The Timpanogos ( Timpanog , Utahs or Utah Indians ) are a tribe of Native Americans who inhabited a large part of central Utah, in particular, the area from Utah Lake east to the Uinta Mountains and south into present-day Sanpete County .
75-699: Most Timpanogos live on the Uintah Valley Reservation . They are not enrolled in the Ute Indian Tribe of the Uintah and Ouray Reservation . During the mid-19th century, when Mormon pioneers entered Utah territory, the Timpanogos were one of the principal tribes in the region based on population, area occupied, and influence. Linguists have had difficulty identifying (or classifying) their language. Historically, most communication
150-537: A stockade , Fort Utah , arming it with a twelve-pound cannon . They built several log houses, surrounded by a 14-foot (4.3 m) palisade 20 by 40 rods long (330 by 660 feet [100 by 200 m]) with gates at the east and west ends and a middle deck for the cannon. The fort, built on the sacred grounds of the annual fish festival, was very close to the main Timpanogos village on the Provo River. The settlers fenced off pastures, and their cattle ate (or trampled)
225-601: A "royal line" of Indian chiefs, and they had hereditary leadership through their clan. Parley P. Pratt explored the Utah Valley and Utah Lake. The first battle between settlers and Indians, known by the Americans as the Battle Creek massacre , occurred in early March 1849 at present-day Pleasant Grove, Utah . A company of 40 Mormon men went to the Utah Valley to persuade the Timpanogos to stop stealing cattle from
300-530: A band of Sho-sho-nes, with some of their principal men, called on me ... The territory claimed by them includes Salt lake, Bear river, Weber river and Cache valley ... About the 22nd day of December last, I was visited at Camp Scott, by White-eye and San-Pitch, Utah chiefs, with several of their bands ... These Indians belong to one of the principal tribes of this Territory. There is but one other large tribe (the Snakes), as I am informed. The best land belonging to
375-757: A band of the Utahs under Chief Arapeen, a brother of San-Pitch ... I have heretofore spoken of a large tribe of Indians known as the Snakes. They claim a large tract of country lying in the eastern part of this Territory, but are scarcely ever found upon their own land. They generally inhabit the Wind river country, in Oregon and Nebraska Territories and they sometimes range as far east as Fort Laramie ... This tribe numbers about twelve hundred souls, all under one principal chief, Wash-a-kee. He has perfect command over them, and
450-670: A common genetic, cultural, and linguistic heritage as part of the Numic branch of the Uto-Aztecan language family. In some accounts they were called the Timpiavat, Timpanogot, Timpanogotzi, Timpannah, Tempenny, and other names. The Timpanogos probably entered Utah as part of the southern Numic expansion around 1000 CE (including the Ute ) or in the subsequent central Numic Shoshonean expansion north and west from their Numic homelands in
525-621: A company man was almost militarized. The men had mess groups, hunted and trapped in brigades , and always reported to the head of the trapping party. This man was called a "boosway", a bastardization of the French term bourgeois . He was the leader of the brigade and the head trader. Donald Mackenzie , representing the North West Company , held a rendezvous in the Boise River Valley in 1819. The rendezvous system
600-622: A letter of intent to petition the Department of the Interior for federal recognition as an independent tribe. Uintah Reservation The Uintah and Ouray Indian Reservation ( / j uː ˈ ɪ n t ə / , / ˈ jʊər eɪ / ) is located in northeastern Utah , United States. It is the homeland of the Ute Indian Tribe ( Ute dialect : Núuchi-u ), and is the largest of three Indian reservations inhabited by members of
675-524: A reservation with not only tribal land, but land owned both privately by non-Natives and publicly by a variety of government entities. In March 1948, the area known as the Hill Creek Extension was added to the reservation. Because of the allotment process, land in the reservation is owned by a variety of private, public, and tribal entities. Law enforcement efforts in the area are complicated by this checkerboard of ownership which results in
750-472: A sacred meeting place for the Timpanogos, Ute, and Shoshone tribes. The first known Europeans to enter this area were a Spanish expedition of Franciscan missionaries led by Father Silvestre Vélez de Escalante . The Dominguez–Escalante Expedition of 1776 was trying to find a land route from Santa Fe, New Mexico to Monterey, California . Two or three Timpanogos from the Utah Valley were guides for
825-551: A trickle of settlers in 1841 to a steady stream in 1844–46 and then became a flood as the highly organized Mormon migration exploited the road to the Great Salt Lake discovered by mountain man Jim Bridger in 1847–48. The migration would explode in 1849's " The Forty-Niners " in response to the discovery of gold in California in 1848. The life of a mountain man was rugged, and many did not last more than several years in
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#1732765414632900-433: A variety of different legal jurisdictions. The tribe has had longstanding issues with state and county authorities, who since the 1970s had prosecuted in state court Ute members from within the tribal lands at this reservation and its two other holdings. The tribe filed suit against the state in federal district court. In Ute Tribe v. Utah (10th Cir. 1985) (en banc), known as Ute III, the full U.S. Court of Appeals for
975-496: Is an explorer who lives in the wilderness and makes his living from hunting and trapping . Mountain men were most common in the North American Rocky Mountains from about 1810 through to the 1880s (with a peak population in the early 1840s). They were instrumental in opening up the various emigrant trails (widened into wagon roads) allowing Americans in the east to settle the new territories of
1050-511: Is great abundance here. The explorers named many geographic features in central Utah for the Timpanog tribe, who were then led by Turunianchi. The next recorded European visitor was Étienne Provost , a French-Canadian trapper who visited the Timpanog in October 1824; the city of Provo and the Provo River are named after him. In 1826, American mountain man Jedediah Smith visited a camp along
1125-490: Is one of the finest looking and most intellectual Indians I ever saw ... For several years, an enmity has existed between the Utahs and the Snakes ... Accordingly, on the 13th of May, Wash-a-kee, of the Snakes, White-Eye, Son-a-at, and San-Pitch, of the Utahs, with the sub-chiefs of the different tribes, and also several chiefs of the Ban-acks, assembled in council at Camp Scott, when, after considerable talk and smoking, peace
1200-549: Is overwhelming. The defendants may fervently believe that Ute V drew the wrong boundaries, but that case was resolved nearly twenty years ago, the Supreme Court declined to disturb its judgment, and the time has long since come for the parties to accept it. In 2000 the Timpanogos sued the state of Utah in Timpanogos Tribe v. Conway , seeking continued rights for their members for hunting, fishing, and gathering on
1275-529: Is today New Mexico . This trade attracted numerous French Americans from Louisiana and some French Canadian trappers, in addition to Anglo-Americans. Some New Mexican residents also pursued the beaver trade, as Mexican citizens initially had some legal advantages. Trappers and traders in the Southwest covered territory that was generally inaccessible to the large fur companies. It included parts of New Mexico, Nevada, California and central and southern Utah. After
1350-458: Is unknown. An 1861 report from J. F. Collins, Utah superintendent of Indian affairs, said that no one had ever 'been able to obtain satisfactory information in regard to their numbers'. Collins estimated ... that there may have been fifteen to twenty thousand Indians (of all tribes) in Utah prior to the arrival of the first Mormon settlers" in 1847. Indian Superintendent Forney's 1859 annual report to
1425-698: The American Fur Company owned by John Jacob Astor , entered the field. The annual rendezvous was often held at Horse Creek on the Green River , now called the Upper Green River Rendezvous Site , near present-day Pinedale, Wyoming . Another popular site in the same general area was Pierre's Hole . By the mid-1830s, it attracted 450 to 500 men annually: essentially all the American trappers and traders working in
1500-614: The Black Hawk War (1865–1872) , was a son of San-Pitch. According to a state of Utah historical website, In 1861, President Abraham Lincoln signed an executive order establishing the original Uintah Valley Reservation in the eastern part of the Utah territory ... Congress ratified the order in 1864 ... A council of the Ute people was called at Spanish Fork Reservation on 6 June 1865. The aged leader Chief Sowiette (a brother of Chief Walkara , who had died 10 years before) explained that
1575-532: The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 (part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal ), the Ute bands organized as a unified tribe with a constitution based on the election of a chief and council. Their documents did not mention the Timpanogos, who believe that the 1950s federal termination of Native American status of the Ute tribe's mixed-blood members should have had no effect on them. In Hagen v. Utah (1994), 510 U.S. 399, 421–22,
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#17327654146321650-661: The Lewis and Clark Expedition findings about the Rockies and the Oregon Country where they flourished economically for over three decades. By the time two new international treaties in early 1846 and early 1848 officially settled new western coastal territories in the United States and spurred a large upsurge in migration, the days of mountain men making a good living by fur trapping had largely ended. The fur industry
1725-639: The Sierra Nevada . They were hunter-gatherers , living mostly on fish and wild game caught by the men and cooked and processed by the women and on the seeds and roots of wild plants gathered and prepared by the women. As part of their religion, in the mornings they gathered together and greeted the morning with song to express gratitude to the Creator. They were divided into clans , each with its headman, spiritual leader and warrior. The clans would band together for specific purposes, such as hunting. There
1800-566: The Spanish Fork (river) with 35 lodges and about 175 people. By the time Mormon pioneers arrived in the Salt Lake Valley in 1847, the Timpanogos were guided by Turunianchi's grandson, Walkara. Walkara led the tribe with a number of sub-chiefs, most of whom were his brothers: Chief Arapeen, Chief San-Pitch , Chief Kanosh , Chief Sowiette, Chief Tabby-To-Kwanah , Chief Grospean and Chief Amman. Brigham Young once called them
1875-531: The US Supreme Court agreed with the state that a portion of Uintah Reservation had been reduced by Congressional action since 1985. When the state began again to prosecute Ute within the reservation in state courts for offenses, the Appeals Court brought the case back in 1997 to reconcile the boundaries of the different cases, calling it Ute V. The 10th Circuit Court of Appeals concluded that
1950-713: The Ute Tribe of Native Americans . The reservation lies in parts of seven counties; in descending order of land area they are: Uintah , Duchesne , Wasatch , Grand , Carbon , Utah , and Emery counties. The total land area is 6,769.173 square miles (17,532.08 km ) with control of the lands split between Ute Indian Allottees, the Ute Indian Tribe , and the Ute Distribution Corporation. The tribe owns lands that total approximately 1.2 million acres (4,855 km ) of surface land and 400,000 acres (1,600 km ) of mineral-owned land within
2025-490: The far west by organized wagon trains traveling over roads explored and in many cases, physically improved by the mountain men and the big fur companies, originally to serve the mule train -based inland fur trade . Mountain men arose in a geographic and economic expansion that was driven by the lucrative earnings available in the North American fur trade , in the wake of the various 1806–1807 published accounts of
2100-537: The 1890s (and continuing for more than a decade), the U.S. Congress passed laws requiring small parcels of land in the reservation be allotted to individual Natives and any surplus land be opened to the public domain. In August 1905, after allotments had been granted to the Native peoples, the unallotted land in the reservation was opened to homesteading and mineral claims. By means of presidential proclamation, town-sites were created (such as Myton and Roosevelt) and land
2175-480: The 4 million acres (16,185 km ) reservation area. Other parts of the reservation are owned by non-Ute, as the tribe lost control of much of the land during the allotment process. As of the 2000 census , a population of 19,182 persons was recorded as living on the reservation. This is the second-largest Indian reservation in land area in the United States, second to the Navajo Nation , but control of
2250-854: The American Fur Company and the Rocky Mountain Fur Company were in ruins. By 1846, only some 50 American trappers still worked in the Snake River country, compared to 500 to 600 in 1826. Soon after the strategic victory by the HBC, the Snake River route was used by emigrants as the Oregon Trail, which brought a new form of competition. Former trappers earned money as guides or hunters for the emigrant parties. A second fur trading and supply center grew up in Taos in what
2325-660: The Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Utah Superintendency , the Utah (Timpanogos) appear to have been considered separate from the Snake Indians and the other Shoshone: The tribes and fragments of tribes with whom I had business relations ... are as follows, to wit: on the second day of December last I was visited by San-Pitch, a principal chief of the Utahs, and a few of his men ... On the 10th of December following, Little Soldier, chief, and Benjamin Simons, sub-chief, of
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2400-474: The HBC forced American trappers to remain in the Rocky Mountains, which gave rise to the term "mountain men". Mountain men were instrumental in opening up the various emigrant trails (widened into wagon roads) allowing Americans in the east to settle the new territories of the far west by organized wagon trains traveling over roads explored and in many cases, physically improved by the mountain men and
2475-541: The Ouray Reservation) was created on January 5, 1882 by an executive order of President Chester A. Arthur . The two reservations were maintained by separate agencies until 1886, when the Bureau of Indian Affairs merged the administration into the Uintah and Ouray Agency at Fort Duchesne . Today, only about one-quarter of the 4,000,000 acres (16,000 km ) in the reservation area is tribal land. Beginning in
2550-654: The Rockies as well as numerous Native Americans. After achieving an American monopoly by 1830, Astor got out of the fur business before its decline. In the late 1830s, the Canadian-based Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) instituted several policies to undercut the American fur trade. During the same years, fashion in Europe shifted away from the formerly popular beaver hats; at the same time, the animal had become over-hunted. The HBC's annual Snake River Expedition
2625-518: The Rocky Mountains, especially in the upper Snake River country. After the HBC took over operations in the Pacific Northwest in 1821, American fur traders in the Snake River country quickly went out business and moved on. This halted American expansion into the region. After 1825, few American trappers worked west of the Rocky Mountains, and those who did generally found it unprofitable. According to historian Richard Mackie, this policy of
2700-537: The Salt Lake Valley; both peoples were competing for resources. Brigham Young ordered the Mormons "to take such measures as would put a final end to their depredations in future". On March 10, 1849, Brigham Young ordered 30 families to colonize Utah Valley, with John S. Higbee president and Dimick B. Huntington and Isaac Higbee counselors. The group of about 150 people headed for Timpanogos territory, and
2775-493: The Tenth Circuit , sitting en banc , upheld the tribe's legal jurisdiction over its members within the reservations and affirmed its boundaries, rejecting the state and counties' claims that the area of jurisdiction had been reduced since the reservation was established in 1864. The U.S. Supreme Court declined to hear the case. The state continued to prosecute Ute within the reservations in state court, in violation of
2850-419: The Timpanogos viewed this as an invasion of their territory and sacred land. As the colonizers entered the valley, they were blocked by a group of Timpanogos led by An-kar-tewets and warned that trespassers would be killed. Huntington raised his hand and swore by the sun god that they would not try to drive the Timpanogos off their lands or take away their rights. The Timpanogos let them enter. The settlers built
2925-685: The Timpanogos, arguing that the latter was part of the Ute Tribe and not independent. Historically, several independent bands of Utes had lived in the territory of Colorado and Eastern Utah. But their relocation by an act of Congress to the existing Uintah Valley Reservation in the 1880s had the legal effect of a treaty recognizing them as a tribe, as noted by the courts. In 2009, the Timpanogos Tribe, Snake Band of Shoshone Indians of Utah Territory, based in Fort Duchesne, Utah , filed
3000-515: The Uintah Valley Reservation remained. They were to move into it within one year, and be paid $ 25,000 a year for ten years, $ 20,000 for the next twenty years, and $ 15,000 for the last thirty years. (This was payment of about 62.5 cents per acre for all land in Utah and Sanpete counties.) However, Congress did not ratify the treaty; therefore, the government did not pay the promised annuity. Nevertheless, in succeeding years most of
3075-399: The Uintah Valley Reservation within the boundaries established by the case known as Ute V ( Ute Tribe v. Utah , 1997). They sought an injunction against state prosecution within the reservation and acknowledgment by the state as the "Indians of Utah" referred to in the 1861 executive order and 1864 act of Congress establishing the reservation. The Ute Indian Tribe filed with the state against
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3150-702: The Utah Ute people were removed to the Uintah Reservation. By 1872 all the Timpanogos had moved to the Uintah and Ouray Indian Reservation , but some occasionally returned to fish on Utah Lake into the 1920s. In 1847, at the time of the Mormon pioneers' arrival, the Timpanogo population has been estimated at about 70,000; their numbers had been dwindling because of competing bands of Shoshone raiders since
3225-462: The Utahs is situated in Utah valley ... Much has been done and is doing for this tribe, (the Utahs) ... Strenuous efforts will be made to induce this tribe (the Utahs) to locate permanently ... I visited San-Pete creek farm [reservation] last month, (August,) which is situated in the west end of San-Pete valley and county. This farm was opened about two years ago, under the directions of Agent Hurt, for
3300-695: The Ute Indians in historical documents. Although many historians refer to Sowiette, San-Pitch and their people as Utes, at the time of the Uinta treaty they were known as the Utah Indians or Timpanogos. According to some of their descendants, they became known as the Ute only after moving to the Uintah Reservation and joining other Ute there. In Timpanogos Tribe vs Conway, (2002), U.S. Appeals Court Judge Tena Campbell ruled: "Plaintiff asks
3375-549: The Ute people did not want to sell their land and go away, asking why the groups couldn't live on the land together. Chief Sanpitch (another brother of Walkara) also spoke against the treaty. However, advised by Brigham Young that these were the best terms they could get, the leaders signed. The treaty provided that the Utes give up their lands in central Utah, including the Corn Creek, Spanish Fork, and San Pete Reservations. Only
3450-476: The big fur companies originally to serve the mule train based inland fur trade. By the time two new international treaties in early 1846 and early 1848 officially settled new western coastal territories on the United States and spurred a large upsurge in migration, the days of mountain men making a good living by fur trapping had largely ended. The fur industry was failing because of over-trapping. Fortuitously, America's ongoing western migration by wagon trains with
3525-539: The boundary issue was resolved. Afterward, the state began again to prosecute Ute for offenses in Indian country, apparently to challenge the court ruling. In 2015 the Appeals Court heard testimony from the Ute Indian Tribe plaintiffs and ruled that this disruptive behavior by the state and county officials had to stop, saying that the issues had been settled for nearly 20 years. And the case for finality here
3600-525: The cases in light of the Supreme Court's ruling, the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals reviewed Ute Tribe v. Utah in 1997. So in a decision the parties call Ute V, this court elected to recall and modify Ute III's mandate. See Ute Indian Tribe v. Utah, 114 F.3d 1513, 1527-28 (10th Cir. 1997). Because Hagen addressed the Uintah Valley Reservation, Ute V deemed that particular portion of Ute tribal lands diminished — and diminished according to
3675-481: The counties' claim to be acting as an arm of the state and entitled to the same immunity. It strongly advised the state and counties to observe the settled nature of this case and to refrain from their tactics to challenge the boundaries of the reservation and jurisdiction of the tribe over its people in "Indian country." 40°27′28″N 110°10′53″W / 40.45778°N 110.18139°W / 40.45778; -110.18139 Mountain man A mountain man
3750-465: The court to make unreasonable inferences and leap to the conclusion that because Mr. Montes and his ancestors are not Ute, the (Timpanogos Tribe), whose members include Mr. Montes, is a Shoshone tribe in existence since aboriginal times and for whom the reservation was set aside. The court will not make that leap, nor will it allow a jury to do so." According to the September 6, 1858 Annual Report of
3825-665: The decline in beaver and the fur trade, with some emigrants to the West using the Mormon Trail , former trappers found work as guides and hunters for the traveling parties. After the short-lived Pacific Fur Company was liquidated , British-Canadian companies controlled the fur trade in the Pacific Northwest , first under the North West Company (NWC) and then the HBC. Both companies undertook numerous measures to prevent American fur traders from competing with them west of
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#17327654146323900-535: The early 19th century. Many died from smallpox and other infectious diseases introduced by American settlers, and an early-1850s measles epidemic was particularly devastating. Many Native American tribes had their numbers reduced by more than 90 percent as a result of disease introduced by Europeans. The number of Timpanogos may have been less. "The exact number of all the Indians who lived in Utah Territory
3975-475: The federal commissioner of Indian affairs provided estimates of tribal numbers: This gives a total of 18,500 Native Americans estimated to live in Utah in 1859, listing all tribes and bands by names commonly used at the time. Three major groups of Ute Indian bands were placed by the federal government in the Uinta Valley Reservation during the 1880s. Afterward, the Utah Indians (or Timpanogos) became conflated with — and were often considered to have merged with —
4050-417: The fur trade declined, mountain man Robert Newell told Jim Bridger : "[W]e are done with this life in the mountains—done with wading in beaver dams, and freezing or starving alternately—done with Indian trading and Indian fighting. The fur trade is dead in the Rocky Mountains, and it is no place for us now if ever it was." At the same time the great push west along the newly opened Oregon Trail built up from
4125-406: The gear they had earned. They might sell to the same company when the price was agreeable or convenient. Historical reenactment of the dress and lifestyle of a mountain man, sometimes known as buckskinning , allows people to recreate aspects of this historical period. Today's Rocky Mountain Rendezvous and other reenacted events are both history-oriented and social occasions. Some modern men choose
4200-491: The goal of claiming cheap lands in the west was building rapidly from a trickle of settlers from 1841's opening of the Oregon Trail to a flood of emigrants headed west by 1847–49 and thereafter well into the later 1880s. By the time the fur trade began to collapse in the 1840s, motivating them to change jobs, the trails they had explored and turned into reliable mule trails and improved gradually into wagon-capable freight roads combined to allow them to work as guides and scouts. As
4275-445: The land is split among multiple authorities. Tribal headquarters are in Fort Duchesne , located in Uintah County, Utah . The largest community within the reservation boundaries is the city of Roosevelt . Most residents within the reservation boundaries are not Native Americans. The Uintah Valley Reservation was created on October 3, 1861 by an executive order of President Abraham Lincoln . The Uncompahgre Reservation (commonly called
4350-538: The men needed keen senses and knowledge of herbal remedies and first aid, among other skills. In summer, they could catch fish, build shelter, and hunt for food and skins. The mountain men dressed in suits made of deer skin that had stiffened after being left outdoors for a time, which gave them some protection against the weapons of particular enemies. There were no doctors in the regions where mountain men worked, and they had to set their own broken bones, tend their wounds, and nurse themselves back to health. A fur trapper
4425-417: The militia executed them in front of their families and a government surgeon beheaded them after death for research. The militia lost one man and killed 102 Timpanogos. Chief Walkara, also known as Chief Walker , a noted mid-19th-century chief led his people against Mormon settlers in the Walker War . The war included several armed conflicts with settlers and Mormon militiamen . Chief Black Hawk, leader of
4500-516: The party. On September 23, 1776, they traveled down Spanish Fork Canyon and entered the Utah Valley . Escalante documented the expedition in his journal, describing the people who lived around Utah Lake: Round about it are these Indians, who live on the abundant fish of the lake, for which reason the Yutas Sabuaganas call them Come Pescados [FishEaters]. Besides this, they gather in the plain grass seeds from which they make atole, which they supplement by hunting hares, rabbits, and fowl of which there
4575-490: The remnant fur trade and the settlers heading west. Mountain men were most common in the North American Rocky Mountains from about 1810 through to the 1880s (with a peak population in the 1830s). About 3,000 of them ranged the mountains between 1820 and 1840, the peak beaver-harvesting period. John Colter's solo exploration of 1807-1808 made him one of the first Mountain men. While there were many free trappers , most mountain men were employed by major fur companies. The life of
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#17327654146324650-411: The ruling in Ute III. The state Supreme Court ruled the reservation boundaries had been reduced, and the case was heard by the US Supreme Court, Hagen v. Utah , 510 U.S. 399, 421-22 (1994). It upheld the Utah Supreme Court in affirming that some congressional actions had diminished the boundaries of the Uintah Reservation, but that the two other reservations were not affected. In an effort to reconcile
4725-495: The seeds and berries which were an important part of the Timpanogos' diet. By fishing with gill nets they took more than they needed, leaving an insufficient amount for the Timpanogos. With their traditional food sources gone, the Timpanogos starved. The settlers also brought measles , endemic to them but an unfamiliar infectious disease to the Timpanogos. Lacking acquired immunity , the natives experienced epidemics with high mortality rates which disrupted their society. They asked
4800-477: The settlers for medicine to fight the new disease. In August a Timpanogo, Old Bishop, was murdered by Rufus Stoddard, Richard Ivie, and Gerome Zabrisky for his shirt. By January 1850, the settlers at Fort Utah reported the increasing tension to officials in Salt Lake City and requested a military party to attack the Timpanogos. A militia from Salt Lake City engaged the Timpanogos in battle on February 8 and 11. Eleven Timpanogo warriors surrendered on February 14, but
4875-439: The spring spawning season at Utah Lake, the tribes hosted an annual fish festival. Timpanogos, Ute and Shoshone bands would come from 200 miles (320 km) away to gather fish. At the festival there was dancing, singing, trading, horse races, gambling, and feasting. It was an opportunity for young people to find a mate from another clan, since exogamous marriage (outside their clan) was required. The shores of Utah Lake became
4950-447: The terms Hagen dictated. So much relief was warranted, this court found, to "reconcile two inconsistent boundary determinations and to provide a uniform allocation of jurisdiction among separate sovereigns. Id. at 1523. The state and counties continued to prosecute Ute from within the reservation for offenses in state courts. The Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals called the plaintiffs and defendants together again in 2015. The court rejected
5025-402: The wilderness. They faced many hazards, especially when exploring unmapped areas: biting insects and other wildlife, bad weather, diseases of all kinds, injuries, and the opposition of Indigenous people, presented constant physical dangers. Grizzly bears were one of the mountain men's greatest enemies. Winters could be brutal, with heavy snowstorms and low temperatures. In order to stay alive,
5100-428: Was a mountain man who, in today's terms, would be called a free agent. He was independent and traded his pelts to whoever would pay him the best price. That contrasts with a "company man", typically indebted to one fur company for the cost of his gear, who traded only with that company and was often under the direct command of company representatives. Some company men who paid off their debt could become free traders, using
5175-429: Was carried out in Spanish or English, and many of their leaders spoke several dialects of the Numic branch of the Uto-Aztecan language family. While the Timpanogos are typically classified as Ute people , they are a Shoshone band. Other Shoshone bands occupied parts of Utah, and historian Hubert Howe Bancroft wrote in 1882 that the Timpanogos were one of four sub-bands of the Shoshone . The Shoshone and Ute share
5250-410: Was failing because of reduced demand and over trapping. With the rise of the silk trade and quick collapse of the North American beaver -based fur trade in the 1830s–1840s, many of the mountain men settled into jobs as Army scouts, wagon train guides or settled throughout the lands which they had helped open up. Others, like William Sublette , opened fort-trading posts along the Oregon Trail to serve
5325-551: Was later implemented by William Henry Ashley of the Rocky Mountain Fur Company , whose company representatives would haul supplies to specific mountain locations in the spring, engage in trading with trappers, and bring pelts back to communities on the Missouri and Mississippi rivers, like St. Louis , in the fall. Ashley sold his business to the outfit of Smith , Jackson , and Sublette . He continued to earn revenue by selling that firm their supplies. This system of rendezvous with trappers continued when other firms, particularly
5400-496: Was made between the two tribes." The Timpanogos relocated to the Uintah Valley Reservation. In court cases, they have been classified both as part of the Ute Indian Tribe and outside it. The Ute tribe consists of bands of Uintah, White River, and Uncompahgre Ute people who were forced to relocate to Utah by the Congressional Act of 1880. They gradually intermarried, and some differences between bands lessened. Under
5475-553: Was no division of the land, and people were free to travel to different villages. They developed an extensive trading network. The Timpanogos lived in the Wasatch Range around Mount Timpanogos (named after them), along the southern and eastern shores of Utah Lake of the Utah Valley and in Heber Valley, Uinta Basin and Sanpete Valley. The band around Utah Lake became dominant due to the area's food supply. During
5550-675: Was taken and absorbed into the Uinta National Forest . The United States Reclamation Service , through the use of eminent domain, acquired the Strawberry Valley for construction of the Strawberry Reservoir . Land within the reservation continued to be acquired by non-Natives until 1934, when the Indian Reorganization Act ended the process, and in 1945 any unclaimed lands were restored to tribal jurisdiction. The allotment process has thus resulted in
5625-432: Was transformed into a trading enterprise. Beginning in 1834, it visited the American rendezvous to buy furs at low prices. The HBC was able to offer manufactured trade goods at prices far below that with which American fur companies could compete. The last rendezvous was held in 1840, when the HBC, along with a decline in demand for and supply of beaver, had effectively put all American fur traders out of business. By 1841,
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