480: A late consequence of Kawasaki disease . Calcium deposits in the coronary arteries can be detected with CT scans . Calcium seen in coronary arteries can provide predictive information beyond that of classical risk factors. High blood levels of the amino acid homocysteine is associated with premature atherosclerosis; whether elevated homocysteine in the normal range is causal is controversial. In people without evident coronary artery disease , possible causes for
840-533: A law library and a gaol. During additions in the 1880s, the Greek Revival style, with Doric columns, was retained. Among the most famed residents were Alexander Graham Bell and his family, who arrived in mid 1870 from Scotland while Bell was suffering from tuberculosis. They lived with Bell's father and mother, who had settled in a farmhouse on Tutela Heights (named after the First Nations tribe of
945-523: A local community channel on Rogers Cable . Otherwise, Brantford is served by stations from Toronto , Hamilton and Kitchener . Brantford Municipal Airport is located west of the city. It hosts an annual air show featuring the Snowbirds . The John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport in Hamilton is located about 35 km (20 miles) east of Brantford. Toronto Pearson International Airport
1050-431: A myocardial infarction before age 55 years, or a female first-degree relative (mother, sister) less than age 65 increases a person's risk of MI. Genome-wide association studies have found 27 genetic variants that are associated with an increased risk of myocardial infarction. The strongest association of MI has been found with chromosome 9 on the short arm p at locus 21, which contains genes CDKN2A and 2B, although
1155-463: A myocardial infarction increases with older age, low physical activity, and low socioeconomic status . Heart attacks appear to occur more commonly in the morning hours, especially between 6AM and noon. Evidence suggests that heart attacks are at least three times more likely to occur in the morning than in the late evening. Shift work is also associated with a higher risk of MI. One analysis has found an increase in heart attacks immediately following
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#17327911392141260-406: A myocardial infarction. Spasm of coronary arteries, such as Prinzmetal's angina may cause blockage. If impaired blood flow to the heart lasts long enough, it triggers a process called the ischemic cascade ; the heart cells in the territory of the blocked coronary artery die ( infarction ), chiefly through necrosis , and do not grow back. A collagen scar forms in their place. When an artery
1365-543: A myocardial infarction. The flow of blood can be imaged, and contrast dyes may be given to improve image. Other scans using radioactive contrast include SPECT CT-scans using thallium , sestamibi ( MIBI scans ) or tetrofosmin ; or a PET scan using Fludeoxyglucose or rubidium-82 . These nuclear medicine scans can visualize the perfusion of heart muscle. SPECT may also be used to determine viability of tissue, and whether areas of ischemia are inducible. Medical societies and professional guidelines recommend that
1470-637: A person localizes the chest pain by clenching one or both fists over their sternum , has classically been thought to be predictive of cardiac chest pain, although a prospective observational study showed it had a poor positive predictive value . Typically, chest pain because of ischemia, be it unstable angina or myocardial infarction, lessens with the use of nitroglycerin , but nitroglycerin may also relieve chest pain arising from non-cardiac causes. Chest pain may be accompanied by sweating , nausea or vomiting, and fainting , and these symptoms may also occur without any pain at all. Dizziness or lightheadedness
1575-515: A population of 104,688 living in 41,673 of its 43,269 total private dwellings, a change of 6.2% from its 2016 population of 98,563 . With a land area of 98.65 km (38.09 sq mi), it had a population density of 1,061.2/km (2,748.5/sq mi) in 2021. At the census metropolitan area (CMA) level in the 2021 census, the Brantford CMA had a population of 144,162 living in 56,003 of its 58,047 total private dwellings,
1680-680: A post-secondary certificate, diploma, or university degree. Several post-secondary institutions have facilities in Brantford. Public education in the area is managed by the Grand Erie District School Board , and Catholic education is managed by the Brant Haldimand Norfolk Catholic District School Board . Public education in the area is managed by the Grand Erie District School Board , and Catholic education
1785-407: A previous heart attack is also suggestive. The pain associated with MI is usually diffuse, does not change with position, and lasts for more than 20 minutes. It might be described as pressure, tightness, knifelike, tearing, burning sensation (all these are also manifested during other diseases). It could be felt as an unexplained anxiety, and pain might be absent altogether. Levine's sign , in which
1890-560: A rise in biomarkers, a rise in the ST segment , changes in the shape or flipping of T waves , new Q waves , or a new left bundle branch block can be used to diagnose an AMI. In addition, ST elevation can be used to diagnose an ST segment myocardial infarction (STEMI). A rise must be new in V2 and V3 ≥2 mm (0,2 mV) for males or ≥1.5 mm (0.15 mV) for females or ≥1 mm (0.1 mV) in two other adjacent chest or limb leads . ST elevation
1995-409: A series of leads placed on a person's chest that measure electrical activity associated with contraction of the heart muscle. The taking of an ECG is an important part of the workup of an AMI, and ECGs are often not just taken once but may be repeated over minutes to hours, or in response to changes in signs or symptoms. ECG readouts produce a waveform with different labeled features. In addition to
2100-406: A significant effect on blood cholesterol and thus recommendations about its consumption may not be needed. Trans fats do appear to increase risk. Acute and prolonged intake of high quantities of alcoholic drinks (3–4 or more daily) increases the risk of a heart attack. Family history of ischemic heart disease or MI, particularly if one has a male first-degree relative (father, brother) who had
2205-601: Is a known risk factor, particularly high low-density lipoprotein , low high-density lipoprotein , and high triglycerides . Many risk factors for myocardial infarction are potentially modifiable, with the most important being tobacco smoking (including secondhand smoke ). Smoking appears to be the cause of about 36% and obesity the cause of 20% of coronary artery disease . Lack of physical activity has been linked to 7–12% of cases. Less common causes include stress-related causes such as job stress , which accounts for about 3% of cases, and chronic high stress levels. There
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#17327911392142310-575: Is a mixture of commercial history (such as The White and The Gold , a history of New France to around 1720) and fiction that relies heavily on historic events (one review stated it was hard to tell where history leaves off and apocrypha begins). His most popular novel was The Black Rose (1945), centred in the time and actions of Bayan of the Baarin also known as Bayan of the Hundred Eyes. Costain noted in his foreword that he initially intended
2415-454: Is a recording of the heart's electrical activity, may confirm an ST elevation MI ( STEMI ), if ST elevation is present. Commonly used blood tests include troponin and less often creatine kinase MB . Treatment of an MI is time-critical. Aspirin is an appropriate immediate treatment for a suspected MI. Nitroglycerin or opioids may be used to help with chest pain; however, they do not improve overall outcomes. Supplemental oxygen
2520-806: Is also an important modifiable risk. Short-term exposure to air pollution such as carbon monoxide , nitrogen dioxide , and sulfur dioxide (but not ozone ) has been associated with MI and other acute cardiovascular events. For sudden cardiac deaths, every increment of 30 units in Pollutant Standards Index correlated with an 8% increased risk of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest on the day of exposure. Extremes of temperature are also associated. A number of acute and chronic infections including Chlamydophila pneumoniae , influenza , Helicobacter pylori , and Porphyromonas gingivalis among others have been linked to atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction. Myocardial infarction can also occur as
2625-499: Is associated with infarction, and may be preceded by changes indicating ischemia, such as ST depression or inversion of the T waves. Abnormalities can help differentiate the location of an infarct, based on the leads that are affected by changes. Early STEMIs may be preceded by peaked T waves. Other ECG abnormalities relating to complications of acute myocardial infarctions may also be evident, such as atrial or ventricular fibrillation . Noninvasive imaging plays an important role in
2730-517: Is blocked, cells lack oxygen , needed to produce ATP in mitochondria . ATP is required for the maintenance of electrolyte balance, particularly through the Na/K ATPase . This leads to an ischemic cascade of intracellular changes, necrosis and apoptosis of affected cells. Cells in the area with the worst blood supply, just below the inner surface of the heart ( endocardium ), are most susceptible to damage. Ischemia first affects this region,
2835-433: Is common and occurs due to reduction in oxygen and blood to the brain. In females, the most common symptoms of myocardial infarction include shortness of breath, weakness, and fatigue . Females are more likely to have unusual or unexplained tiredness and nausea or vomiting as symptoms. Females having heart attacks are more likely to have palpitations, back pain, labored breath, vomiting, and left arm pain than males, although
2940-683: Is located in Mississauga , about 100 km (60 miles) northeast of Brantford. Brantford station is located just north of downtown Brantford. Via Rail has daily passenger trains on the Quebec City-Windsor Corridor . Trains also stop at Union Station in Toronto . Street rail began in Brantford in 1886 with horse-drawn carriages; by 1893, this system had been converted to electric. The City of Brantford took over these operations in 1914. Around 1936, it began to replace
3045-567: Is managed by the Brant Haldimand Norfolk Catholic District School Board and the Conseil Scolaire de District Catholique Centre-Sud . BTOWN is a free alternative online magazine which highlights people, projects and events in the Brantford area. The Brantford Expositor , started in 1852, is published by Sun Media Corp. six days a week (excluding Sundays). The Brant News was a weekly paper, delivered Thursdays until 2018; it publishes breaking news online at their website, and
3150-477: Is not the only cause of myocardial infarction, but it may exacerbate or contribute to other causes. A myocardial infarction may result from a heart with a limited blood supply subject to increased oxygen demands, such as in fever, a fast heart rate , hyperthyroidism , too few red blood cells in the bloodstream , or low blood pressure . Damage or failure of procedures such as percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass grafts (CABG) may cause
3255-430: Is one of the most common symptoms of acute myocardial infarction and is often described as a sensation of tightness, pressure, or squeezing. Pain radiates most often to the left arm, but may also radiate to the lower jaw, neck, right arm, back, and upper abdomen . The pain most suggestive of an acute MI, with the highest likelihood ratio , is pain radiating to the right arm and shoulder. Similarly, chest pain similar to
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3360-622: Is published by Metroland Media Group . The Two Row Times , a Free weekly paper started in 2013, is published on Wednesdays, delivered to every reservation in Ontario and globally online at their website, published by Garlow Media. BScene, a Free community paper founded in 2014, is published monthly and distributed locally throughout Brantford and Brant County via local businesses and community centers, It can also be viewed online at their website. Independently published. Brantford's only local television service comes from Rogers TV (cable 20),
3465-414: Is recommended in those with low oxygen levels or shortness of breath. In a STEMI, treatments attempt to restore blood flow to the heart and include percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), where the arteries are pushed open and may be stented , or thrombolysis , where the blockage is removed using medications. People who have a non-ST elevation myocardial infarction ( NSTEMI ) are often managed with
3570-572: Is still in use today as one of two royal Chapels in Canada and the oldest Protestant Church in the province. Joseph Brant and his son John Brant are buried here. Chief John Brant (Mohawk leader) (Ahyonwaeghs) was one of the sons of Joseph Brant. He fought with the British during the War of 1812 and later worked to improve the welfare of the First Nations. He was involved in building schools and improving
3675-412: Is still unable to be distributed to the affected myocardium despite clearing the occlusion—also contributes to myocardial injury. Topical endothelial swelling is one of many factors contributing to this phenomenon. A myocardial infarction, according to current consensus, is defined by elevated cardiac biomarkers with a rising or falling trend and at least one of the following: A myocardial infarction
3780-512: Is the municipal governing body. As of October 22, 2018, the mayor is Kevin Davis . Brantford's economy was hit hard in the 1980s when farm equipment manufacturers Massey Ferguson and White Farm Equipment closed their local plants. By the end of 1981, the city's unemployment rate reached 22%. As with other small Ontario cities hit by the decline of manufacturing, the community struggled with an increase in social problems. In more recent times,
3885-457: Is usually clinically classified as an ST-elevation MI (STEMI) or a non-ST elevation MI (NSTEMI). These are based on ST elevation , a portion of a heartbeat graphically recorded on an ECG . STEMIs make up about 25–40% of myocardial infarctions. A more explicit classification system, based on international consensus in 2012, also exists. This classifies myocardial infarctions into five types: There are many different biomarkers used to determine
3990-445: Is varying evidence about the importance of saturated fat in the development of myocardial infarctions. Eating polyunsaturated fat instead of saturated fats has been shown in studies to be associated with a decreased risk of myocardial infarction, while other studies find little evidence that reducing dietary saturated fat or increasing polyunsaturated fat intake affects heart attack risk. Dietary cholesterol does not appear to have
4095-488: The Bell Telephone Company of Canada . The decision was widely criticized by Ontario's heritage preservation community, however, the city argued it was needed for downtown renewal. Plaques and monuments erected by the provincial and federal governments provide additional glimpses into the early history of the area around Brantford. The famed Mohawk Chief Joseph Brant (Thayendanega) led his people from
4200-609: The Brantford Courier accepted a mystery story from him, and he became a reporter there (for five dollars a week). He was an editor at the Guelph Daily Mercury between 1908 and 1910. He married Ida Randolph Spragge (1888–1975) in York Township, Ontario on January 12, 1910. The couple had two children, Molly (Mrs. Howard Haycraft ) and Dora (Mrs. Henry Darlington Steinmetz). in 1910, Costain joined
4305-642: The Neutral Nation , lived in the Grand River valley area before the 17th century; their main village and seat of the chief, Kandoucho , was identified by 19th-century historians as having been located on the Grand River where present-day Brantford developed. This community, like the rest of their settlements, was destroyed when the Iroquois declared war in 1650 over the fur trade and exterminated
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4410-760: The University of Western Ontario in May 1952 and he received a gold medallion from the Canadian Club of New York in June 1965. The Thomas B. Costain public elementary school (1953) and the Thomas B. Costain – S.C. Johnson Community Centre (2002) in Brantford are named in his honour. His daughter Molly Costain Haycraft became a writer of historical novels. George R. R. Martin has cited Costain's non-fiction books on
4515-661: The elderly , in those with diabetes mellitus and after heart transplantation . In people with diabetes, differences in pain threshold , autonomic neuropathy , and psychological factors have been cited as possible explanations for the lack of symptoms. In heart transplantation, the donor heart is not fully innervated by the nervous system of the recipient. The most prominent risk factors for myocardial infarction are older age, actively smoking , high blood pressure , diabetes mellitus , and total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein levels. Many risk factors of myocardial infarction are shared with coronary artery disease ,
4620-480: The health impact assessment of regional and local plans and policies. Most guidelines recommend combining different preventive strategies. A 2015 Cochrane Review found some evidence that such an approach might help with blood pressure , body mass index and waist circumference . However, there was insufficient evidence to show an effect on mortality or actual cardio-vascular events. Statins , drugs that act to lower blood cholesterol, decrease
4725-522: The single nucleotide polymorphisms that are implicated are within a non-coding region. The majority of these variants are in regions that have not been previously implicated in coronary artery disease. The following genes have an association with MI: PCSK9 , SORT1 , MIA3 , WDR12 , MRAS , PHACTR1 , LPA , TCF21 , MTHFDSL , ZC3HC1 , CDKN2A , 2B , ABO , PDGF0 , APOA5 , MNF1ASM283 , COL4A1 , HHIPC1 , SMAD3 , ADAMTS7 , RAS1 , SMG6 , SNF8 , LDLR , SLC5A3 , MRPS6 , KCNE2 . The risk of having
4830-481: The subendocardial region, and tissue begins to die within 15–30 minutes of loss of blood supply. The dead tissue is surrounded by a zone of potentially reversible ischemia that progresses to become a full-thickness transmural infarct. The initial "wave" of infarction can take place over 3–4 hours. These changes are seen on gross pathology and cannot be predicted by the presence or absence of Q waves on an ECG. The position, size and extent of an infarct depends on
4935-551: The sympathetic nervous system , which occurs in response to pain and, where present, low blood pressure . Loss of consciousness can occur in myocardial infarctions due to inadequate blood flow to the brain and cardiogenic shock , and sudden death , frequently due to the development of ventricular fibrillation . When the brain was without oxygen for too long due to a myocardial infarction, coma and persistent vegetative state can occur. Cardiac arrest, and atypical symptoms such as palpitations , occur more frequently in females,
5040-490: The African-Canadian residents. By 1847, Europeans began to settle further up the river at a ford in the Grand River and named their village Brantford. The population increased after 1848 when river navigation to Brantford was opened and again in 1854 with the arrival of the railway to Brantford. Because of the ease of navigation from new roads and the Grand River, several manufacturing companies could be found in
5145-746: The British Crown in 1785 for the Mohawk and Iroquois people (Six Nations of the Grand River), was dedicated in 1788 as a reminder of the original agreements made with the British during the American Revolution . In 1904 the chapel received Royal status by King Edward VII in memory of the longstanding alliance. Her Majesty's Royal Chapel of the Mohawks is an important reminder of the original agreements made with Queen Anne in 1710. It
5250-501: The Grand River. Because of existing networks, it became a railroad hub of Southern Ontario. The combination of water and rail helped Brantford develop from a farming community into an industrial city with many blue-collar jobs based on the agriculture implementation industry. Major companies included S.C. Johnson Wax, Massey-Harris, Verity Plow, and the Cockshutt Plow Company . This industry, more than any other, provided
5355-581: The Maclean Publishing Group where he edited three trade journals. Beginning in 1914, he was a staff writer for and, from 1917, editor of the Toronto -based Maclean's magazine. His success there brought him to the attention of The Saturday Evening Post in New York City where he was fiction editor for fourteen years. In 1920, he became a naturalized U.S. citizen. He also worked for Doubleday Books as an editor 1939-1946. He
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#17327911392145460-717: The Mohawk Valley of New York State to Upper Canada after being allied with the British during the American Revolution , where they lost their land holdings. A group of 400 settled in 1788 on the Grand River at Mohawk Village which would later become Brantford. Nearly a century later (1886), the Joseph Brant Memorial would be erected in Burlington, Ontario in honour of Brant and the Six Nations Confederacy. The Mohawk Chapel , built by
5565-756: The Neutral nation. In 1784, Captain Joseph Brant and the Mohawk people of the Iroquois Confederacy left New York State for Canada. As a reward for their loyalty to the British Crown , they were given a large land grant, referred to as the Haldimand Tract , on the Grand River. The original Mohawk settlement was on the south edge of the present-day city at a location favourable for landing canoes. Brant's crossing (or fording) of
5670-599: The Plantagenet dynasty as an influence on his book Fire and Blood , part of Martin's " A Song of Ice and Fire " series. Brantford Brantford ( 2021 population : 104,688 ) is a city in Ontario , Canada, founded on the Grand River in Southwestern Ontario . It is surrounded by Brant County but is politically separate with a municipal government of its own that is fully independent of
5775-537: The United States. In the developed world, the risk of death in those who have had a STEMI is about 10%. Rates of MI for a given age have decreased globally between 1990 and 2010. In 2011, an MI was one of the top five most expensive conditions during inpatient hospitalizations in the US, with a cost of about $ 11.5 billion for 612,000 hospital stays. Myocardial infarction (MI) refers to tissue death ( infarction ) of
5880-432: The acute diagnostic algorithm; however, it can confirm a clinical suspicion of Chronic Coronary Syndrome when the patient's history, physical examination (including cardiac examination ) ECG, and cardiac biomarkers suggest coronary artery disease. Echocardiography , an ultrasound scan of the heart, is able to visualize the heart, its size, shape, and any abnormal motion of the heart walls as they beat that may indicate
5985-409: The affected artery, totality of the blockage, duration of the blockage, the presence of collateral blood vessels , oxygen demand, and success of interventional procedures. Tissue death and myocardial scarring alter the normal conduction pathways of the heart and weaken affected areas. The size and location put a person at risk of abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) or heart block , aneurysm of
6090-682: The area and later absorbed into Brantford.) Then called Melville House, it is now a museum, the Bell Homestead National Historic Site . This was the site of the invention of the telephone in 1874 and ongoing trials in 1876. The Bell Memorial , also known as the Bell Monument, was commissioned to commemorate Bell's invention of the telephone in Brantford; it is also one of the National Historic Sites of Canada . Some articles suggest that
6195-470: The area around Murray Street, and in Cainsville . In Brantford, they established their own school and church, now known as the S.R. Drake Memorial Church . In 1846, it is estimated 2000 residents lived in the city's core while 5199 lived in the outlying rural areas. There were eight churches in Brantford at this time – Episcopal, Presbyterian, Catholic, two Methodist, Baptist, Congregational, and one for
6300-647: The blood thinner heparin , with the additional use of PCI in those at high risk. In people with blockages of multiple coronary arteries and diabetes, coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) may be recommended rather than angioplasty . After an MI, lifestyle modifications, along with long-term treatment with aspirin, beta blockers and statins , are typically recommended. Worldwide, about 15.9 million myocardial infarctions occurred in 2015. More than 3 million people had an ST elevation MI, and more than 4 million had an NSTEMI. STEMIs occur about twice as often in men as women. About one million people have an MI each year in
6405-519: The book to be about Bayan and Edward I , but became caught up in the legend of Thomas Becket 's parents: an English knight married to an Eastern girl. The book was a selection of the Literary Guild with a first printing of 650,000 copies and sold over two million copies in its first year. In 1950, it was made into a successful film starring Orson Welles as Bayan and Tyrone Power as Walter. His research led him to believe that Richard III
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#17327911392146510-575: The businesses left thousands of people unemployed. As a consequence, it became one of the most economically depressed areas in the country, leaving a negative impact on the once-vibrant downtown. An economic revival was prompted by the completion of the Brantford-to- Ancaster section of Highway 403 in 1997, bringing companies easy access to Hamilton and Toronto and completing a direct route from Detroit to Buffalo . In 2004 Procter & Gamble and Ferrero SpA chose to locate in
6615-440: The city was hit hard by the opioid crisis . In 2018, Brantford had the highest rate of emergency department visits for overdose of any city in Ontario. In 2018, Brantford police reported an overall crime rate of 6,533 incidents per 100,000 population, 59% higher than in Ontario (4,113) and 19% higher than in Canada (5,488). The same year, Maclean's magazine ranked Brantford as having a higher rate of crime severity than most of
6720-479: The city. Though Wescast Industries, Inc. recently closed its local foundry, its corporate headquarters will remain in Brantford. SC Johnson Canada has their headquarters and a manufacturing plant in Brantford, connected to the Canadian National network. Other companies that have their headquarters here include Gunther Mele and GreenMantra Technologies . On February 16, 2005, Brant, including Brantford,
6825-605: The county's municipal government. Brantford is situated on the Haldimand Tract , and is named after Joseph Brant , a Mohawk leader, soldier, farmer and slave owner. Brant was an important Loyalist leader during the American Revolutionary War and later, after the Haudenosaunee moved to the Brantford area in Upper Canada . Many of his descendants and other First Nations people live on
6930-463: The county. Ontario's Municipal Act, 2001 defines single-tier municipalities as "a municipality, other than an upper-tier municipality, that does not form part of an upper-tier municipality for municipal purposes." Single-tier municipalities provide for all local government services. At the federal and provincial levels of government, Brantford is part of the Brant riding . Brantford City Council
7035-405: The diagnosis and characterisation of myocardial infarction. Tests such as chest X-rays can be used to explore and exclude alternate causes of a person's symptoms. Echocardiography may assist in modifying clinical suspicion of ongoing myocardial infarction in patients that can't be ruled out or ruled in following initial ECG and Troponin testing. Myocardial perfusion imaging has no role in
7140-616: The diagnostic accuracy of troponin testing is improving over time. One high-sensitivity cardiac troponin can rule out a heart attack as long as the ECG is normal. Other tests, such as CK-MB or myoglobin , are discouraged. CK-MB is not as specific as troponins for acute myocardial injury, and may be elevated with past cardiac surgery, inflammation or electrical cardioversion; it rises within 4–8 hours and returns to normal within 2–3 days. Copeptin may be useful to rule out MI rapidly when used along with troponin. Electrocardiograms (ECGs) are
7245-527: The education of First Nations children at residential schools , which were intended to teach them English and European-Canadian ways and assimilate them into the majority cultures. Such institutions in or near Brantford included the Thomas Indian School, Mohawk Institute Residential School (also known as Mohawk Manual Labour School and Mush Hole Indian Residential School), and the Haudenosaunee boarding school. Decades later and particularly since
7350-414: The elderly, those with diabetes, in people who have just had surgery, and in critically ill patients. "Silent" myocardial infarctions can happen without any symptoms at all. These cases can be discovered later on electrocardiograms , using blood enzyme tests, or at autopsy after a person has died. Such silent myocardial infarctions represent between 22 and 64% of all infarctions, and are more common in
7455-451: The electric street car system with gas-run buses, and by the end of 1939, the changeover was complete. Heart attack A myocardial infarction ( MI ), commonly known as a heart attack , occurs when blood flow decreases or stops in one of the coronary arteries of the heart , causing infarction (tissue death) to the heart muscle . The most common symptom is retrosternal chest pain or discomfort that classically radiates to
7560-412: The first city in Canada to fluoridate its water supply. Brantford generated controversy in 2010 when its city council expropriated and demolished 41 historic downtown buildings on the south side of its main street, Colborne Street. The buildings constituted one of the longest blocks of pre-Confederation architecture in Canada and included one of Ontario's first grocery stores and an early 1890s office of
7665-637: The greatest support is the Mediterranean diet . Vitamins and mineral supplements are of no proven benefit, and neither are plant stanols or sterols . Public health measures may also act at a population level to reduce the risk of myocardial infarction, for example by reducing unhealthy diets (excessive salt, saturated fat, and trans-fat) including food labeling and marketing requirements as well as requirements for catering and restaurants and stimulating physical activity. This may be part of regional cardiovascular disease prevention programs or through
7770-465: The heart is not contracting at all or so poorly that all vital organs cease to function, thus leading to death. It is also distinct from heart failure , in which the pumping action of the heart is impaired. However, an MI may lead to heart failure. Chest pain that may or may not radiate to other parts of the body is the most typical and significant symptom of myocardial infarction. It might be accompanied by other symptoms such as sweating. Chest pain
7875-410: The heart muscle ( myocardium ) caused by ischemia , the lack of oxygen delivery to myocardial tissue. It is a type of acute coronary syndrome , which describes a sudden or short-term change in symptoms related to blood flow to the heart. Unlike the other type of acute coronary syndrome, unstable angina , a myocardial infarction occurs when there is cell death , which can be estimated by measuring by
7980-441: The heart ventricles , inflammation of the heart wall following infarction, and rupture of the heart wall that can have catastrophic consequences. Injury to the myocardium also occurs during re-perfusion. This might manifest as ventricular arrhythmia. The re-perfusion injury is a consequence of the calcium and sodium uptake from the cardiac cells and the release of oxygen radicals during reperfusion. No-reflow phenomenon—when blood
8085-729: The heart, lungs , gastrointestinal tract , aorta , and other muscles, bones and nerves surrounding the chest. In addition to myocardial infarction, other causes include angina , insufficient blood supply ( ischemia ) to the heart muscles without evidence of cell death, gastroesophageal reflux disease ; pulmonary embolism , tumors of the lungs, pneumonia , rib fracture , costochondritis , heart failure and other musculoskeletal injuries. Rarer severe differential diagnoses include aortic dissection , esophageal rupture , tension pneumothorax , and pericardial effusion causing cardiac tamponade . The chest pain in an MI may mimic heartburn . Causes of sudden-onset breathlessness generally involve
8190-402: The incidence and mortality rates of myocardial infarctions. They are often recommended in those at an elevated risk of cardiovascular diseases. Aspirin has been studied extensively in people considered at increased risk of myocardial infarction. Based on numerous studies in different groups (e.g. people with or without diabetes), there does not appear to be a benefit strong enough to outweigh
8295-575: The invention of the telephone here... [which was] conceived in Brantford in 1874 and born in Boston in 1875" and that "the first transmission to a distance was made between Brantford and Paris " (on 3 August 1876). As well, the second successful voice transmission (over a distance of 6 km; 4 miles) was also made in the area, on 4 August 1876, between the telegraph office in Brantford, Ontario and Bell's father's homestead over makeshift wires. Canada's first telephone factory, created by James Cowherd ,
8400-720: The late 20th century, numerous scholarly and artistic works have explored the detrimental effects of the schools in destroying Native cultures. Examples include Ronald James Douglas' graduate thesis titled Documenting Ethnic Cleansing in North America: Creating Unseen Tears , and the Legacy of Hope Foundation's online media collection: "Where are the Children? Healing the Legacy of the Residential Schools". In June 1945, Brantford became
8505-877: The left shoulder, arm, or jaw. The pain may occasionally feel like heartburn . This is the dangerous type of Acute coronary syndrome . Other symptoms may include shortness of breath , nausea , feeling faint , a cold sweat , feeling tired , and decreased level of consciousness . About 30% of people have atypical symptoms. Women more often present without chest pain and instead have neck pain, arm pain or feel tired. Among those over 75 years old, about 5% have had an MI with little or no history of symptoms. An MI may cause heart failure , an irregular heartbeat , cardiogenic shock or cardiac arrest . Most MIs occur due to coronary artery disease . Risk factors include high blood pressure , smoking , diabetes , lack of exercise , obesity , high blood cholesterol , poor diet, and excessive alcohol intake . The complete blockage of
8610-666: The lungs or heart – including pulmonary edema , pneumonia, allergic reactions and asthma , and pulmonary embolus, acute respiratory distress syndrome and metabolic acidosis . There are many different causes of fatigue, and myocardial infarction is not a common cause. There is a large crossover between the lifestyle and activity recommendations to prevent a myocardial infarction, and those that may be adopted as secondary prevention after an initial myocardial infarction, because of shared risk factors and an aim to reduce atherosclerosis affecting heart vessels. The influenza vaccine also appear to protect against myocardial infarction with
8715-610: The myocardial infarction are coronary spasm or coronary artery dissection . The most common cause of a myocardial infarction is the rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque on an artery supplying heart muscle. Plaques can become unstable, rupture, and additionally promote the formation of a blood clot that blocks the artery; this can occur in minutes. Blockage of an artery can lead to tissue death in tissue being supplied by that artery. Atherosclerotic plaques are often present for decades before they result in symptoms. The gradual buildup of cholesterol and fibrous tissue in plaques in
8820-700: The nearby Six Nations of the Grand River reserve south of Brantford; it is the most populous reserve in Canada. Brantford is known as the "Telephone City" because the city's famous resident, Alexander Graham Bell , invented the first telephone at his father's homestead, Melville House, now the Bell Homestead , located in Tutela Heights south of the city. Brantford is also known as the birthplace and hometown of Wayne Gretzky and Phil Hartman . The Iroquoian-speaking Attawandaron, known in English as
8925-419: The physician confirm a person is at high risk for Chronic Coronary Syndrome before conducting diagnostic non-invasive imaging tests to make a diagnosis, as such tests are unlikely to change management and result in increased costs. Patients who have a normal ECG and who are able to exercise, for example, most likely do not merit routine imaging. There are many causes of chest pain , which can originate from
9030-471: The plaque and act to stabilize it. A stable plaque may have a thick fibrous cap with calcification . If there is ongoing inflammation, the cap may be thin or ulcerate. Exposed to the pressure associated with blood flow, plaques, especially those with a thin lining, may rupture and trigger the formation of a blood clot (thrombus). The cholesterol crystals have been associated with plaque rupture through mechanical injury and inflammation. Atherosclerotic disease
9135-517: The population. 40.4% of residents had no religion, up from 31.6% in 2011. All other religions and spiritual traditions make up 8.1% of the population. The largest non-Christian religions were Sikhism (2.6%), Islam (2.0%), Hinduism (1.7%) and Buddhism (0.5%). Brantford has been used as a filming location for TV and films. Statistics from the Federal 2016 Census indicated that 54.1% of Brantford's adult residents (ages 25 to 64) had earned either
9240-487: The presence of cardiac muscle damage. Troponins , measured through a blood test, are considered to be the best, and are preferred because they have greater sensitivity and specificity for measuring injury to the heart muscle than other tests. A rise in troponin occurs within 2–3 hours of injury to the heart muscle, and peaks within 1–2 days. The level of the troponin, as well as a change over time, are useful in measuring and diagnosing or excluding myocardial infarctions, and
9345-512: The primary cause of myocardial infarction, with other risk factors including male sex, low levels of physical activity, a past family history , obesity , and alcohol use . Risk factors for myocardial disease are often included in risk factor stratification scores, such as the Framingham Risk Score . At any given age, men are more at risk than women for the development of cardiovascular disease. High levels of blood cholesterol
9450-407: The province. The electric telephone was invented here leading to the establishment of Canada's first telephone factory here in the 1870s. Brantford developed as an important Canadian industrial centre for the first half of the 20th century, and it was once the third-ranked Canadian city in terms of the cash value of manufactured goods exported. The city developed at the deepest navigable point of
9555-486: The risk of myocardial infarction, although there is not universal agreement. Dietary modifications are recommended by some national authorities, with recommendations including increasing the intake of wholegrain starch, reducing sugar intake (particularly of refined sugar), consuming five portions of fruit and vegetables daily, consuming two or more portions of fish per week, and consuming 4–5 portions of unsalted nuts , seeds , or legumes per week. The dietary pattern with
9660-530: The river gave the original name to the area: Brant's ford The Glebe Farm Indian Reserve exists at the original site today. The area began to grow from a small settlement in the 1820s as the Hamilton and London Road was improved. By the 1830s, Brantford became a stop on the Underground Railroad , and a sizable number of runaway African-Americans settled in the town. From the 1830s to the 1860s – several hundred people of African descent settled in
9765-399: The start of daylight saving time . Women who use combined oral contraceptive pills have a modestly increased risk of myocardial infarction, especially in the presence of other risk factors. The use of non-steroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), even for as short as a week, increases risk. Endometriosis in women under the age of 40 is an identified risk factor. Air pollution
9870-400: The studies showing these differences had high variability. Females are less likely to report chest pain during a heart attack and more likely to report nausea, jaw pain, neck pain, cough, and fatigue, although these findings are inconsistent across studies. Females with heart attacks also had more indigestion, dizziness , loss of appetite , and loss of consciousness. Shortness of breath is
9975-526: The telephone was invented in Boston , where Alexander Graham Bell did a great deal of work on the development of the device. However, Bell confirmed Brantford as the birthplace of the device in a 1906 speech: "the telephone problem was solved, and it was solved at my father's home". At the unveiling of the Bell Memorial on 24 October 1917, Bell reminded the attendees that "Brantford is right in claiming
10080-487: The town by 1869. Some of these factories included Brantford Engine Works, Victoria Foundry and Britannia Foundry. Several major farm implement manufacturers, starting with Cockshutt and Harris, opened for business in the 1870s. The history of the Brantford region from 1793 to 1920 is described at length in the book At The Forks of The Grand . In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Canadian government encouraged
10185-529: The wall of the coronary arteries or other arteries, typically over decades, is termed atherosclerosis . Atherosclerosis is characterized by progressive inflammation of the walls of the arteries. Inflammatory cells, particularly macrophages , move into affected arterial walls. Over time, they become laden with cholesterol products, particularly LDL , and become foam cells . A cholesterol core forms as foam cells die. In response to growth factors secreted by macrophages, smooth muscle and other cells move into
10290-632: The welfare of his people. Brant initiated the opening of schools and, from 1828, served as the first native Superintendent of the Six Nations. Chief Brant was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada for Haldimand in 1830 and was the first aboriginal Canadian in Parliament. The stone and brick Brant County Courthouse was built on land purchased from the Six Nations in 1852. The structure housed courtrooms, county offices,
10395-480: The well-paying and steady employment that allowed Brantford to sustain economic growth through most of the 20th century. By the 1980s and 1990s, Brantford's economy was in steady decline due to changes in heavy industry and its restructuring. Numerous companies suffered bankruptcies, such as White Farm Equipment , Massey Ferguson (and its successor, Massey Combines Corporation), Koering-Waterous, Harding Carpets, and other manufacturers. The bankruptcies and closures of
10500-522: Was a great monarch tarred by conspiracies, after his death, with the murder of the princes in the tower . Costain supported his theories with documentation, suggesting that the real murderer was Henry VII . Costain died in 1965 at his New York City home of a heart attack at the age of 80. He is buried in the Farringdon Independent Church Cemetery in Brantford. He received a Doctor of Letters (D. Litt) degree from
10605-517: Was added to the Greater Golden Horseshoe along with Haldimand and Northumberland counties. In February 2019, Brantford's unemployment rate stood at 4.6% – lower than Ontario's rate of 5.6%. Brantford has a humid continental climate ( Dfb ) with warm to hot summers and cold, moderately snowy winters, though not severe by Canadian standards. In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada , Brantford had
10710-524: Was described as a handsome, tall, broad-shouldered man with a pink and white complexion, clear blue eyes, and a slight Canadian accent. He was white-haired by the time he began to write novels. He loved animals and could not even kill a bug (but he also loved bridge , and he did not extend the same policy to his partners). He also loved movies and the theatre (he met his future wife when she was performing Ruth in The Pirates of Penzance ). Costain's work
10815-537: Was located in Brantford and operated from about 1879 until Cowherd's death in 1881. The first telephone business office which opened in 1877, not far from the Bell Homestead, was located in what is now Brantford. The combination of events has led to Brantford calling itself "The Telephone City". Brantford is located within the County of Brant; however, it is a single-tier municipality, politically separate from
10920-517: Was published, and it became a bestseller with over 132,000 copies sold. The New York Times reviewer stated at the end of the review "there will be no romantic-adventure lover left unsatisfied." In January 1946 he "retired" to spend the rest of his life writing, at a rate of about 3,000 words a day. Raised as a Baptist , he was reported in the 1953 Current Biography to be an attendant of the Protestant Episcopal Church . He
11025-525: Was the head of 20th Century Fox 's bureau of literary development (story department) from 1934 to 1942. In 1940, he wrote four short novels but was "enough of an editor not to send them out". He next planned to write six books in a series he called "The Stepchildren of History". He would write about six interesting but unknown historical figures. For his first, he wrote about the seventeenth-century pirate John Ward aka Jack Ward . In 1942, he realized his longtime dream when this first novel For My Great Folly
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