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46-682: In June 1812, the Trump of Fame commenced publishing as the first newspaper in what had been the Connecticut Western Reserve . In 1816, this paper became known as the Western Reserve Chronicle , forerunner to the modern Tribune Chronicle . On April 14, 1883, the Chronicle commenced daily publication. Prior to this, the newspaper had been a weekly, publishing on Tuesdays. In 1924, Zell Hart Deming bought

92-637: A group of investors who were mostly from Suffield, Connecticut . The initial eight men in the group (or possibly seven or 35 ) planned to divide the land into homestead plots and sell it to settlers from the east. But the Indian titles to the Reserve had not been extinguished. Clear title was obtained east of the Cuyahoga River by the Greenville Treaty in 1795 and west of the river in

138-566: A large historical theme. Such assessment and designation has been significant for recognizing assets, and encouraging new development and businesses, including heritage tourism, often related to adaptive re-use of waterways, and buildings, as well as totally new endeavors. The United States has designated 49 National Heritage Areas, including two in Ohio: the Ohio Canal of the Ohio and Erie Canal and

184-469: A line just south of present-day Youngstown , Akron , New London , and Willard , about 3 miles (4.8 km) south of present-day U.S. Highway 224 . The claim beyond Ohio included parts of Michigan , Indiana , Illinois , Iowa , Nebraska , Wyoming , Utah , Nevada , and California . The eastern boundary of the reserve follows a true meridian along Ellicott's Line , the boundary with Pennsylvania. The western boundary veers more than four degrees from

230-676: A meridian to maintain the 120-mile width, due to convergence. Connecticut gave up western land claims following the American Revolutionary War in exchange for federal assumption of its debt, as did several other states. From these concessions, the Articles of Confederation government organized the Northwest Territory (formally known as the "Territory Northwest of the River Ohio"). The deed of cession

276-713: A misidentification of villages by early French explorers mapping the Great Lakes, to control all the land from northwestern Pennsylvania to about Sandusky, Ohio, but archaeologists have now attributed the western half of that to another culture referred to as the Whittlesey's, who were likely an Algonquian people. A site once thought to be Erie in Conneaut, Ohio, is attributed to Whittlesey culture, who surrounded their villages with earthen embankments instead of wooden palisades and lived in longhouses, rather than wigwams, by

322-708: A trip through the Western Reserve to a boat to cross Lake Erie into what is today Ontario . The three oldest sons of the abolitionist John Brown — John Jr. , Jason, and Owen —together with other participants in John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry , were all living in Ashtabula County , for security; the Governor of Ohio, William Dennison Jr. , refused to honor Virginia's request for Owen's arrest and extradition. A U.S. Marshall, attempting to serve

368-530: A warrant requiring Owen to testify before a U.S. Senate committee, reported that without "an armed force" he could not be arrested; "in Ashtabula County...there is a secret and armed organization numbering several hundred." They proclaimed themselves safer there than in any other place in the U.S., or even in Canada. This area of Ohio became a center of resource development and industrialization through

414-792: The Allegheny Plateau and Kittanning Path that passed through the gaps of the Allegheny . The members of remnant tribes living among the Iroquois gradually assimilated to the majority cultures, losing their independent tribal identities. The Erie people were also known as the Eriechronon, Yenresh, Erielhonan, Eriez, Nation du Chat, and Riquéronon. They were also called the Chat ("Cat" in French) or "Long Tail", referring, possibly, to

460-506: The Chronicle and merged it with The Warren Tribune to create The Warren Tribune Chronicle. Upon her death, Deming passed on the paper to her daughter Helen Hart Hurlbert who would later hand ownership over to her daughter Zell Draz. In 1977, the newspaper changed to its present name, and began publishing on Sundays. On November 2, 1994, the paper launched its website , the first in the Mahoning Valley. The newspaper also became

506-647: The Colony of Connecticut and later by the state of Connecticut in what is now mostly the northeastern region of Ohio . The Reserve had been granted to the Colony under the terms of its charter by King Charles II . Connecticut relinquished its claim to some of its western lands to the United States in 1786 following the American Revolutionary War and preceding the 1787 establishment of

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552-530: The Mahoning County region. Trumbull County residents will remain getting the paper as Tribune Chronicle In March 2024, the Tribune Chronicle and The Vindicator announced both paper's will end their Sunday print editions, and instead offer a larger weekend edition on Saturdays. Connecticut Western Reserve The Connecticut Western Reserve was a portion of land claimed by

598-602: The National Aviation Heritage Area . The NPS study coordinator said that while the region had the historic assets, and there was considerable public support for such a designation, the Western Reserve lacked "a definitive coordinating entity or supporting group," which is required to gain Congressional approval. If such a body develops in the future, it might seek federal designation as a Heritage Area. The settlers in northern Ohio repeated

644-654: The Northwest Territory . Despite ceding sovereignty to the United States, Connecticut retained ownership of the eastern portion of its cession, south of Lake Erie . It sold much of this "Western Reserve" to a group of speculators who operated as the Connecticut Land Company ; they sold it in portions for development by new settlers. The phrase Western Reserve is preserved in numerous institutional names in Ohio, such as Western Reserve Academy , Case Western Reserve University , and Western Reserve Hospital . In

690-751: The Treaty of Fort Industry in 1805. The western end of the reserve included the Firelands or "Sufferers' Lands", 500,000 acres (2,000 km ) reserved for residents of several New England towns which had been destroyed by British-set fires during the Revolutionary War. The next year, the Land Company sent surveyors led by Moses Cleaveland to the Reserve to divide the land into square townships , 5 miles (8.0 km) on each side (25 square miles (65 km ). Cleaveland's team also founded

736-591: The Whittlesey culture to the west. The Monongahela Culture was most likely a Siouan-speaking society. While Indigenous peoples lived along the Great Lakes for thousands of years in succeeding cultures, historic tribes known at the time of European encounter began to coalesce by the 15th and 16th centuries. The Erie were among the several Iroquoian peoples sharing a similar culture, tribal organization, and speaking an Iroquoian language which emerged around

782-713: The raccoon tails worn on clothing; however, in Native American cultures across the Eastern Woodlands, the terms "cat" and "long tail" tend to be references to a mythological creature which, depending on the tribe and time period is described as either a giant bobcat with a human face and a long tail, a sea serpent with deer antlers or some kind of dragon-like entity. Iroquoian names associated with this creature in English include Blue Panther, Underwater Panther, Blue Snake, Horned Serpent, Comet Lion, etc. One of

828-559: The 19th century, the Western Reserve "was probably the most intensely antislavery section of the country". John Brown Jr. called it, in 1859, "the New England of the West". The Reserve encompassed all of the following Ohio counties: Ashtabula , Cuyahoga , Erie and Huron (see Firelands ), Geauga , Lake , Lorain , Medina , Portage , Trumbull ; and portions of Ashland , Mahoning , Ottawa , Summit , and Wayne . Prior to

874-646: The Beaver Wars, but most of what they learned, aside from a single in-person encounter, was learned from the Huron who suffered much reduction before the Erie did. What little is known about them has been derived from oral history of other Native American tribes, archaeology , and comparisons with other Iroquoian peoples. After the Haudenosaunee routed the Erie in 1654 and 1656, the group dispersed. In 1680,

920-595: The Great Lakes, but with elements that may have originated in the south. People from the Whittlesey culture and Fort Ancient culture of Ohio and Pennsylvania may have been ancestors of the Erie people. Haudenosaunee oral history suggests that the Erie are descendants of Iroquoians specifically from the St. Lawrence River Valley. It also says the Eries defeated an unknown tribe who built earthworks. Names given for this group are of uncertain origin, with one account using Alligewi,

966-469: The Iroquois League, by accepting Huron refugees from villages that had been destroyed by the Iroquois. Though reported as using poison-tipped arrows ( Jesuit Relations 41:43, 1655–58 chap. XI), the Erie were disadvantaged in armed conflict with the Iroquois because they had few firearms. Beginning in 1653 the Erie launched a preemptive attack on western tribes of the Iroquois, and did well in

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1012-674: The Lenape word for the Erie themselves, and the other using Squawkihaw, the word the Iroquois used for the Meskwaki. Neither group built the mounds in question, three of which were excavated by archaeologists in Pennsylvania and Ohio. These are Sugar Run Mound, North Benton Mound and Towner's Mound. Only Towner's Mound, in Kent, Ohio, still stands. Linguists who have studied the handful of words on record believed to be of Erie origin believe

1058-670: The Neutrals, the Tobacco, with the tribes surviving in remnants. By the mid-1650s, the Erie had become a broken tribe. Dispersed groups survived a few more decades before being absorbed into the Iroquois, especially the westernmost Seneca nation. Historically the Monacan and Erie were trade allies, especially copper, but years later that relationship fell apart due to growing colonial pressure. During that period remnant Erie were believed to have migrated to Virginia by 1656 and became known as

1104-890: The Richahecrian when they fought along side the Nahyssans and Manahoac, against the Virginia colonialists and Pamunkey, at the Battle of Bloody Run. Another branch also migrated to South Carolina and became known as the Westo. Because the Erie were located further from the coastal areas of early European exploration, they had little direct contact with Europeans. Only the Dutch fur traders from Fort Orange (now Albany, New York ) and Jesuit missionaries in Canada referred to them in historic records. The Jesuits learned more about them during

1150-473: The Western Reserve." Later, several more counties were carved out of the territory. The name "Western Reserve" survives in the area in various institutions such as the " Western Reserve Historical Society " and Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland . The Western Reserve was arguably the most anti-slavery region of the country in the pre-Civil War period. Many Underground Railroad routes ended with

1196-567: The arrival of European colonists, the land surrounding the southern shore of Lake Erie was inhabited by the Erie people . At the close of a war against the Iroquois from 1654 to 1656, the Erie were almost completely annihilated. Their towns were destroyed, and any survivors were assimilated into neighboring tribes, mainly the Seneca . After the American Revolutionary War, Connecticut was forced by

1242-585: The city of Cleveland along Lake Erie, which became the largest city in the region. ( The first "a" was dropped ; spelling of names was not standardized at the time.) In 1798 surveyors laid out the Girdled Road, indicated by girdled trees, which ran from Cleveland to the Pennsylvania state line near Lake Erie. A modern portion of Girdled Road still exists by that name . The territory was originally named "New Connecticut" (later discarded in favor of "Western Reserve"), and settlers began to trickle in during

1288-597: The editors of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica suggest the tribes originated in what became Algonkian territories along the Saint Lawrence and moved west and south when the Algonquian tribes moved north up the coast and spread west. By the time of European contact, Algonquian and Iroquoian tribes traded and competed with each other and spent most years in uneasy peace. Separation between tribes living in wilderness ensured contacts were mainly small affairs before

1334-670: The exact border between the two peoples in question. Like other Iroquoian peoples, the Erie lived in multifamily long houses in villages enclosed in palisades . These defensive works often encompassed their fields for crops. They cultivated the " Three Sisters : varieties of corn , beans , and squash , during the warm season. In winter, tribal members lived off the stored crops and animals taken in hunts. The names of only some villages have survived, and those include Kentaientonga (Gentaguehronon, Gentaienton, Gentaguetehronnon), Honniasont (Black Minqua, Honniasontkeronon, Oniassontke), and Rigué (Arrigahaga, Rigueronnon, Rique, Riquehronnon). At

1380-529: The federal government to surrender the Pennsylvania portion ( Westmoreland County ) of its " sea-to-sea grant " following the Pennamite–Yankee Wars . Nevertheless, the state held fast to its claim on the lands between the 41st and 42nd -and-2-minutes parallels that lay west of the Pennsylvania state border. The claim within Ohio was to a 120-mile (190 km)-wide strip between Lake Erie and

1426-598: The first morning newspaper in Trumbull County , on July 6, 1999. In 2014, the paper launched its digital edition . On August 16, 2019, The Vindicator and Tribune Chronicle reached an agreement for the Tribune Chronicle to acquire The Vindicator’s subscription list, The Vindicator masthead and the Vindy.com domain, according to The Vindicator former general manager Mark Brown. As of September 1, 2019 Tribune Chronicle now publishes The Vindicator for

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1472-570: The first year of a five-year war. Consequently, in 1654 the whole Iroquois Confederacy went to war against the Erie and neighboring tribes such as the Neutral people along the northern shores of Lake Erie and across the Niagara River , the Tobacco people between the Erie and Iroquois, neighbors to all three groups. As a result, over five years of war they destroyed the Erie confederacy,

1518-443: The greater area before 1611. Violence to control the fur-bearing territories, the beginnings of the long-running Beaver Wars, began early in the 17th century so the normal peace and trading activity decreased between the tribes, who had responded to the demand for beaver and other furs by over-hunting some areas. The Erie encroached on territory that other tribes considered theirs. During 1651, they'd angered their eastern neighbors,

1564-575: The lake ships. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, these cities attracted hundreds of thousands of European immigrants and migrants (both black and white) from the rural South to its industrial jobs. At the request of Congress in 2011, the National Park Service prepared a feasibility study for declaring the 14-county region of the Western Reserve as a National Heritage Area . This is a means to encourage broad-based preservation of such historical sites and buildings that are related to

1610-427: The mid-20th century. It was a center of the steel industry, receiving iron ore shipped through the Great Lakes from Minnesota, processing it into steel products, and shipping these products to the east. This industry stimulated the development of great freight lakers, as the steam ships were known, including the first steel ships in the 20th century. Railroads took over some of the freight and commodity transportation from

1656-458: The next few years. Youngstown was founded in 1796, Warren in 1798, Hudson and Ravenna in 1799, Ashtabula in 1803, and Stow in 1804. Connecticut finally ceded sovereignty over the Western Reserve in 1800. The United States absorbed it into the Northwest Territory , which organized Trumbull County within the boundaries of the Reserve. Warren, Ohio is the former county seat of the Reserve and identifies itself as "the historical capital of

1702-619: The style of structures and the development of towns with which they were familiar in New England; many buildings in the new settlements were designed in the Georgian , Federal , and Greek Revival styles. Towns such as Aurora , Bath , Canfield , Chagrin Falls , Gates Mills , Hudson , Medina , Milan , Norwalk , Oberlin , Painesville , Poland , and Tallmadge exemplify the expression of these styles and traditional New England town planning. For instance, Cleveland's Public Square reflects

1748-533: The time of European contact. However, a second village on the east side of the river likely had been an Erie settlement. Another Erie settlement was discovered in Windsor, Ohio, at the southwestern corner of Ashtabula County, which is two river valleys further west than the sites at Conneaut. No significant settlement remains from prior to the Beaver Wars was ever documented in Trumbull or Mahoning Counties, leaving

1794-857: The time the Erie existed, their immediate neighbors included the Neutral Nation , across Lake Erie, the Wenro to the north, between the Genessee and Niagara Rivers, the Susquehannock east of the Allegheny River and two historically unknown nations- the Monongahela culture to the south of the Allegheny River (named for the Monongahela River, which itself was named after a nickname for the Lenape, who lived there later) and

1840-476: The traditional New England central town green. Notes Bibliography Further reading Erie people The Erie people were an Indigenous people of the Northeastern Woodlands historically living on the south shore of Lake Erie . An Iroquoian-speaking tribe, they lived in what is now western New York , northwestern Pennsylvania , and northern Ohio before 1658. Their nation

1886-501: The tribe was closer to the Huron than the Iroquois, however. If descended from the Iroquois, archaeology suggests they couldn't have arrived before the 12th or 13th centuries. A Huron origin would suggest them arriving even later. The editors of New American Heritage state the various confederacies of Iroquoian tribes migrated from south to the Great Lakes regions and in between well before pre-Columbian times. Conversely, others such as

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1932-425: The use of firearms tipped the balance of warfare to enhance the killing ability of a people who could not outrun a bullet, a limitation which existed before guns and the ability to kill at range. Rivalries and habitual competition among American Indians tribes for resources (especially fire arms ) and power was escalated by the lucrative returns of the fur trade with French and Dutch colonists beginning settlements in

1978-447: The various actual Iroquois names for this creatures is given as Oniare, which might be the closest we can get to Erie. Geh is Iroquoian for "of the" & ronon is Iroquoian for "people" or "nation." The Erie spoke the Erie language , an unattested Iroquoian language said to have been similar to Wyandot . The known boundaries of Erie lands extended from the Allegheny River to the shores of Lake Erie. They were once believed, due to

2024-420: The winter. The attacks likely forced their emigration. The Haudenosaunee Confederacy was known for adopting captives and refugees into their tribes. The surviving Erie are believed to have been largely absorbed by other Iroquoian tribes, particularly families of the Seneca , the westernmost of the Five Nations. Susquehannock families may also have adopted some Erie, as the tribes had shared the hunting grounds of

2070-461: Was almost exterminated in the mid- 17th century by five years of prolonged warfare with the powerful neighboring Iroquois for helping the Huron in the Beaver Wars for control of the fur trade. Captured survivors were adopted or enslaved by the Iroquois. Their villages were burned by Haudenosaunee warriors. This destroyed their stored maize and other foods, added to their loss of life, and threatened their future, as they had no way to survive

2116-471: Was issued on September 13, 1786. As population increased in portions of the Northwest Territory, new states were organized and admitted to the Union in the early 19th century. Connecticut retained 3,366,921 acres (13,625.45 km ) in Ohio, which became known as the "Western Reserve". The state sold the Western Reserve to the Connecticut Land Company in 1796 (or possibly 12 August, 2 September, or 5 September 1795 ) for $ 1,200,000. The Land Company were

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