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38-420: Tinner may refer to: Friedrich Tinner , a Swiss engineer A person involved in tin mining who came under the jurisdiction of the former Stannary Courts and Parliaments Another name for a tinsmith A person who applies a coating of tin to iron, copper, or brass. See also [ edit ] The Tinners, a regiment formed by Nicholas Slanning during

76-645: A fixed axis. Dependence on the Zippe-type was lessened when more effective and innovative methods were developed that culminated from the studies conducted under Drs. A.Q. Khan, G.D. Allam and T. S. Shah. In Pakistan MoD laboratory system, the KRL is a senior laboratory executes missions relating to national security. The technology of krytron was also built at the KRL which was then transferred to Heavy Industries Taxila , an army laboratory based in Taxila. Besides

114-405: A large numbers of centrifuges were deployed but they were scaled down to few centrifuges after revised critical mass calculations on equation of state of uranium by Abdul Qadeer Khan and his co-investigators in 1980s. Its official name changed to Khan Research Laboratory (KRL) in 1981 by Presidential decree, which also allowed its status as a national defense laboratory. Globally, the KRL has

152-403: A nuclear engineer, in 1974. In 1976, the difficulties encountered in preliminary studies under Mahmood on understanding the equation of state of uranium indicated the need for a dedicated laboratory solely to that purpose. Work on establishing the laboratory was initiated by the army's Engineer-in-Chief who selected Brigadier Zahid Ali Akbar to conduct the topographic survey. Because

190-480: A prestige in conducting research into properties and behavior of uranium to learn how uranium is scaled to industrial-to-weapon-grade level and how its equation of state changes under the extreme pressure and temperature. For such investigation, principle investigators employed the Zippe method (local designation: Khan Centrifuge) that runs about 100,000 rpm on continuous at an average of 10 years. The Uranium (U )

228-505: A response to the India's detonation of its first nuclear bomb in 1974. Chosen for its remote yet relatively accessible location from Rawalpindi. In the 1970s, the site was the cornerstone of the first stage of Pakistan's atomic bomb program, and serves as the center for conducting the nuclear scientific research. It is globally known for its research in gas centrifuges to produce the enriched uranium ; and in past, it has competed with

266-615: A suspect in the same network. His brother, Marco Tinner, was also in custody for three years on similar charges. In May, the President of the Swiss Confederation , Pascal Couchepin , announced that the Tinner files, believed to number around 30,000 documents, had been shredded. This was justified to avoid them, "getting into the hands of a terrorist organisation or an unauthorised state", according to Couchepin. However it

304-565: Is a federally funded research and development laboratory located in Kahuta at a short distance from Rawalpindi in Punjab , Pakistan . Established in 1976, the laboratory is best known for its central role in Pakistan's nuclear weapons program and its understanding the nuclear science. Established in 1976, it was originally organized as a top-secret plant dedicated to enrichment as

342-477: Is a naturally occurring element that can be found in low levels within all rock, soil, and water. The Natural uranium (U ) consists of three isotopes, Uranium-238 (U ), which is 99.28% natural abundance, the Uranium-235 (U ), which is subject of interest for energy measurement available only at 0.71%, and uranium-234, with proportion of 0.0054%. The Uranium-235 is fissile but at 0.71% it cannot sustain

380-581: Is alleged that this was a cover-up, to hide the involvement of Urs Tinner with the CIA . Although the Swiss government claimed that the shredding was a security requirement of the IAEA as a measure against nuclear proliferation , it is widely alleged that this was done solely under American pressure, either to hide their involvement or to avoid damage to their own propaganda. Swiss senator Dick Marty has questioned

418-661: Is supported by the KRL at the University of Karachi , with the support from Pakistan Science Foundation. The KRL organized a conference on Computational biology in Islamabad to present overview of the scope of computational sciences. From 1976 till 1978, the lab depended heavily on the Urenco Group 's method on developing the gas centrifuge, which it says to be suffering due to incomplete mechanical parts and differential equation problems involving rotational dynamics on

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456-767: The Corps of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering (EME) were central in working and supporting the operations of the lab with Major-General Ali Nawab acting its principle engineer in 1979. More broadly, the ERL was intended to spur innovation and provide competition to the weapon design with the second lab in Nilore running under the PAEC's contract. Under Abdul Qadeer Khan, the work on equation of state of uranium began with drs. G. D. Alam , Tasneem Shah , and Anwar Ali who served as co-principle investigators at Kahuta. Initially,

494-621: The Corps of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering served on the MoD's contract with Maj-Gen. Ali Nawab overseeing the lab's operations. Since then, the lab's corporate leadership has been entrusted with civilian leadership through contracts awarded by the MoD. At the behest of the laboratory director in 1981, the tender was opened to the University of Karachi and the Government College University to oversee its operations. The KRL's research and university affiliation with

532-791: The New York Times , Tinner had a long and close relationship with A. Q. Khan. Tinner and Dr. Khan were college friends in Belgium where they studied together. Tinner, who was working at International Atomic Energy Agency as a uranium expert in the 1980s, resigned from his job and moved to Pakistan, along with his family, where he joined Khan's KRL in early 1980s. The Swiss news agency also reported that Tinner had been working with Dr. Abdul Qadir Khan in mid-1970s, using his expertise in vacuum technology to develop atomic centrifuges. However, Khan maintained that Khan first met with Tinner in 1976 when Khan and Tinner were placing sensitive projects for

570-607: The PINSTECH on wide variety of weapon designs but it is now have focused in civilian missions, including the national security , fusion science and supercomputing . As an aftermath of the India's first nuclear test, the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) launched the studies on isotope separation through gas method by setting the plant as Project-706 under Bashiruddin Mahmood ,

608-511: The University of Karachi in Sindh . The KRL supports its physics program through funding and providing scholarship to physics and engineering students at the Government College University . The continuing efforts to make the laboratories more science efficient led the Ministry of Science (MoST) to grant a three research and fellowship programmes with the Government College University with

646-510: The chain reaction in a nuclear weapon environment, which requires the 90% of U but remains uncontrolled whose reaction takes place in a short amount of time– in a nanosecond time. For this purposes, the gas centrifuge methods using the vacuum technology were established but this method took several years to master, and it was not until the 1985 when the highly enriched uranium (HEU) was first made available. The computer simulations and experiments on uranium are conducted by KRL to understand

684-407: The uranium hexafluoride (UF 6 ) gas that the KRL reduced to uranium metal and machined into weapon pits. In 1987, the KRL began publishing a series of academic articles on numerics and computational methods for centrifuge design, including a 1987 article co-authored by Abdul Qadeer Khan on techniques for balancing sophisticated ultracentrifuge rotors. In the 1990s, the mathematicians at

722-491: The English Civil War Tinners rabbits, another name for the three hares motif, and a dance by the same name Tinner's fluid, a common name for zinc chloride when used as a flux Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Tinner . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to

760-403: The KRL had built the nation's first high performance computing machines and the supercomputer that were installed installed at the facility. The subcritical experiments on weapon-grade uranium began when a parallel Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) division was established which specialized in conducting high performance computations on shock waves in weapons effect from the outer surface to

798-484: The Libyan nuclear program. Throughout the 1980s, Tinner tried to maintain the Libyan nuclear program and performed illicit and illegal experiments. However, Tinner again left for Pakistan and the program was dismantled. In 1995, Tinner again returned to Libya with the documentation provided by Khan. Following his return, Tinner became technical directorate officer of Libyan nuclear program, using Khan's expertise to develop

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836-453: The Pakistan's military and exported to other friendly nations. The following is a list of known equipment produced under these projects: The KRL is owned by the federal Government of Pakistan and sponsors the laboratory through the Ministry of Defence as its continuing efforts to make the laboratory more efficient. In its early years, the Corps of Engineers had served its first prime contractor from 1976 until 1977. From 1977 till 1981,

874-557: The Pakistani nuclear physicist, Abdul Qadeer Khan, was accused of (and later pardoned) for mishandling the classified information on the designs of the gas centrifuges to Libya , North Korea , Iran , and China in 1980s that were taken from the lab's computers. The academic research programs and development opportunities at the KRL are supported by the physics departments of the Government College University in Lahore in Punjab and

912-624: The University of Karachi still continues to this date. With the formation of the federal National Command Authority in 2001, the agency took over the lab's business operations when it awarded the Strategic Plans Division as KRL's prime contractor, which it has been managing the lab operation since 2004. In 2010, the Strategic Plans Division won its first contract with Malaysian Armed Forces when it

950-509: The Vakuum-Apparate-Technik ( VAT ) (English: Vacuum Apparatus Technology ). A competent nuclear engineer, Tinner left VAT and traveled to Pakistan quite often as he was employed at Khan's Engineering Research Laboratories (ERL). Tinner resided with Khan and his family where, at ERL, Tinner performed experiments under Khan's supervision. However, in the 1980s, Tinner was invited by Colonel Muammar Gaddafi to join and head

988-413: The centrifuges. However, due to Libya's academic progress and lack of technicians, the program could not prevail and suffered many setbacks. In 2000, Khan provided sensitive centrifuge designs to Tinner on gas-centrifuge method. But due to its complexity and difficulty, Tinner was unable to establish the gas-cetrifuge program for Libyan nuclear program, therefore, Colonel Gaddafi dismantled and rolled back

1026-480: The experiments were deemed too dangerous to conduct in a major city, the need for the operations to be moved in an isolated and remote mountainous areas was felt by Brig. Akbar who selected Kahuta , at a short distance of the Rawalpindi. On 31 July 1976, the laboratory was established as Engineering Research Laboratories (ERL) with Abdul Qadeer Khan as its principal investigator. The officers and personnel from

1064-570: The inner core by using difficult differential equations of the state of the materials used in the bomb under high pressure. The KRL was major participant in MoD's Hatf program (lit. Target ). The lab served as a chief designer of the warhead design, control systems, and rocket engine development of the Hatf and Ghauri weapon systems. Since the 1980s, the KRL is involved in numerous military equipment and conventional weaponry development projects. The resulting systems have been put into service by

1102-404: The intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tinner&oldid=875518944 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Friedrich Tinner Friedrich Tinner

1140-486: The need for their destruction, pointing out that they could merely have been held secret. In 2012, all three were released from jail. Marco was sentenced to 41 months in prison, Urs 50 months and their father was given a 24-month suspended sentence . They were released immediately on the basis of time already served. Tinner died on 3 May 2021, at the age of 84. Engineering Research Laboratories The Dr. A. Q. Khan Research Laboratories (shortened as KRL ),

1178-558: The program. In 2004, Libya dismantled its program and provided its technical and nuclear materials to IAEA and the United States . Libyan revelations also led the arrest of its former head of the program, Friederich Tinner. In Pakistan, Abdul Qadeer Khan was debriefed by the Pakistan Armed Forces which continued until next 4 years. His then 43-year-old son Urs Tinner was in custody for four years around 2004 as

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1216-464: The structural, electrical, material, and chemical properties as well as uranium fused allows and to determine how these materials change over time under temperature and pressure difference. The laboratory has attracted negative publicity from a number of events, mainly due to its past research affiliation with North Korea and China . In 1996, the Clinton administration accused China of approving

1254-547: The support of Pakistan Science Foundation (PSF). Since 1980 at present, the KRL continues to develop the research work on computational mathematics , supercomputing and advanced mathematics to the extended applications to natural sciences. In 1999, the KRL established a research institute on computer science at Kahuta, which was later integrated to University of Engineering and Technology in Taxila . The civilian research on biotechnology , biology and Genetic Engineering

1292-573: The tender released for the KRL on the acquisition of specially-made magnetic rings for special suspension bearings mounted at the top of rotating centrifuge cylinders. In 1999, a visit by the Saudi dignitaries accompanied by the Sharif administration personnel to the laboratory also garnered further negative publicity at the Western media that raised fears of proliferation in the middle east. In 2003,

1330-400: The understanding the equation of state of uranium, the KRL also embarked on pioneering work on vacuum science and its extended application in plasma physics– its first paper on plasma physics was written in 1998. In 1983, the KRL was able to acquire its very first computer numerical control (CNC) from China to provide machining of the high-strength ultracentrifuges which was able to produce

1368-650: Was Tinner's college life when he met with Khan and befriended with him in short time. Tinner and Khan studied at Leuven and stayed in a same dorm room. Tinner received his Master of Science in Nuclear engineering and took a government assignment in Vienna. Even after Khan moved to Netherlands as he joined the URENCO Group , Tinner continued his close association with Khan. After his college years, Tinner went on to work for International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and

1406-476: Was born in Bern , Switzerland , in 1936 to a Swiss family. He received his early and intermediate education there at Bern where he studied science and mathematics courses at a local school. In 1961, Tinner went to Belgium to attend a technical university to study engineering and attended Katholieke Universiteit Leuven . During this time, Abdul Qadeer Khan was also studying for his master's degree in engineering. It

1444-487: Was made responsible for uranium reactor for the purpose of power generation. Throughout this time, Tinner kept close contact with Dr. A. Q. Khan. There are many controversial media and intelligence reports that Friedrich Tinner and his sons, Urs and Marco Tinner, have lived for a long time in Pakistan , where they have worked for Khan Labs as research associates under the supervision of Abdul Qadeer Khan . According to

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