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70-509: Thrippunithura , also spelled Tripunithura , ( Malayalam pronunciation: [t̪r̥ipːuːɳit̪ːurɐ] ), is a municipality in the Ernakulam district of Kerala , India . It is part of the Kochi metropolitan area , 7 km (4.3 mi) east of the Kochi city centre. As per the 2011 Indian census , Thrippunithura has a population of 69,390. A prominent historical region, Thrippunithura

140-574: A contiguous urban area . Many major projects, such as the Thrippunithura transit hub, have been under development for further integration of the town with the Kochi metropolitan area . Some latter day Sanskrit enthusiasts describe the origin of the name to "pūrṇa vēda puri" — the town of Vedas in its entirety. Another possible origin to name comes from the meaning "the land on the shores of Poorna river" above doesn't give sense. Thirupunithra = Thiru punitha thara (or Thiru Punitha Thura) means

210-504: A 3:2 verdict in Janhit Abhiyan vs Union Of India Writ Petition (Civil) No(S). 55 OF 2019, upheld the validity of the 103rd constitutional amendment carried out to provide legal sanction carve out 10% reservation for the economically weaker sections from unreserved classes for admission in educational institutions and government jobs and held that the 50% cap on quota is not inviolable and affirmative action on economic basis may go

280-529: A 5% sub-quota for Kapus out of EWS reservation. Marathas , the dominant caste of Maharashtra, have been agitating for OBC status since the 1990s. In 2016, after the rape and murder of a 15-year old Maratha girl in Kopardi, the Maratha community organized massive protests throughout Maharashtra. Their demands included death for the accused as well as reservations for the Maratha community which makes up 16% of

350-478: A basis for reservation alone other factors should also be considered e.g. economic, social conditions of woman candidates especially when applying reservation for educated women. The criticism points that the policy benefits women that have access to political capital through family circles and are faced with the burden of a huge learning curve. Again, women are divided among caste and class lines with this dichotomy playing an important role in deciding how

420-582: A class-free India and the abolition of untouchability . His 1902 measures created 50 percent reservation for backward communities. In 1918, at the behest of several non-Brahmin organizations criticizing Brahmin domination of administration, the Mysore Raja Nalvadi Krishnaraja Wadiyar created a committee to implement reservations for non-Brahmins in government jobs and education over the opposition of his Diwan M. Viswesvaraya , who resigned in protest. On 16 September 1921,

490-894: A few privately managed CBSE schools, namely, Bhavans Vidya Mandir, Chinmaya Vidyalaya, Sree Narayana Vidya Peetam Public School, the Nair Service Society (NSS) Higher Secondary School, The Choice School which function in various parts of the town to provide the necessary basics and also higher education for children. The landmark of the town is the RLV Music College which provides proteges with training in Classical music and has also produced many great singers most notably K. J. Yesudas . Tripunithura also has 4 government colleges such as Government College Tripunithura (Arts College), Sanskrit College Tripunithura, RLV College of Fine Arts, and Government Ayurveda College. In

560-567: A long way in eradicating caste-based reservation. This constitutional amendment pushed the total reservation to 59.50% in central institutions. On 1 August 2024, the Supreme Court of India ruled 6:1 in favor of permitting states to create sub-quotas for Scheduled Castes and Tribes within their reservation schemes. Chief Justice D.Y. Chandrachud stated that Article 14 of the Constitution of India should be interpreted to mean "that

630-774: A march through Gujarat, but protests in several cities turned violent and the Rapid Action Force was sent in. In January 2016, the Kapu community in Andhra Pradesh began leading protests to be classified in Backward Classes. The agitation became violent when in Tuni , Kapu protestors set trains on fire. In 2019, the Telugu Desam Party which had just been made opposition, tabled a bill to have

700-413: A number of Muslim communities as backward Muslims , making them eligible for reservation. The Union Government on 22 December 2011 announced the establishment of a sub-quota of 4.5% for religious minorities within the existing 27% reservation for Other Backward Classes. The reasoning given was that Muslim communities that have been granted OBC status are unable to compete with Hindu OBC communities. It

770-692: A series of protests that took place in India in 2006 in opposition to the decision of the Union Government of India , led by the Indian National Congress -headed multiparty coalition United Progressive Alliance , to implement reservations for the Other Backward Classes (OBCs) in central and private institutes of higher education. This move led to massive protests, particularly from students and doctors belonging to

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840-536: A single Hindu electorate, with backward classes having more seats reserved within it. Electorates for other religions, such as Islam and Sikhism, remained separate. This became known as the Poona Pact . In 1942, the Scheduled Castes gained 8.5% reservation in central services and other facilities for the first time. After the independence of India in 1947 there were some major initiatives in favor of

910-571: A state government wishes to make provisions for reservation to SC/STs in the promotion, the state has to collect quantifiable data showing backwardness of the class and inadequacy of representation of that class. In 2007, the Government of Uttar Pradesh introduced reservation in job promotions. However, citing the Supreme Court decision, the policy was ruled to be unconstitutional by the Allahabad High Court in 2011. The decision

980-636: A tit-for-tat cycle of violence between Police and Gujjars. The violence ended with 37 people dead. Their move was opposed by the Meenas, the main ST community in Rajasthan. In 2019, the agitation restarted as Gujjars demanded 5% reservation, and began blocking trains to this effect. Jats have been demanding OBC status since the 1990s. In 2016, they began an agitation to get this status. To this effect they began protesting by blockading roads and lines, but later

1050-534: Is a major railway station in Ernakulam to Kottayam route with many passenger trains and express trains having a stop here. Thripunithura metro station has started it's operations since March 06 2024. The iron bridge at Thrippunithura is one of the oldest iron bridges in India. Municipalities of Kerala The urban councils of Kerala date back to the 17th century when the Dutch Malabar established

1120-655: Is also a prominent centre of learning for classical arts like Carnatic music , Kathakali and Mohiniyattam besides percussion instruments like mridangam , chenda and maddalam . Much of this is facilitated by the RLV College of Music and Institute of Fine Arts was established here in 1956. Another center of learning is Kerala Kalalayam which was established by Kathakali artist Padmashree Kalamandalam Krishnan Nair and Mohiniyattam artist Kalamandalam Kalyanikutty Amma in 1952. Tripunithura has many dedicated centers for stage performances and promotion of art established by

1190-546: Is based on merit. In central-government funded higher education institutions, 22.5% of available seats are reserved for Scheduled Caste (SC) and Scheduled Tribe (ST) students (7.5% for STs, 15% for SCs). This reservation percentage has been raised to 49.5% by including an additional 27% reservation for OBCs. This ratio is followed even in Parliament and all elections where a few constituencies are earmarked for those from certain communities (which will next rotate in 2026 per

1260-488: Is given to reservation category including 33% reservation for Women, priority in hiring is given by : and then after Open category will be considered. Government and public sector hiring based on merit in open category and one more anomaly here i.e., priority in hiring is the same as for the reserved category. The landmark initiative of Special Recruitment for Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe in Government jobs

1330-405: Is the executive authority of the municipalities. Elected councillors and officers are the other functionaries. Two types of officers now exist – officers belonging to the municipality as full-time officers and officers transferred to the municipality from the state government. H The Kerala Municipality Act, 1994 mandates the establishment of ward committees in each ward of the municipality. In case

1400-671: Is the oldest church in Thrippunithura. Tripunithura has many educational institutions which makes the place a good haven for education. Primary, High and Higher Secondary School education is available in many schools. The Government schools functioning in Tripunithura include the Government Sanskrit High School, Government Girls High School, Government Palace High School and Government Boys High School as well as private management schools like The Convent School and The Shree Venkiteshwara School. There are also

1470-634: The Andhra Pradesh High Court quashed the sub-quota. The court said that the sub-quota has been carved out only on religious lines and not on any other intelligible basis. The court criticized the decision: "In fact, we must express our anguish at the rather casual manner in which the entire issue has been taken up by the central government.". Mandal commission protests of 1990 were against reservation in government jobs based on caste in India . The 2006 Indian anti-reservation protests were

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1540-618: The British raj . Demands for various forms of positive discrimination has been made, for example, in 1882 and 1891. Chatrapati Shahu , the Maharaja of the princely state of Kolhapur , introduced reservation in favor of non- Brahmin and backward classes, much of which came into effect in 1902. He provided free education to everyone and opened several hostels to make it easier for them to receive it. He also tried to ensure that people thus educated were suitably employed, and he appealed both for

1610-543: The British rule . Based on provisions in the Indian Constitution , it allows the Union Government and the States and Territories of India to set a high percentage of reserved quotas or seats , in higher education admissions, employment, political bodies, etc., for "socially and economically backward citizens". Quota systems favouring certain castes and other communities existed before independence in

1680-454: The CPI(M) party . As per the 2011 Indian census , Thrippunithura has a population of 69,390 and a population density of 3,713 inhabitants per square kilometre (9,620/sq mi). Of this, 48.9% are males and 51.1% are female. 8.18% of the population is under 6 years of age. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes constitute 9.44% and 0.24% of the population respectively. The total literacy rate

1750-614: The Constitution (One Hundred And Twenty-Fourth Amendment) Bill, 2019 which provided 10% additional quota for the economically weaker sections amongst the erstwhile unreserved category students. The definition of 'economically weaker sections' will be defined by the State from time to time. The constitutional amendment has laid down that they will be restricted to people with household income less than 8 Lakh per annum and those who own agricultural land below five acres. Business Today has commented that these criteria cover almost 100 percent of

1820-590: The Delimitation Commission ). Some states and UTs have reservations for females which varies from 5% to 33.33%. The exact percentages vary from state to state: The Women's Reservation Bill was passed by the Rajya Sabha on 9 March 2010 by a majority vote of 186 members in favor and 1 against. As of March 2013, the Lok Sabha has not voted on the bill. Critics say gender cannot be held as

1890-802: The Madras Presidency provided 44% reservation to Non-Brahmin Hindus, 16% to Brahmins, Muslims, Christians, and Anglo-Indians, and 8% to Scheduled Castes. During the Round Table Conference of June 1932 , the Prime Minister of Britain, Ramsay MacDonald , proposed the Communal Award , according to which separate representation was to be provided for Muslims , Sikhs , Indian Christians , Anglo-Indians , and Europeans . The depressed classes, roughly corresponding to

1960-781: The One Hundred and Sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India was given ascension after having been introduced during the Special Session of the Parliament of India. The amendment seeks to allocate 33 percent of the seats in the Lok Sabha and elected state legislative assemblies for women. In 2017, a drafting committee in Karnataka crafted the a policy to create a 1% reservation for transgender people in education and employment. On 21 July 2021, Karnataka implemented

2030-648: The Patidar community (better known as Patel) began agitating for OBC status in Gujarat. This movement consisted of massive demonstrations across the state, led by Hardik Patel. Later many of these protests turned violent, resulting in curfews across the state and crores worth of damage. Talks with the government broke down, and the violence restarted. After the Jat agitation began in 2016, the Patidars flared up again and led

2100-478: The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (SCs and STs) and after the 1980s in favour of OBCs (Other Backward Castes) and in 2019 for poor in the general category. The country's affirmative action program was launched in 1950 and is the oldest such programme in the world. A common form of caste discrimination in India was the practice of untouchability. SCs were the primary targets of the practice, which

2170-589: The Tamil Nadu government's BCC Department issued a government order classifying transgender persons under Other Backward Class status as a caste identity if lacking a community certificate. In June 2024, the Madras High Court struck down the order and directed the Tamil Nadu government to provide 1% horizontal reservations to the transgender community in education and employment, ruling that

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2240-480: The forward castes , who claimed that the government's proposal was discriminatory, discarded meritocracy and was driven by vote-bank politics . In 2008 and 2010, the Gujjar community in Rajasthan demanded reclassification from OBC to ST ( Scheduled Tribes ) for increased reservation benefits. They began violently protesting on the streets of Rajasthan and blocked several rail lines. Police firing on Gujjars began

2310-440: The presence of women in the lowest tier of governance impact the problems faced by the women of the constituency In Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh, 32% of posts are reserved for females in all government departments and services, such as police, health, education and general administration. From 2015 onwards Kerala has implemented a 55% reservation for all posts of its local self governing bodies. On 28 September 2023,

2380-488: The state legislative assembly , Thrippunithura comes under the Thrippunithura Assembly constituency . As of the 2021 assembly elections, the current MLA is K. Babu , elected from the Indian National Congress . Thrippunithura falls under the jurisdiction of Thrippunithura municipality. It is registered as Ward number 2, with a female reservation . The municipal chairperson is Rema Santosh, elected from

2450-425: The Constitution. It thus put a cap on reservations. However, the recent amendment of the constitution exceeds 50% and also there are state laws that exceed this 50 percent limit and these are under litigation in the Supreme Court. For example, in the State of Tamil Nadu , the caste-based reservation stands at 69 percent and applies to about 87 percent of the population. On 7 November 2022, Supreme Court of India by

2520-710: The GO violated Articles 14, 15, 16, 19 and 21 of the Constitution of India , as well as the National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India verdict. In June 2024, the Calcutta High Court ordered the government of West Bengal to establish a 1% quota in public employment. While courts have ruled that reservations on the basis of religion are unconstitutional, several state governments have allotted reservations to religious minorities or backward classes among religious minorities on

2590-662: The SC and ST candidates, respectively. A significant change began in 1979 when the Mandal Commission or the Socially and Educationally Backward Classes (SEBC) Commission was established to assess the situation of the socially and educationally backward classes. The commission did not have exact population figures for the OBCs and so used data from the 1931 census , thus estimating the group's population at 52 per cent. In 1980,

2660-450: The STs and SCs, were assigned a number of seats to be filled by election from constituencies in which only they could vote, although they could also vote in other seats. The proposal was controversial: Mahatma Gandhi fasted in protest against it but many among the depressed classes, including B. R. Ambedkar , had to favor it. After negotiations, Gandhi reached an agreement with Ambedkar to have

2730-731: The State from making any special provision for the advancement of any socially, and educationally backward classes of citizens of or for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes." Article 46 of the Constitution states that "The State shall promote with special care the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections of the people, and, in particular, of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes, and shall protect them from social injustice and all forms of exploitation." The Supreme Court of India ruled in 1992 that reservations could not exceed 50 percent, anything above which it judged would violate equal access as guaranteed by

2800-462: The Union government extended reservations for Other Backward Classes in institutes of higher education it substantially funded. In 2019 the government announces the 10% reservation in educational institutions and government jobs for economically weaker section of the general category. The Constitution of India states in article 15(4): "Nothing in [article 15] or in clause (2) of article 29 shall prevent

2870-701: The above four amendments was challenged in the Supreme Court through various petitions clubbed together in M. Nagaraj & Others Vs. Union of India & Others , mainly on the ground that these altered the Basic Structure of the Constitution . In 2006, the Supreme Court upheld the amendments but stipulated that the concerned state will have to show, in each case, the existence of "compelling reasons" - which include "backwardness", "inadequacy of representation" and overall "administrative efficiency - before making provisions for reservation. The court further held that these provisions are merely enabling provisions . If

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2940-512: The areas near Thiruvankulam in the easternmost boundaries rising to 30m. Tripunithura has a main bus-stand in its main centre with buses going from and coming into from different locations. Furthermore, it has bus-stops in almost every part of the town which makes travel by bus easier. Railway transport is also available. NH 85 (Kochi Madurai highway) or Old NH 49 passes through Karingachira. Ernakulam-Ettumanoor State Highway(SH 15) also passes through Thrippunithura. Tripunithura railway station

3010-472: The basis of socio-educational backwardness and representation. The Tamil Nadu government has allotted 3.5% of seats each to Muslims and Christians, thereby altering the OBC reservation to 23% from 30% (since it excludes persons belonging to Other Backward Castes who are either Muslims or Christians). The Government of Andhra Pradesh introduced a law enabling 4 percent reservations for Muslims in 2004. This law

3080-410: The citizens. The Kerala Municipality Act 1994 envisage creation of three kinds of urban local governments Kerala has not created any town panchayats so far. The functions of the municipalities are enlisted as schedule appended to Kerala Municipality Act. The functions can be divided into civic functions and development functions in areas of agriculture, industry, health, education etc. Chairperson

3150-490: The commission's report recommended that a reserved quota for OBCs of 27 per cent should apply in respect of services and public sector bodies operated by the Union Government. It called for a similar change to admissions to institutes of higher education, except where states already had more generous requirements. It was not until the 1990s that the recommendations were implemented in Union Government jobs. In 2006,

3220-599: The first Justice Party government passed the first Communal Government Order (G. O. # 613), thereby becoming the first elected body in the Indian legislative history to legislate reservations, which have since become standard across the country. The Imperial parliament at Westminster introduced elements of reservation in the Government of India Act of 1909 and there were many other measures put in place prior to independence. The depressed classes were provided some seats in 1919 before seeing further increase in 1925. In 1927,

3290-671: The first modern municipalities of Kerala on 1 November 1866, according to the Madras Act 10 of 1865 (Amendment of the Improvements in Towns act 1850) of the British Indian Empire . The 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992 provided for a national framework for municipal governance in the country, and Kerala has been following that pattern since 1994. Consequent to this amendment, several changes have occurred in

3360-472: The functions, powers, and responsibilities of the municipalities, and the states had to make necessary amendments to the legislation on the local governments in the respective states. The Kerala Municipalities Act of 1994, enacted as per the constitutional amendment, governs the pattern, functions and services of the municipalities in Kerala. The act, which was integrated for the municipalities and corporations in

3430-773: The land that which is holy(thara literally means a platform or an elevated stage). The word Pooni has multiple means, two of which are 'bullocks', 'a type of water bird'. Pooni might also refer to the bag used to carry arrows. Thrippunithura is known as the Raja Nagari (royal city) and is one of the most prominent centers of traditional Kerala cultural heritage. The palaces of the Cochin Royal House are renowned for being patrons of traditional arts, architecture, literature and music. The erstwhile rulers of Kingdom of Cochin were great patrons of art. This made fine arts and architecture flourish under them in many ways. The town

3500-533: The municipality has less than one lakh population, then every person from the ward on the electoral roll becomes a member of the committee. In case the population of the municipality is more than one lakh, then the following become the members of the ward committee: In both cases, the local Councillor is the chairperson of the Ward Committee. The Kerala Municipality (Constitution of Ward Committee and Procedure for Meeting) Rules, 1995 provides further rules for

3570-702: The municipality of Fort Kochi . In 1664, the municipality of Fort Kochi was established by Dutch Malabar , making it the first municipality in Indian subcontinent , which got dissolved when the Dutch authority got weaker in 18th century. However, the first modern kind of municipalities were formed in the state in 1866 in Malabar District . In 1866, Fort Kochi municipality was reestablished. Kannur , Thalassery , Kozhikode , Palakkad , and Fort Kochi , which were parts of Malabar District until 1956, were made

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3640-595: The policy, making the state the first in the country to provide one percent reservation for the transgender community in all government services. The government submitted a report to the High Court in this regard, informing that a notification had already been issued after amending the Karnataka Civil Service. The job could be given to males or females, from the same category, in case of the non-availability of transgender candidates. On April 6, 2015,

3710-511: The population. Muslims constitute 1% of the population. Thrippunithura is home to the Sree Poornathrayeesa Temple , widely known throughout Kerala for its yearly Vrishcikotsavam . It is the first of the eight royal temples of the erstwhile Kingdom of Cochin . Thrippunithura also has had a long presence of St. Thomas Christians from antiquity. The Nadamel Marth Mariam Church (Nadamel Pally), established in A.D. 1175,

3780-549: The protests turned violent. Riots spread to Delhi and western Uttar Pradesh, and even Rajasthan. The epicentre of the violence was in Rothak , and almost ₹34000 crores ($ 4.8 billion) worth of property was damaged and 30 were killed. Bowing to the pressure, the Haryana government created a special category for Jats and other upper castes called BC, and appointed 10% reservation, but the measure was blocked in court. Beginning in 2015,

3850-570: The royal family Thrippunithura is part of the Ernakulam Lok Sabha constituency in Indian Parliament . The current elected Member of Parliament representing the constituency is Hibi Eden of the Indian National Congress . The Ernakulam Lok Sabha constituency elects seven members to the state Legislative Assembly, one each from Ernakulam , Kalamassery , Kochi , Paravur , Thrikkakara , Thrippunithura and Vypin . In

3920-564: The same law should apply to those who are similarly situated. " Justice Bela Trivedi provided the lone dissent, saying that states did not have the power to "tinker" with the 1950 Presidential List and that the sub-quotas violated Article 14. Justice B.R. Gavai concurred with Chief Justice Chandrachud, but added that the 'creamy layer' concept that applied to OBCs should apply to SC/ST groups as well. Government and public sector will hire job seekers based on reservation percentage from two different categories : While hiring, major priority

3990-473: The setting up and functioning of these committees. Ward Committees have been set up in Kerala and are regularly cited as a good example of functioning micro level urban governance in India. Ward Committees played an important role in combating the spread of COVID19 in Kerala . Reservation in India Reservation is a controversial system of affirmative action in India created during

4060-423: The south, Thrippunithura borders the Vembanad , the longest lake in India. The lake provides facilities for inland water navigation, with the Champakkara canal stretch of the National Waterway 3 forming its western boundary with Kochi and Maradu . The canal then merges with the Chithrapuzha river in the north, near Irumpanam . Thrippunithura has an average elevation of 8 m (26 ft) above sea level, with

4130-416: The state's population. Some road blocks turned violent in 2017 and 2018, but overall the protests were peaceful. Their demand was met when the Maharashtra government instituted a special SEBC (Socially and Educationally Backward Classes) category for them with 16% reservation. The Supreme Court of India later however, declared the SEBC reservation for Marathas as unconstitutional. The Union Government tabled

4200-458: The state, laid out the constitution of the town panchayats , municipal councils , and municipal corporations . Prior to this, the urban areas of Kerala were governed by the following acts, which were repealed when the Kerala Municipality Act, 1994 was introduced: Hence, instead of having separate acts for municipal corporations and other types of municipal bodies, from 1994 Kerala has the same act to govern all its municipal bodies. Since then,

4270-406: The structure of municipal bodies has essentially remained the same, even though the urban areas have multiplied. The 74th amendment to the Constitution of India resulted in increased roles for the municipalities in every state in India, where they have been perceived to be great contributors to the social and economic development of the country, as they are the level of government that is closest to

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4340-423: Was 97.71% (98.61% for males and 96.85% for females), which is higher than the state average of 94% and the national average of 74.04%. Religion in Thrippunithura (2011) Thrippunithura is one of the most homogenous areas in Kerala in terms of religion. According to the 2011 census, Hindus are the majority with 82% of the population adhering to the religion. Christians form a small minority, constituting 15% of

4410-417: Was alleged that the decision was announced as the Election Commission announced Assembly elections in five states on 24 December 2011. The government would not have been able to announce this due to the model code of conduct. On 12 January 2012, the Election Commission stayed implementation of this decision for violation of the model code of conduct. Later, Justice Sachar, head of the Sachar Committee that

4480-716: Was challenged in the Supreme Court, which upheld it in 2012 by rejecting the government's argument because it failed to furnish sufficient valid data to justify the move to promote employees on a caste basis. Universities allot seats based on reservation percentage from the same two categories, that is : Government Universities will allot based on the same priority as previously mentioned, along with, reservation percentage under consideration for entrance exams fees, for cut off marks, for allotment of seats and also applicable to other government schemes. In India student aids are available for—SCs, STs, BCs, OBCs, women, Muslims, and other minorities. Only about 0.7% of student aids in India

4550-492: Was commissioned to prepare a report on the latest social, economic and educational condition of the Muslim community of India , criticised the government decision, saying "Such promises will not help the backward section of minorities. It is like befooling them. These people are making tall claims just to win elections". He suggested that instead of promising to give reservations, the government should focus on basic issues of improving administration and governance. On 28 May 2012,

4620-495: Was further modified through the 85th amendment to give the benefit of consequential seniority to SC/ST candidates promoted by reservation. The 81st amendment was made to the Constitution to permit the government to treat the backlog of reserved vacancies as a separate and distinct group, to which the ceiling of 50 per cent did not apply. The 82nd amendment inserted a provision in Article 335 to enable states to give concessions to SC/ST candidates in promotion. The validity of all

4690-441: Was outlawed by the new Constitution of India. In 1954, the Ministry of Education suggested that 20 percent of places should be reserved for the SCs and STs in educational institutions with a provision to relax minimum qualifying marks for admission by 5 percent wherever required. In 1982, it was specified that 15 percent and 7.5 percent of vacancies in public sector and government-aided educational institutes should be reserved for

4760-480: Was started in Kerala in 1972 by Vella Eacharan. The 1993 Supreme Court ruling in the Indra Sawhney & Others v. Union of India case said that reservations in job promotions are "unconstitutional" or not in accordance with the political constitution but allowed its continuation for five years. In 1995, the 77th amendment to the Constitution was made to amend Article 16 before the five-year period expired to continue with reservations for SC/STs in promotions. It

4830-438: Was the capital of the erstwhile Kingdom of Cochin . The Hill Palace situated in Thripunithura was the palace of Maharaja of Cochin, the ruler of Kingdom of Cochin. Thrippunithura is known for its rich culture which includes the annual Vrishchikotsavam festival that takes place at the Sree Poornathrayeesa Temple . In recent years, due to the development and urban expansion of Kochi, Thrippunithura has merged with Kochi to form

4900-446: Was upheld by the Supreme Court in an interim order in 2010 but it constituted a Constitution bench to look further into the issue. The referral was to examine the constitutional validity of quotas based on religion. Kerala Public Service Commission has a quota of 12% for Muslims. Religious minority (Muslim or Christian) educational institutes also have 50% reservation for Muslim or Christian religions. The Central government has listed

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