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51-570: Tivoli Castle is a mansion and is the terminus of the Jakopič Promenade. Built in the 17th century atop the ruins of a previous Renaissance -period castle, the mansion was initially owned by the Jesuits . In the middle of the 19th century, it was renovated by Marshal Joseph Radetzky (1766–1858) in the Neoclassical style , giving it its present appearance. In 1864, Austrian sculptors in

102-408: A 300-year-old oak tree that fell in a storm into a sculpture named Sožitje ("Coexistence"). With the act, he proposed the beginning of a sculpture garden in the park. The sculpture is a rare combination of oak and bronze. It is 4 metres (13 ft) high and it has been grown over by moss and by lichen. The wood embraces a bronze inner part named Čisto srce ("Pure Heart"). In September 2004, on

153-406: A Moravian foundry designed four cast-iron dogs that stand in front of the castle. In some older books they were attributed to the sculptor Anton Dominik Fernkorn (1813–1878). Because the dogs do not have tongues, it has been falsely rumoured that the sculptor Fernkorn committed suicide by shooting himself due to this mistake. An alpine-style building called the Švicarija (" Swissery ", formerly

204-506: A cafe, which was opened in 1835 next to Podturn Manor. The pond was excavated in 1880. It was later used for boating and ice skating, and for fishing. A tree nursery was established in the park by the city municipality in 1894. It was led by the Czech gardener Vaclav Hejnic , who was the first professional gardener in Tivoli, and who arranged parts of the park in the 1920s. In the same time,

255-480: A center for anti-Italian nationalist propaganda. Grazioli's work in the early stage of the occupation was marked by respect for Slovenian culture against which no forced Italianization was initially attempted, as it was believed that more aggressive policies would result in increased hostility on part of the population, and that assimilation would in any case take place over time as a consequence of "superior" Italian culture. Grazioli's action, which differed from

306-553: A diminished sympathy of the Slovenes towards the Italians, especially in the most important cities. With major military operations now concluded, on 16 January 1943 Grazioli sent a letter to Rome requesting to restore civilian authority in the province, and above all to limit the activity of the military tribunal, which had in fact replaced the ordinary tribunal. After long discussions, on May 17 Grazioli's requests were rejected by

357-631: A few days later made it compulsory to report new births. According to the first data collected, the population was made up of 280-400,000 inhabitants. Grazioli also had a census of the Jewish population carried out. Grazioli began establishing in the province of Ljubljana local sections of the Fascist organizations that already existed in Italy, such as the Gioventù Italiana del Littorio and

408-482: A lawn beside the pond, an open-air library operates in warm weather and a workshop on recycling books and other printed matter, called "The Read Ones." During winter, the library moves into the nearby greenhouse. A greenhouse with tropical plants , operated by the Ljubljana Botanical Gardens , stands near the northwestern end of the pond. Next to the greenhouse, there is a rose garden . It

459-636: A lot to the arrangement of Tivoli Park . There was a full-size cast iron statue of Radetzky on display in Ljubljana on the steps in front of Tivoli Castle from 1882 till 1918. In 1851, it won a prize at the Great Exhibition in London. Today, it is preserved by the City Museum of Ljubljana . The statue's pedestal, however, remains at its original place. In 1863, the mansion was bought by

510-448: A meeting that for every Italian soldier killed, reprisals would be carried out on partisans and sympathizers already detained; a proclamation to this effect was issued to the population. Later that month, eight partisans held in the Ljubljana prison were executed in reprisal for the killing of several Slovenian collaborators. In the meantime, Grazioli decided to intensify patrol services within the city by using army troops and even members of

561-420: A new meeting held in Ljubljana on February 5, 1942, the situation between Grazioli and Robotti was discussed and Grazioli was effectively deprived of the possibility of using military units to conduct autonomous actions, his authority being restricted to the use of the police and of the carabinieri , for investigations and prevention. On February 21, 1942 the presence in Ljubljana of the operational center of

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612-477: A position converted into that of High Commissioner of the Province of Ljubljana upon its establishment on May 3, 1941. Despite a special newsletter issued by General Vittorio Ambrosio subjected the civil authorities of the occupied territories to military authority, Grazioli still tried to carry out his functions independently. On August 12, 1941, Grazioli had the public register of the population established, and

663-409: A rapid and violent reaction would be justified, including setting villages on fire. On 7 November the first official meeting took place between the civil authority represented by Grazioli and the military authority represented by Robotti, in which mutual conflicts of competence were discussed. It was decided that in any case round-ups would be the prerogative of the army; additionally, a military court

714-700: Is a mansion in Ljubljana , the capital of Slovenia . The mansion is located in the city's Tivoli Park (the part in the Rožnik District ), northwest of (and visible from) the city centre, at the foot of Rožnik Hill . It is the terminus of the Jakopič Promenade (formerly the Lantieri Promenade), itself the continuation of Cankar Street. An alpine-style building called the Švicarija ( German : Schweitzerhaus 'the Swiss House', formerly

765-443: Is shaped like a rectangle and is shallow with a small volume. In 2011, it was thoroughly renovated. It has been used for recreation, fishing, and as a flood-control reservoir. It has served as a theme of visual artists and musicians. There is a small stone plastic named Ribe ("Fish") in the pond. It is a depiction of two vertically standing fish, created in 1935 by the expressionist sculptor France Kralj and erected in 1994. On

816-476: The Austrian emperor Francis Joseph I , who in 1852 presented it as a gift to the veteran Habsburg marshal Joseph Radetzky . Radetzky renovated the mansion in the Neoclassical style , giving it its present appearance, and spent much of his retirement in it with his wife Francisca von Strassoldo Grafenberg, a local Carniolan noblewoman. The field marshal Joseph Radetzky von Radetz (1766–1858) contributed

867-832: The Italian Social Republic . On 1 October 1943 he was appointed once again as High Commissioner of Ljubljana by the RSI authorities, but the head of the German occupation administration, Friedrich Rainer , forbade this, reserving all power in Slovenia for himself. Mussolini then made Grazioli head of the Province of Bergamo , later of Ravenna and finally of Turin , participating in the persecution of Jews , anti-Fascists, and draft dodgers. On 27 April 1945 he fled from Turin and on 5 May he surrendered to Allied troops; he

918-544: The Opera Nazionale Dopolavoro . His goal was to integrate the new province, which would still retain considerable autonomy, within the Kingdom of Italy, without alienating the sympathies of large anti-Communist sections of the population who saw in Italy a protection from the nascent Titoist movement and from harsher German occupation. All the former Slovenian officials that had been suspended following

969-513: The Slovenian resistance was reported to the police. Two days later, Grazioli and Robotti decided to implement a complete blockade of the city, which was surrounded with barbed wire and checkpoints to prevent the escape of suspects, restricting passage only to holders of a special pass. Once the blockade was completed, the entire city was rounded up by units of the Grenadiers of Sardinia ,

1020-605: The Hotel Tivoli) stands behind the mansion. It was completely restored in recent years and has now been transformed into a cultural centre. The Jesenko nature trail leads past it. Cekin Mansion is a mansion on the northern edge of Tivoli Park. It houses the Museum of Contemporary History of Slovenia ( Muzej novejše zgodovine Slovenije ). The mansion was built in 1720, commissioned by Leopold Lamberg and based on plans by

1071-624: The Ministry of Justice, as were his continuous request to extend Italian legislation to the new annexed province. On 15 June 1943 Grazioli was replaced by Giuseppe Lombrassa as High Commissioner for the Province of Ljubljana, and was appointed prefect of Catania . He had barely settled there, however, when he was forced to flee by the Allied invasion of Sicily . After the Armistice of Cassibile he moved to northern Italy , where he joined

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1122-951: The Municipality of Ljubljana, who used it as (among other things) a poorhouse, later subdividing it into condominiums. In 1967, it was again renovated and became the venue for the International Centre of Graphic Arts . In 1864, the Austrian sculptor Anton Dominik Fernkorn created four cast iron dogs, still on display in Tivoli Park in front of Tivoli Castle. The dogs do not have tongues, and it has been falsely rumoured that Fernkorn committed suicide by shooting himself due to this mistake. 46°3′17″N 14°29′35″E  /  46.05472°N 14.49306°E  / 46.05472; 14.49306 Emilio Grazioli Emilio Grazioli (26 October 1899 – 15 June 1969)

1173-534: The Tivoli Hotel) stands behind the mansion. The Jesenko Nature Trail leads past it. In the early 15th century, a tower stood in the woods above the site; it was owned by Georg Apfalterer, an ally of Duke Frederick (later Holy Roman Emperor Frederick III). The tower was destroyed by Frederick II, Count of Celje in 1440, but was the source of the original name of the castle: German Schloss Unterthurn and Slovene Grad Pod turnom , both literally 'castle below

1224-584: The Viennese Baroque architect Fischer von Erlach . Since 1951, it has housed the national museum of contemporary history . Tivoli Hall is a complex of two multipurpose indoor sport arenas next to the Cekin Mansion. The complex, based on plans by the architect Marjan Božič and the engineer Stanko Bloudek , was opened in 1965. The larger ice hockey arena has a seating capacity of 7,000 people. When configured to host basketball games,

1275-541: The absence of Grazioli (who was in Rome for reasons of service), issued orders that placed all the police forces of Slovenia under his command. Grazioli protested, especially with regards to the police headquarters in Ljubljana, but in the end he had to give in. After the summer of 1942, the situation in Ljubljana started to change, with rising hostility towards the Communist-inspired partisan movement by parts of

1326-559: The blessing by the Ljubljana archbishop Gregorij Rožman . The event happened during the " cultural silence " period, a halt to all cultural activities connected with the annexation, ordered by the Slovene Liberation Front . The Communist Party and the Ljubljana Liberation Front secretary Vladimir Krivic characterised it as a "scandal" for their movement. Near the northern end of the pond, at

1377-402: The capacity is adjusted to 6,000. The smaller basketball hall has a seating capacity of 4,500 people. This hall hosted home games of the professional basketball team KK Union Olimpija until 2011, while the larger one is the home of HDD Olimpija Ljubljana professional ice hockey club. At the southeastern end of Tivoli Park is located Tivoli Pond ( Slovene : Tivolski ribnik ). The pond

1428-548: The engineer Jean Blanchard in 1813, when Ljubljana was the capital of the French Illyrian Provinces . He joined two existing parks, around Tivoli Castle (at that time called Podturn Manor ) and around Cekin Mansion , and linked them to the Ljubljana downtown. The park was named in the second half of the 19th century after a summer residence of the Casino Society with an amusement park, a pub and

1479-680: The following day. On January 19, 1942, General Vittorio Ambrosio was promoted to Chief of the General Staff, and replaced by General Mario Roatta as commander of the 2nd Army. Roatta immediately switched to a more aggressive conduct in fighting the Resistance, also strengthened by a new decree which established that military authority could to intervene when expressly requested by the High Commissioner but also on its own initiative, merely informing civilian authorities. During

1530-496: The gates of the fence that surrounded Ljubljana. The blocks were then removed on December 30 of the same year. In order to protect the old Italian border and prevent the partisans from reaching the territories inhabited by Italians, Grazioli arranged a cohort of the Border Militia. In April the partisans targeted Fascist institutions and Slovenian collaborators with numerous killings, and Grazioli and Robotti decided during

1581-574: The invasion were reassigned to their posts; at Grazioli's request, the handling of public order was removed from the Army and a police station was set up in Ljubljana. Great attention was paid to the university environment, in which teachers were carefully selected and many were drawn from Lambert Ehrlich 's nationalist movement "Sentinel in the Storm", but nevertheless the University of Ljubljana became

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1632-464: The local PNF section. Seeing the possibility of obtaining a pacification of the region fade, Grazioli accepted the repressive measures of the military authorities, and contributed with the request to Rome of another 1,300 carabinieri to reinforce the garrisons. In early May, forty political prisoners were shot in Ljubljana in reprisal for a partisan attack in which 27 Italian soldiers had been killed and 81 wounded. On 27 May Robotti, taking advantage of

1683-428: The mayor of Ljubljana Juro Adlešič, deputy mayor Vzodimir Ravnihar and bishop Gregorij Rozman . The trial ended on December 14 with nine death sentences and numerous prison sentences; after the applications for clemency submitted in the previous days, four death sentences were commuted to life sentences. On December 16 the military court of Ljubljana sentenced to death seven partisans captured with weapons who were shot on

1734-519: The military escalation, considered such military actions a mistakes, likening them to those carried out by the Germans in northern Slovenia, which had pushed many Slovenians to side with the partisans. Starting from 23 March, despite the negative opinion of the police headquarters and the Carabinieri commands, Grazioli obtained that the law enforcement agencies employed by him replace the soldiers at

1785-400: The occasion of the centenary of his birth, a sitting statue of the poet, writer, and translator Edvard Kocbek was ceremonially unveiled in the immediate vicinity of the pond on its southern side. It is a bronze statue by the sculptor Boštjan Drinovec . The poet sits on a bank and looks at his 30 cm (12 in) double on a handhold of the bank. Tivoli Park was laid out upon the plans by

1836-537: The park was also renovated by the architect Jože Plečnik , who designed the Jakopič Promenade that runs through the park, creating a linear visual axis going from Tivoli Castle through Cankar Street and Čop Street to Prešeren Square , over the Triple Bridge , and ending at Ljubljana Castle . Tivoli Castle Tivoli Castle ( Slovene : Grad Tivoli ), originally called Podturn Manor ( German : Schloss Unterthurn , Slovene : Grad Pod turnom ),

1887-505: The partisans killed police commissioner Kazimir Kuković and on 13 October the ex ban (prefect) of Yugoslav Slovenia, Marko Natlačen. Grazioli responded harshly to the killing of the latter, by shooting 32 political prisoners taken from prisons. Meanwhile, the death of Natlačen, the rising prospects of an Allied victory in the war and the dilution of the communist positions of the Slovenian People's Liberation Front led once again to

1938-592: The police and the MVSN. On February 28, two hundred people were arrested, including Communist leader Tone Tomšič, who was then shot in the following May. Although several Communist leaders managed to escape, their organization was decimated and had to be reconstituted outside the city. Following this, partisans attacks escalated, resulting in the killing of several collaborators; Italian troops reacted by setting some villages south of Ljubljana on fire and indiscriminately killing civilians. Grazioli, who tried in vain to stem

1989-629: The policies pursued by the Fascist regime towards the Slavs of the Julian March during the interwar period, earned him the ironic nickname of "honorary Slav". However, in the following months, acts of hostility by part of the Slovenian population began to take place more and more openly and Grazioli, following the killing of a German soldier, ordered a large round-up led by the Ljubljana police headquarters starting from 1 August. Several attacks on

2040-425: The pond as the central landscape feature. The playground, named Paradiso dei bambini (Children's Paradise), was completed with the financial help of Emilio Grazioli , the first High Commissioner of the Province of Ljubljana. It opened with a ceremony on 11 July 1943 that was attended by numerous residents of Ljubljana, the mayor of Ljubljana, Leon Rupnik , and the high commissioner, Giuseppe Lombrassa , and included

2091-467: The population, as the Catholic, Belagardist and nationalist movements advocated collaborationism with the Italians. Grazioli, in order to encourage a return to normality, on 17 September requested the army to evacuate all the school buildings occupied in the summer in Ljubljana and in other cities in order to restart the school year regularly. The situation in Ljubljana remained calm until 8 October, when

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2142-482: The province, issued a ban that imposed the death penalty for those who had taken part in attacks against the Italian military and ordered a massive round-up south of Ljubljana. The operation was however unsuccessful, and Robotti was thus able to exclude Grazioli from other military operations, relegating to the administration of the capital. Partisan attacks meanwhile continued, leading between September and October to

2193-410: The railway line between Postojna and Ljubljana were also carried out. Meanwhile, military authorities, represented by General Mario Robotti , following the rise in partisan activity, began to complain about the particular "legal status" of the province, which prevented “energic” actions. On 11 September 1941 Grazioli, in an attempt to demonstrate to the military that he was able to maintain control over

2244-639: The rank of centurion ( Captain ) of the Voluntary Militia for National Security . In 1939 he became Federal Secretary of the Fascist Party for Trieste and a member of the Chamber of Fasces and Corporations . On April 6, 1941, the Axis invaded Yugoslavia , which quickly capitulated. Already in mid-April Grazioli was appointed Royal Civil Commissioner of the occupied territories of Slovenia ,

2295-600: The reaction of the garrison soldiers, who had let the situation “slip away” and opened fire on civilians. In the following days several Italian soldiers were killed in ambushes, followed by round-ups by the Italian authorities. In the same days, the Special Tribunal began its first major trial against 56 Slovenes arrested in the previous months during the round-ups. During the trial Grazioli received numerous requests for clemency from exponents of pro-Italian collaborationism, including Marko Natlačen , Drago Marušič ,

2346-475: The top of a staircase leading towards Tivoli Castle , stands a bronze sculpture by Zdenko Kalin , named Pastirček ("Shepherd") or Deček s piščalko ("Boy with a Whistle"). It was created in 1942 and erected 1 May 1946. It is a bucolic full-length statue of a marching boy with a whistle and represents one of the peaks of Slovene figurative art . In 2000, the Bosnian sculptor Slobodan Pejić transformed

2397-508: The tower'. The current structure was built in the 17th century atop the ruins of a previous Renaissance -period castle, the mansion was initially owned by the Jesuits , but came into the possession of the Diocese of Ljubljana following the 1773 suppression of the Jesuit order. Used as the bishop's summer residence, it was surrounded with orchards. In the mid-19th century, it was bought by

2448-410: The wounding of Slovenian general Leon Rupnik and the killing of two Italian soldiers; yet Grazioli, believing that the situation was still manageable, continued to oppose a militarization of the province. Attacks on Italian garrisons, however, convinced Robotti that he was operating in a hostile country in which the population openly sided with the partisans, leading him to decide that in case of attacks

2499-666: Was an Italian Fascist politician and prefect, High Commissioner for the Province of Ljubljana from 1941 to 1943. Grazioli fought in the Royal Italian Army during World War I , being awarded a War Cross for Military Valor . He joined the Fascist movement in 1921, when he created a local section in Aurisina , and the National Fascist Party in 1921, holding various posts within the Party and reaching

2550-473: Was created from 1993 to 1994 and renovated in 2007. Over 160 types of roses, including the first Slovenian cultivar, " Prešeren ", were added in 2010. All of them have been designated with a plate. From February 1941 to July 1943, during the Italian annexation of Ljubljana , the park near the pond was arranged based on plans by the architect Boris Kobe . He put a playground inside a circular design connected to

2601-614: Was created in Ljubljana by the 2nd Army , and the Special Tribunal for the Defense of the State of Trieste extended its jurisdiction to Slovenia. In early December, demonstrations against Italian occupation took place, including a bomb attack in Ljubljana that caused no casualties but resulted in Italian soldiers and blackshirts opening fire and killing two Slovene civilians; Grazioli tried to minimize these events and emphasized

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