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118-708: Surabaya is the capital city of East Java province and the second-largest city in Indonesia , after Jakarta . Located on the northeastern corner of Java island, on the Madura Strait , it is one of the earliest port cities in Southeast Asia. According to the National Development Planning Agency , Surabaya is one of the four main central cities of Indonesia , alongside Jakarta , Medan , and Makassar . The city had
236-677: A classical European understanding of the known world : Europe , North Africa , and Southwest Asia . The phrase is related to the enduring power of the city first as the capital of the Republic and the Empire , and later as the centre of the Catholic Church . In several English-speaking states , the terms county town and county seat are also used in lower administrative divisions . In some unitary states , subnational capitals may be known as 'administrative centres'. The capital
354-722: A duchy , a major political and military power in eastern Java. The Portuguese writer Tomé Pires mentioned that a Muslim lord was in power in Surabaya in 1513, though likely still a vassal of the Hindu–Buddhist Majapahit. By that time, Surabaya was already a major trading port, owing to its location on the Brantas River delta and the trade route between Malacca and the Spice Islands via the Java Sea . During
472-497: A monarch held his or her court, the selection, relocation, founding, or capture of a modern capital city is a highly symbolic event. For example: The capital city is usually but not always a primary target in a war, as capturing it usually guarantees capture of much of the enemy government, victory for the attacking forces, or at the very least demoralization for the defeated forces. In ancient China , where governments were massive centralized bureaucracies with little flexibility on
590-445: A compromise between two or more cities or other political divisions, historical reasons, or enough land was needed to deliberately build a new planned city for the capital. The majority of national capitals are also the largest city in their respective countries. Modern examples are Beijing , Berlin , Cairo , London , Madrid , Mexico City , Moscow , Paris , Rome , Jakarta , Metro Manila , Seoul , and Tokyo . Counties in
708-405: A distinction is made between the official ( constitutional ) capital and the seat of government, which is in another place . English-language news media often use the name of the capital city as an alternative name for the government of the country of which it is the capital, as a form of metonymy . For example, the "relations between London and Washington " refers to the " relations between
826-529: A fierce campaign, Kediri surrendered, but the Yuan forces were betrayed by their erstwhile ally, Majapahit , under Raden Wijaya . In the end, the invasion ended with Yuan failure and strategic victory for the new state, Majapahit. Kublai , the founder of the Yuan dynasty , had sent envoys to many states demanding that they pay tributes and submit themselves to Yuan China. Men-shi or Meng-qi (孟琪), one of his ministers,
944-466: A giant white shark and a giant white crocodile taking place in the area. The event is sometimes interpreted as foretelling the Mongol invasion of Java , a major conflict between the forces of Kublai Khan , Mongol ruler of China , and those of Raden Wijaya 's Majapahit on 31 May 1293, which is now considered the date of the city's founding. The two animals are now used as the city's symbol, with
1062-567: A major Islamic center in Java during the Wali Sanga era. The prominent and honored Islamic figure in Surabaya was Sunan Ampel (Raden Rahmat). His tomb is a sacred religious site in the city and is visited by Surabayans and pilgrims from different parts of Indonesia. The largest Muslim organisation in Indonesia, Nahdlatul Ulama , was established in Surabaya on 26 January 1926. Al-Akbar Mosque
1180-470: A matter of convention, and because all or almost all the country's central political institutions, such as government departments, supreme court, legislature, embassies, etc., are located in or near them. Many modern capital cities are located near the centre of the country, so that they are more accessible to its population and have better protection from possible invasions. (See also § Capitals in military strategy ) The location may also be based on
1298-545: A modern port facility was built in Surabaya, now known as Tanjung Perak Harbor. Until the 1920s, new settlements such as Darmo, Gubeng, Fields, and Ketabang grew. In 1920, a census recorded that Batavia had become the largest city. In 1917, a revolt occurred among the soldiers and sailors of Surabaya, led by the Indies Social Democratic Association . The revolt was firmly crushed, and the insurgents were given harsh sentences. Japan occupied
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#17327728112851416-448: A new letter of submission, but Gao Xing disliked the idea and he warned the other two. Wijaya asked the Yuan forces to come to his country unarmed, as the princesses could not stand the sight of weapons. Two hundred unarmed Yuan soldiers led by two officers were sent to Raden Wijaya's country, but on the 26th May Raden Wijaya quickly mobilized his forces again and ambushed the Yuan convoy. After that Raden Wijaya marched his forces to
1534-447: A population of 2,874,314 within its city limits at the 2020 census. With 3,009,286 people living in the city as of mid 2023 (comprising 1,490,358 males and 1,518,928 females) and over 10 million in the extended Surabaya metropolitan area , according to the latest official estimate, Surabaya was the second-largest metropolitan area in Indonesia. Surabaya metropolitan is also ASEAN's 6th largest economy ahead of Hanoi . In 2023,
1652-536: A series of terrorist attacks initiated by Jamaah Ansharut Daulah , the Southeast Asian branch of ISIS , followed by a bombing on Surabaya Police Department HQ the next day. 28 people were killed, including the assailants. 57 people were injured; several of whom where in a critical condition. The first confirmed case of COVID-19 in East Java was in Surabaya, on 17 March 2020. In May 2020, Surabaya became
1770-554: A territory: Plymouth in Montserrat . There are several countries where, for various reasons, the official capital and seat of government are separated: Some historical examples of similar arrangements, where the recognized capital was not the official seat of government: With the rise of the modern nation-state , the capital city has become a symbol for the state and its government , and imbued with political meaning. Unlike medieval capitals, which were declared wherever
1888-503: A total disaster. Later, Shi Bi and Yighmish were shown mercy, and the emperor restored their reputation and property. This failure was the last expedition in Kublai Khan 's reign. Majapahit , in contrast, became the most powerful state of its era in the region. Kublai Khan summoned his minister, Liu Guojie, to prepare another invasion of Java with a 100,000-strong army, but this plan was canceled after his death. Travelers passing
2006-727: A year. The officers were the Han Chinese Shi Bi, the Yugur Yighmish, who were experienced in overseas voyages, and the Han Chinese Gao Xing. Meanwhile, after defeating Malayu Dharmasraya in Sumatra in 1290, Singhasari became the most powerful kingdom in the region. Kertanegara sent a massive army to Sumatra in the Pamalayu campaign. However, seizing the opportunity of the lack of an army guarding
2124-694: Is a mixture of both Indonesian and Javanese, also with some significant influence from foreign languages such as Madurese , which has formed a distinctive dialect known as Suroboyoan. The Suroboyoan dialect is actively promoted in local media, such as in local TV shows, radio, newspapers, and traditional dramas called Ludruk . The speakers of Suroboyoan dialect are well known for being proud of their distinctive dialect and consistently maintain it wherever they go. Religion in Surabaya (2019 Census) Although around 80% of citizens in Surabaya adhere to Sunni Islam , other major religions include Christianity ( Roman Catholicism , Protestantism , and Orthodox ), of whom
2242-516: Is an old city that has expanded over time, and its population continues to grow at roughly 2.2% per year. In recent years, more people have moved to Surabaya from nearby suburbs and villages in East Java. Javanese people form the majority in Surabaya, forming around 83 percent out all population, while the Madurese and Chinese are significant minorities, forming around 7 percent respectively,
2360-619: Is influenced by the recent growth in international industries and the completion of the Suramadu Bridge . The city is home to a large shipyard and numerous specialized naval schools. The Bank of Indonesia has also made plans for Surabaya to be the Islamic financial center of Indonesia. Surabaya, from the Javanese " sura ing baya ", means "bravely facing danger"; originally from the union of Pali words " sura " , referring to
2478-429: Is located in northern Surabaya. The city is also known for being one of the cleanest and greenest in Indonesia. Architecture in Surabaya is a mixture of colonial, Asian, Javanese, modern, and post-modern influences. There are many colonial-era relics still standing today, such as Hotel Majapahit and Surabaya Post Office. As a relatively old city in Indonesia and Southeast Asia , most colonial buildings were built around
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#17327728112852596-620: Is now the Gresik Regency, Sidoarjo , Mojokerto , and Jombang . In 1905, Surabaya received the status of municipality (gemeente). In 1926, Surabaya was designated the capital of the province of East Java. Since then Surabaya developed into the second largest city in the Dutch East Indies after Batavia . Before 1900, the city center of Surabaya revolved around the Jembatan Merah ; (English: Red Bridge ). In 1910,
2714-500: Is often the largest city of its constituent, though not always . Historically, the major economic centre of a state or region has often become the focal point of political power, and became a capital through conquest or federation . Historical examples are ancient Babylon , ancient Athens , ancient Rome , Abbasid Baghdad , Constantinople , Chang'an , and ancient Cusco . The modern capital city has not always existed: in medieval Western Europe, an itinerant (wandering) government
2832-617: Is referred to as Kota Pahlawan (the city of heroes) due to the significance of the Battle of Surabaya during the Indonesian National Revolution . The city is one of the important financial, commercial, industrial, transportation, and entertainment hubs of the archipelago. Arguably the second most significant city after Jakarta, the city is also home to Indonesia's second-busiest seaport, the Port of Tanjung Perak , which
2950-582: Is the case with Nanjing by Shanghai , Quebec City by Montreal , and several US state capitals . The decline of a dynasty or culture could also mean the extinction of its capital city, as occurred at Babylon and Cahokia . "Political nomadism" was practiced in ancient Near East to increase ties between the ruler and the subjects. Although many capitals are defined by constitution or legislation, many long-time capitals have no such legal designation, including Bern , Edinburgh , Lisbon , London , Paris , and Wellington . They are recognized as capitals as
3068-549: Is the largest mosque in the city and one of the largest mosque in the world . Christianity as a whole is mainly practised by Chinese Indonesians , as well as native Javanese , Bataks , and Ambonese who attend either a Roman Catholic or Protestant church. A minority of Javanese worship at the Gereja Kejawen - a syncretic religious movement that combines Christianity with the traditional religion of Java. Around 15 churches are in Surabaya; they vary in size. The Church of
3186-601: Is the second-most populous city in Indonesia, with 2,874,314 inhabitants recorded in the chartered city limits ( kota ) in the 2020 census; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 3,009,286. With the extended metropolitan development area called Gerbangkertosusila (derived from Gre sik - Bang kalan - Mojo kerto - Su rabaya- Si doarjo - La mongan ) adding more than 12 million inhabitants in several cities and around 50 districts spread over noncontiguous urban areas including Gresik, Sidoarjo, Mojokerto, and Pasuruan regencies. The central government of Indonesia recognises only
3304-541: Is usually not a separate national capital, but rather the capital city of one constituent nation will also be the capital of the state overall, such as London , which is the capital of England and of the United Kingdom. Similarly, each of the autonomous communities of Spain and regions of Italy has a capital city, such as Seville and Naples , while Madrid is the capital of the Community of Madrid and of
3422-507: The History of Yuan , Wijaya attacked Jayakatwang without success when he heard of the arrival of the Yuan navy. Then he requested their aid. In return, Yuan generals demanded his submission to their emperor, and he gave it. Raden Wijaya promised a tribute including two princesses should the army succeed in destroying Kediri. On the 22nd March, all of the troops gathered in Kali Mas . At
3540-616: The Arek-Arek Suroboyo (Teenagers of Surabaya) killed British Brigadier Aubertin Mallaby on 30 October 1945, near Jembatan Merah , allegedly with a stray bullet. The Allies gave an ultimatum to the Republicans inside the city to surrender, but they refused. The ensuing battle, which cost thousands of lives, took place on 10 November, which Indonesians subsequently celebrate as Hari Pahlawan (Heroes' Day). The incident of
3658-660: The Banten Sultanate and the Dutch settlement of Batavia . The expanding Dutch East India Company took over the city from a weakened Mataram in November 1743. In consolidating its rule over Surabaya and, in time, the rest of East Java, the Dutch collaborated with leading regional magnates, including Ngabehi Soero Pernollo (1720–1776), his brother Han Bwee Kong , Kapitein der Chinezen (1727–1778), and his nephew, Han Chan Piet , Majoor der Chinezen (1759–1827), all from
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3776-523: The Byzantine capital, Constantinople , Byzantine forces were able to regroup in several provinces; provincial noblemen managed to reconquer the capital after 60 years and preserve the empire for another 200 years after that. The British forces sacked various American capitals repeatedly during the Revolutionary War and War of 1812 , but American forces could still carry on fighting from
3894-423: The Indonesian National Revolution . After the independence era , population growth and rapid urbanization forced Surabaya to develop towards the east and west as it is today. The increase in vehicles, the growth of new industries and the proliferation of housing carried out by real estate companies occupying the outskirts of the city have resulted in traffic jams not only in the downtown area but also frequently in
4012-456: The Kediri rebellion, Raden Wijaya tried to return and defend Singhasari but failed. He and his three colleagues, Rangga Lawe, Sora, and Nambi, went into exile to Madura under the protection of the regent Arya Wiraraja , who then turned to Jayakatwang 's side. Kertanegara's son-in-law, Raden Wijaya, submitted to Kediri, and being brokered by Arya Wiraraja he was pardoned by Jayakatwang. Wijaya
4130-695: The Kingdom of Spain as a whole and Rome is the capital of Italy and of the region of Lazio . In the Federal Republic of Germany , each of its constituent states (or Länder , plural of Land ) has its own capital city, such as Dresden , Wiesbaden , Mainz , Düsseldorf , Stuttgart , and Munich , as do all of the republics of the Russian Federation . The national capitals of Germany and Russia (the Stadtstaat of Berlin and
4248-621: The Majapahit empire. At that time, Surabaya was already a major trading port, owing to its location on the River Brantas delta and the trade route between Malacca and the Spice Islands via the Java Sea . During the decline of Majapahit, the lord of Surabaya resisted the rise of the Demak Sultanate and only submitted to its rule in 1530. Surabaya became independent after the death of Sultan Trenggana of Demak in 1546. From
4366-550: The Nusantara archipelago . After this invasion, Chinese shipbuilding techniques were absorbed by Javanese shipbuilders. A new type of jong appeared, called the Sino-Southeast Asian hybrid jong, they mixed Chinese techniques in their manufacture, namely the usage of iron nails alongside wooden dowels, and also the addition of watertight bulkheads and a central rudder. The Mongols left two inscriptions on
4484-647: The Tantra sacred ceremony while drinking palm wine , thus bringing an end to the Singhasari Kingdom . The death of Kertanegara and the fall of Singhasari is recorded in the Gajah Mada inscription in the month of Jyesta in 1214 Saka , which has been interpreted as April–May 1292 or between 18th May and the 15th June of 1292. Having learned of the fall of the Singhasari capital of Kutaraja to
4602-516: The Top 50 largest in the world . Surabaya ranks 11th among the Indonesian city in the human development index . Surabaya's offer business and employment opportunities, along with its ability to offer a potentially higher standard of living compared to other parts of the country, have attracted migrants from across the Indonesian archipelago , making it a melting pot of numerous cultures. The city
4720-537: The United Kingdom have historic county towns, which are often not the largest settlement within the county and often are no longer administrative centres, as many historical counties are now only ceremonial, and administrative boundaries are different. The number of new capitals in the world increased substantially since the Renaissance period, especially with the founding of independent nation-states since
4838-523: The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. Naypyidaw was founded in Burma 's interior as the former capital, Rangoon , was claimed to be overcrowded. A few nation-states have multiple capitals, and there are also several states that have no capital. Some have a city as the capital but with most government agencies elsewhere. There is also a ghost town which is currently the de jure capital of
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4956-492: The federal city of Moscow ) are also constituent states of both countries in their own right. Each of the states of Austria and cantons of Switzerland also have their own capital cities. Vienna , the national capital of Austria , is also one of the states, while Bern is the ( de facto ) capital of both Switzerland and of the Canton of Bern . Governing entities sometimes plan, design and build new capital cities to house
5074-454: The " Asura " ( Buddhism beliefs), and " bhaya " , referring to "fear", "perils" or "danger". This name for Surabaya alludes to a prophecy of Jayabaya , a 12th-century psychic king of Kediri Kingdom , whose name means "conquering the fear or perils" derived from the Pali words "Jaya" or "Vijaya" (victory or conqueror) and "bhaya" (fear, perils or danger). Jayabaya foresaw a fight between
5192-587: The 17th century to the early 20th century. These buildings show the influence of Dutch or European style in the Middle Ages. Before the Second World War , there were many shophouses in the old part of the city, mostly two-storey. They display the influence of European and Chinese traditions. Although some have been dismantled for new construction, there are still many old buildings that are preserved as cultural heritage and city icons, which are around
5310-568: The 18th century until the mid-20th century, Surabaya was the largest city in the Dutch East Indies and the main trading hub for the Indonesian archipelago, competing with Shanghai and Hong Kong . Surabaya has been one of the busiest trading city ports in Asia. Principal exports from the port include sugar , tobacco , and coffee . Its rich history as a trading port has led to a strong financial infrastructure with financial institutions such as banks, insurance, and export-import companies. The economy
5428-427: The 2010 Census and the 2020 Census, together with their official estimates as at mid 2023. The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres, and the number of administrative villages (all classed as urban kelurahan ) in each district. Notes: (a) except the 2 kelurahan of Simomulyo and Simomulyo Baru, which have the postcode of 60281. 1945–1961 : Surabaya: City of Work Surabaya
5546-560: The 2010s, Surabaya has become a center of skyscrapers and high-rises in East Java and central regions of Indonesia, such as The Peak Residence – Tunjungan Plaza 6 (215 meters) and One Icon Residence – Tunjungan Plaza 5 (200 meters). Surabaya is among the cleanest and greenest cities in Indonesia. This can be seen by the urban parks which are equipped with fountains in almost every neighborhood area. These parks include Bungkul Park, Harmoni Park, Pelangi Park, Surya Park, Mundu Park, Undaan Fruit Park, Jayengrono Park, and others. Bungkul Park
5664-686: The 31st May to Quanzhou in 68 days. The Kudadu inscription hints at a battle between the Javanese fleet commanded by rakryan mantri Arya Adikara and the Mongol-Chinese fleet. Kidung Panji Wijayakrama indicated that Mongol ships were either destroyed or captured. Shi Bi's troops lost more than 3,000 soldiers. Modern research by Nugroho estimated 60% of the Yuan army was killed (with total losses of 12,000–18,000 soldiers), with an unknown number of soldiers taken prisoner and an unknown number of ships destroyed or captured. In early August 1293,
5782-751: The Adipura trophy, plenary in 2016. The city also received several awards from the central government as one of the major cities with the best air quality in Indonesia. Surabaya in 2012 has won the award "City of the Best Participation in the Asia Pacific " by Citynet for the success of the city government and people's participation in managing the environment. Surabaya has also been awarded the ASEAN Environmentally Sustainable City Award or "the city with
5900-520: The Birth of Our Lady , also known as Gereja Kepanjen, was built in 1815 as the first church in Surabaya and is one of the oldest churches in Indonesia. Graha Bethany Nginden , is a megachurch which is one of the largest churches in Surabaya, Indonesia and Southeast Asia . The main Orthodox Church in Indonesia, St Nikolas Church, is also based in Surabaya. The Orthodox Christian Center Surabaya
6018-462: The Javanese forces were composed of temporarily conscripted commoners ( levy ) led by the warrior and noble castes . The "peasant army" was usually bare-chested wearing a sarung , and armed with a spear, short sword, or bow and arrows. Their infantry (professional soldiers, not the levy) wore a scale armor called siping-siping , possibly made of brass . The high-ranking soldiers wore a metal breastplate called kawaca . The Javanese navy, however,
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#17327728112856136-567: The Majapahit Kingdom from the sea, at the mouth of Kali Mas river . The anniversary of the city of Surabaya was set on May 31, 1293, commemorating the victory of the Majapahit led by Raden Wijaya against the Mongol invasion . Mongol troops who came from the sea were described as SURA (sharks / brave) and Raden Wijaya's troops who came from the land were described as BAYA (crocodiles / danger), literally translating to brave to face
6254-538: The United Kingdom and the United States ". The word capital derives from the Latin word caput (genitive capitis ), meaning ' head ', later borrowed from Medieval Latin capitālis ('of the head'). The Latin phrase Roma Caput Mundi meaning 'Rome capital of the world' ( lit. ' head of the world ' ) was already used by the poet Ovid in 1st century BC . It originates out of
6372-554: The VOC in 1620 described Surabaya as a rich and powerful region. The Duchy of Surabaya entered conflict with and was later captured by the more powerful Sultanate of Mataram in 1625 under Sultan Agung . It was one of Mataram's fiercest campaigns, in which they had to conquer Surabaya's allies, Sukadana and Madura , and to lay siege to the city, blocking the flow of the Brantas River, Sultan Agung forced Surabaya to surrender. With this conquest, Mataram then controlled most of Java, except
6490-488: The Yuan army, of around 20,000 to 30,000 men. According to a Chinese record, Java already had a standing army , an achievement that only a handful of Southeast Asian empires could hope to achieve. This army numbered around 30,000 men that were paid in gold, recorded as early as 1225 in Zhu Fan Zhi . Military forces in various parts of Southeast Asia were lightly armored. As was common in Southeast Asia, most of
6608-489: The Yuan forces were able to defeat Singhasari, the other countries around it would submit themselves. The Yuan dynasty could then control the Asian sea trade routes, because of the strategic geographical position of the archipelago in trading. According to the History of Yuan , 20,000–30,000 men were collected from Fujian , Jiangxi , and Huguang in southern China , along with 500 –1,000 ships and enough provisions for
6726-624: The afternoon, Jayakatwang declared his submission to the Mongols . The Yuan army captured Jayakatwang, his son, his wife and all his officers. Kebo Mundarang, who battled in the south, was defeated and fled, only to be captured by Sora. He was brought to a plain and executed. Once Jayakatwang had been captured by Yuan forces, Raden Wijaya returned to Majapahit , ostensibly to prepare his tribute settlement, and leaving his allies to celebrate their victory. Shi Bi and Yighmish allowed Raden Wijaya to go back to his country to prepare his tribute and
6844-453: The area of Kembang Jepun Street, Karet Street, Gula Street, Slompretan Street, and Rajawali Street. After the independence of Indonesia, the center of Surabaya's architectural development was concentrated only in the area of Jembatan Merah and its surroundings. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, modern and post-modern style buildings were increasingly emerging in Surabaya. Along with economic development, such buildings have continued to grow. In
6962-492: The army arrived in China. They brought Jayakatwang's children and some of his officers, numbering more than 100. They also acquired the nation's map, population registration, and a letter with golden writings from the king of Muli/Buli (probably Bali ). They captured loot in form of valuables, incenses, perfumes, and textiles; all are counted to be worth more than 500,000 taels of silver. The three Yuan generals, demoralized by
7080-554: The best sustainable environmental management in ASEAN" in 2011 and 2014. In 2018, Surabaya won the Lee Kuan Yew City Prize along with Hamburg , Kazan , and Tokyo , on the basis of the ability to maintain and manage villages in the middle of the city with excellent government management and community participation amid the rapidly developing city. Surabaya became the first city in Indonesia to receive this award. On
7198-660: The capital has been changed for geopolitical reasons; Finland 's first city, Turku , which had served as the country's capital since the Middle Ages under the Swedish rule, lost its position during the Grand Duchy of Finland in 1812, when Helsinki was made the current capital of Finland by the Russian Empire. The convergence of political and economic or cultural power is by no means universal. Traditional capitals may be economically eclipsed by provincial rivals as
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#17327728112857316-607: The capital, in 1292 Jayakatwang , the Duke of Kediri (Gelang-gelang), a vassal state of Singhasari, revolted against Kertanegara. Jayakatwang's revolt was assisted by Kertanegara's former close friend, Banyak Wide (also known by his title Arya Wiraraja ), who secretly despised Kertanegara since he was removed from being a minister/ chamberlain of Singhasari and was sent to Madura as the governor in Sumenep . The Kediri (Gelang-gelang) army attacked Singhasari simultaneously from both
7434-546: The champion of a smart city in Indonesia and won Indonesia Smart City Index (IKCI) in 2015 and 2018. Surabaya also received an award at the Guangzhou International Award for Urban Innovation in the Online Popular City category and Lee Kuan Yew World City Prize in 2018. Surabaya is divided into thirty-one kecamatan (districts), and subdivided into 154 kelurahan (urban villages). The districts are grouped into five areas: Central, North, South, East, and West. The districts are listed below with their areas and their populations at
7552-409: The city in 1942, as part of the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies , and it was bombed by the Allies in 1944. After the surrender of Japan at the end of World War II , Surabaya was seized by Indonesian nationalists. The young nation soon came into conflict with the British, who had become caretakers of the Dutch colony after the Japanese surrender. The Battle of Surabaya , started after
7670-447: The city since 26 February 2021. The city's first female mayor is Tri Rismaharini , who has led Surabaya to achieve many regional, national and international awards since her first term began in 2010. In 2012, Surabaya was awarded the "ASEAN Environmentally Sustainable City Award". Besides Mayor and Vice Mayor, there is the Surabaya City Regional House of Representatives , which is a legislative body of 50 council members directly elected by
7788-413: The city's GRP PPP was estimated at US$ 150.294 billion. The city was settled in the 10th century by the Kingdom of Janggala , one of the two Javanese kingdoms that was formed in 1045 when Airlangga abdicated his throne in favor of his two sons. In the late 15th and 16th centuries, Surabaya grew to be a duchy , a major political and military power as well as a port in eastern Java, probably under
7906-400: The city. Foreign communities like Korean and westerners are among those who exist and settle in the city. Most citizens speak a dialect of East Javanese called Suroboyoan , a subdialect of the Arekan dialect. A stereotype of this dialect concerns equality and directness in speech. The use of register is less strict than the standardized Central Java dialect. The Suroboyoan dialect
8024-537: The coastal town of Tuban and the villages surrounding the area. After that, the commanders decided to split the forces into two. The first would advance inland, the second follows them using boats. Shi Bi sailed to the estuary of Sedayu, and from there went to a small river called Kali Mas (a tributary of Brantas River ). Land troops under Gao Xing and Yighmish, which consisted of cavalry and infantry, went to Du-Bing-Zu. Three commanders sailed using fast boats from Sedayu to Majapahit 's floating bridge and then joined with
8142-405: The considerable loss of their elite soldiers due to the ambush, went back to their empire with the surviving soldiers. Upon their arrival, Shi Bi was condemned to receive 70 lashes and have a third of his property confiscated for allowing the catastrophe. Yighmish also was reprimanded and a third of his property was taken away. But Gao Xing was awarded 50 taels of gold for protecting the soldiers from
8260-593: The countryside, where they enjoyed support from local governments and the traditionally independent civilian frontiersmen. Exceptions to these generalizations include highly centralized states such as France , whose centralized bureaucracies could effectively coordinate far-flung resources, giving the state a powerful advantage over less coherent rivals, but risking utter ruin if the capital were taken. Mongol invasion of Java The Yuan dynasty under Kublai Khan attempted in 1293 to invade Java , an island in modern Indonesia , with 20,000 to 30,000 soldiers. This
8378-409: The dangers that come threatening. So the day of victory is commemorated as the anniversary of Surabaya. By the late 15th century, Islam began to take its root in Surabaya. The settlement of Ampel , located around Ampel Mosque in today's Ampel subdistrict, Semampir district, north Surabaya, was established by Islamic proselytiser Sunan Ampel . In the late 15th and 16th centuries, Surabaya grew to
8496-495: The decline of Majapahit, the lord of Surabaya resisted the rise of the Demak Sultanate and only submitted to its rule in 1530. Surabaya became independent after the death of Sultan Trenggana of Demak in 1546. Following the collapse of Demak , Surabaya was conquered by the Mataram Sultanate , under the leadership of Panembahan Senopati in 1598, and invaded by Panembahan Seda ing Krapyak in 1610, An article by
8614-402: The dry season covers the remaining four months. Unlike many cities and regions with a tropical wet and dry climate, average high and low temperatures are very consistent throughout the year, with an average high temperature of around 31 °C and average low temperatures around 23 °C. Summer months (December to February) are the wettest months, while spring months (September to November) are
8732-401: The educational destinations, Surabaya is also the residence of students from various regions from all over Indonesia, even among them they also form their own community forum, majority from Eastern part of Indonesia such as Papuan , Minahasan , Bugis , Timor people and others. As one of the regional trade centers, many foreigners (expatriates) live in Surabaya, especially in the western part of
8850-484: The eighteenth century. In Canada , there is a federal capital , while the ten provinces and three territories each have capital cities. The states of such countries as Mexico , Brazil (including the famous cities of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo , capitals of their respective states), and Australia also each have capital cities. For example, the six state capitals of Australia are Adelaide , Brisbane , Hobart , Melbourne , Perth , and Sydney . In Australia,
8968-412: The enemy's army would arrive that night, the Yuan army departed to Majapahit. On the 14th April, Kediri's army arrived from 3 directions to attack Wijaya. In the morning of the 15th April, Yighmish led his troops to attack the enemy in the southwest, but couldn't find them. Gao Xing battled the enemy in the southeast, eventually forcing them to flee into the mountains. Near midday, enemy troops came from
9086-498: The epicenter of the pandemic in Indonesia. Surabaya the capital of East Java province, extends over 350.56 km (135.35 sq mi), its metropolitan area covers 6,310.06 km (2,436.33 sq mi), which includes the satellite cities of Mojokerto , Gresik , Sidoarjo , Bangkalan , and Lamongan , and has an estimated population of 9.96 million as of 2023, making it the Second largest urban area in Indonesia and
9204-420: The expedition was not explicitly recorded. If the equipment was similar to the Mongol invasion of Japan , the soldiers would have worn light steel helmets and hide armor. The weapons included pikes, battle axes , reflex bows , rockets , and tiě pào (鐵炮 — grenades launched by catapults). Ethnic Mongol soldiers also brought horses. The History of Yuan also mentioned cannon (Chinese: 炮 — Pào ). From
9322-540: The field of environment and city planning both nationally and internationally. These awards have included Adipura, Adipura kencana, Adiwiyata, Wahyu Tata Nugraha, and other green awards, the Adipura Cup, which Surabaya won several times in the 1980s and 1990s, the Adipura Kencana trophy, the cleanest metropolitan city category in the 1990s and in the period of 2010 to 2017, seven consecutive times, as well as
9440-545: The great crisis of Japanese invasion . National capitals were arguably less important as military objectives in other parts of the world, including the West, because of socioeconomic trends toward localized authority, a strategic modus operandi especially popular after the development of feudalism and reaffirmed by the development of democratic and capitalistic philosophies. In 1204, after the Latin Crusaders captured
9558-415: The guards. Raden Wijaya went into the palace and freed the princess which has been taken captive by Jayakatwang and her two handmaidens. A few thousand Kediri troops tried to cross the river but drowned while 5,000 were killed in the battle. King Jayakatwang retreated to his fortress only to find out that his palace had been burned. The Yuan army then rounded up Daha and called on the king to surrender. In
9676-472: The headwaters of the river was the palace of the Tumapel ( Singhasari ) king. This river was the entryway to Java, and here they decided to battle. A Javanese minister blocked the river using boats. The Yuan commanders then made a crescent-shaped encampment at the bank of the river. They instructed the waterborne troops, cavalry, and infantry to move forward together. The minister abandoned his boats and fled in
9794-426: The hottest months. The city has its own local government and legislative body. The mayor and members of representatives are locally elected by popular vote for a five-year term. The city government enjoys greater decentralisation of affairs than the provincial body, such as the provision of public schools, public health facilities, and public transportation. The current mayor of the city is Eri Cahyadi , who has served
9912-400: The main Yuan camp and launched a surprise attack, killing many and sending the rest running back to their ships. Shi Bi was left behind and cut off from the rest of his army, and was obliged to fight his way eastward through 123 km of hostile territory. Raden Wijaya did not engage the Mongols head-on; instead, he used all possible tactics to harass and reduce the enemy army bit by bit. During
10030-490: The main troops on the way to Kali Mas River . When the Yuan army arrived in Java , Raden Wijaya sent an envoy from Madura and informed them that Kertanagara had been killed in a palace coup and the usurper, Jayakatwang , currently ruled in his place. Wijaya allied himself with the army to fight against Jayakatwang and gave the Mongols a map of the country Kalang (Gelang-gelang, another name for Kediri). According to
10148-407: The majority are Roman Catholics. The influence of Hinduism is strong in basic Surabayan culture, but only a minority of the population adheres to Hinduism, mostly among the ethnic Indian and Balinese minorities. Also, a significant population of Chinese Indonesians adhere to Buddhism and Confucianism , and a small community of Dutch Jews follow Judaism . The city had an influential role as
10266-401: The metropolitan area (Surabaya, Gresik, and Sidoarjo) as Greater Surabaya ( Zona Surabaya Raya ) with a population of 8,319,229 (2015), making Surabaya now the second-largest metropolitan area in Indonesia. The city is highly urbanised , with industries centralised in the city, and contains slums. As a leading education center, the city is also home for students from around Indonesia. Surabaya
10384-476: The night. More than 100 large boats with a devil head at the bow were seized by Yuan forces. A large portion of the army was tasked to guard the estuary of Kali Mas; meanwhile, the main troops advanced. Raden Wijaya 's messenger said that the king of Kediri had chased him to Majapahit and begged the Yuan army to protect him. Because the position of Kediri's army couldn't be determined, the Yuan army returned to Kali Mas. Upon hearing information from Yighmish that
10502-443: The north and south flanks. The king of Singhasari only noticed the invasion from the north and sent his son-in-law, Nararya Sanggramawijaya ( Raden Wijaya ), northward to vanquish the rebellion. The northern attack was quashed, but the southern attack under the command of Kebo Mundarang successfully remained undetected until it reached and sacked the unprepared capital city of Kutaraja . Jayakatwang usurped and killed Kertanegara during
10620-414: The other hand, however, there are not a few areas in Surabaya that appear less organised, especially in the neighborhoods of Southern and Northern Surabaya. This is the concern of the city government to reorganise the environment of the region. Surabaya features a tropical wet and dry climate ( Köppen : Aw ), with distinct wet and dry seasons . The city's wet season runs from October through May, while
10738-408: The people in legislative elections every five years. The city administration maintains a central command center since 2016, integrating all civic services including Satpol PP, Bakesbangpol and Linmas, Hygiene and Parks Service, Transportation Agency, Public Works Agency of Highways and Extermination, ambulance and fire services. All services can be accessed by dialling 112 number. The city is dubbed as
10856-576: The powerful Han family of Lasem . In the 18th and 19th centuries, Surabaya was largest city in the Dutch East Indies, becoming a major trading center and hosting the most extensive naval base in the colony. Surabaya also served as the center of Java's plantation economy, industry, supported by its natural harbor. During the Dutch East Indies era, Surabaya was the capital of the Surabaya Residency, whose territory encompasses what
10974-466: The provincial level, a dynasty could easily be toppled with the fall of its capital. In the Three Kingdoms period, both Shu and Wu fell when their respective capitals of Chengdu and Jianye fell. The Ming dynasty relocated its capital from Nanjing to Beijing , where they could more effectively control the generals and troops guarding the borders from Mongols and Manchus . The Ming
11092-399: The ratio between the number of ships and total soldiers, each ship may have carried a maximum capacity of 30 or 31 men. David Bade estimated a capacity of 20 to 50 men per ship. The History of Yuan recorded that the Javanese army had more than 100,000 men. This is now believed to be an exaggerated or mistaken number. Modern estimates place the Javanese forces at around the same size as
11210-454: The record of Ibn Battuta , Chinese ships carried naphtha shooters/throwers. The kind of ships used in the campaign is not mentioned in the History of Yuan , but the norm of Chinese junks pre-1500 was about 20–30 m (65.6–98.4 ft) long. Worcester estimates that the large junks of the Yuan dynasty were 36 feet (10.97 m) in beam and over 100 feet (30.48 m) long. By using
11328-506: The red-white flag (the Dutch flag at the top of Yamato Hotel's tower that was torn into the Indonesian red-white flag) by Bung Tomo is also recorded as a heroic feat during the struggle over the city. The city is known as Kota Pahlawan (the city of heroes) due to the importance of the Battle of Surabaya in galvanising Indonesian and international support for Indonesian independence during
11446-456: The region, such as Ibn Battuta and Odoric of Pordenone , however, noted that Java had been attacked by the Mongols several times, but always ending in failure. The Gunung Butak inscription from 1294 may have mentioned that Arya Adikara intercepted a further Mongol invasion and successfully defeated it before landing in Java. This invasion may have involved the first use of gunpowder in
11564-603: The rest are Arab and other ethnics that are present. Surabaya also has ethnic populations from other parts of Indonesia: Sundanese , Minang , Batak , Banjar , and Balinese . Surabaya is one of the major cities in Indonesia that has a significant population of Middle East people ; there are Arabs , especially the Hadhrami people who originate from the Hadhramaut region in Yemen , Armenian people , and Jews . As one of
11682-469: The rout, the Yuan army lost a part of the spoils that had been captured beforehand. The Yuan forces had to withdraw in confusion, as the monsoon winds to carry them home would soon end, leaving them to wait on a hostile island for six months. Jayakatwang composed Kidung Wukir Polaman during captivity in Jung Galuh, but the Mongols killed him and his son before they departed. They sailed back on
11800-424: The seat of government of a polity or of a subdivision. Deliberately planned and designed capitals include: These cities satisfy one or both of the following criteria: Some examples of the second situation (compromise locations) are: Changes in a nation's political regime sometimes result in the designation of a new capital. Akmola (renamed Astana in 1998) became the capital of Kazakhstan in 1997, following
11918-443: The ship reached Sulumayi , whose foreign name is Surabaya. At the estuary, the outflowing water is fresh". Ma Huan visited Java during Zheng He's fourth expedition in 1413, during the reign of Majapahit king Wikramawardhana . He describes his travel to the Majapahit capital. He first arrived at the port of Tu-pan (Tuban) where he saw large numbers of Chinese settlers migrated from Guangdong and Zhangzhou . Then, he sailed east to
12036-474: The southeast. Gao Xing attacked again and managed to defeat them in the evening. On the 22nd April, the troops split into 3 to attack Kediri, and it was agreed that on the 26th April they would meet up in Daha to begin the attack after hearing cannon fire. The first troops sailed along the river. The second troops led by Yighmish marched along the eastern riverbank while the third army led by Gao Xing marched along
12154-438: The suburbs. Surabaya grew from a relative poor city in the late 19th century into a metropolis in the late 20th century, and became one of the fastest growing metropolitan areas in Southeast Asia. Surabaya also managed to become one of the most organized metropolitan cities in Indonesia with the cleanest air. On 13 May 2018, three churches in Surabaya and one apartment complex in the neighboring regency of Sidoarjo were bombed in
12272-677: The term "capital cities" is regularly used to refer to those six state capitals plus the federal capital Canberra , and Darwin , the capital of the Northern Territory . Abu Dhabi is the capital city of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi and also of the United Arab Emirates overall. In unitary states which consist of multiple constituent nations, such as the United Kingdom and the Kingdom of Denmark , each will usually have its own capital city. Unlike in federations , there
12390-519: The thriving new trading town of Ko-erh-hsi (Gresik), Su-pa-erh-ya (Surabaya), and then sailing inland into the river by smaller boat to the southwest until he reached the Brantas river port of Chang-ku (Changgu). Continuing to travel by land to the southwest, he arrived in Man-che-po-I (Majapahit), where the Javanese king stayed. The Surabaya area was once the main gateway to the capital of
12508-561: The two facing and circling each other, as depicted in a statue appropriately located near the entrance to the city zoo . Some people consider Jayabaya 's prophecy as being about the great war between native Surabayan people and foreign invaders at the start of the war of independence in 1945. Another story tells of two heroes who fought each other to be the king of the city. The two heroes were named Sura and Baya. These folk etymologies , though embraced enthusiastically by its people and city leaders, are unverifiable. The Kingdom of Janggala
12626-599: The way to their primary target. The small states of Malaya and Sumatra submitted and sent envoys to them, and Yuan commanders left darugha there. It is known that the Yuan forces stopped at Ko-lan (Gelam island) to plan their strategy. On 22 January 1293, Yighmish departed first to bring the Emperor's order to Java. The main fleet then sailed to Karimun Jawa , and from there sailed to Tuban . As noted in Kidung Panji Wijayakrama , they probably pillaged
12744-475: The western riverbank. Raden Wijaya and his troops marched in the rear. The army arrived at Daha on the 26th April. The prince of Kediri defended the city with his troops. The battle lasted from 6:00 am to 14:00 pm. After attacking 3 times, Kediri forces were defeated and fled. At the same time that the Mongol and Kediri forces clashed, Majapahit forces attacked the city from another side and quickly defeated
12862-569: Was awarded the Asian Townscape Award 2013 from the United Nations as the best park in Asia because of its very complete and integrated facilities, starting from the economic area ( street food centers ), green open area, parks, disability-friendly area, free internet ( Wi-Fi ), and routine garden maintenance management . The city of Surabaya is very outstanding in the field of environment. The city has won many awards in
12980-820: Was common. The capital city attracts politically motivated people and those whose skills are needed for efficient administration of national or imperial governments, such as lawyers , political scientists , bankers , journalists , and public policy makers . Some of these cities are or were also religious centres , e.g. Constantinople (more than one religion), Rome / Vatican City (the Roman Catholic Church ), Jerusalem (more than one religion), Babylon, Moscow (the Russian Orthodox Church ), Belgrade (the Serbian Orthodox Church ), Paris, and Beijing. In some countries,
13098-632: Was destroyed when Li Zicheng took their seat of power, and this pattern repeats itself in Chinese history, until the fall of the traditional Confucian monarchy in the 20th century. After the Qing dynasty 's collapse, decentralization of authority and improved transportation and communication technologies allowed both the Chinese Nationalists and Chinese Communists to rapidly relocate capitals and keep their leadership structures intact during
13216-454: Was intended as a punitive expedition against Kertanegara of Singhasari , who had refused to pay tribute to the Yuan and maimed one of their emissaries. However, in the intervening years between Kertanegara's refusal and the expedition's arrival on Java, Kertanegara had been killed and Singhasari had been usurped by Kediri . Thus, the Yuan expeditionary force was directed to obtain the submission of its successor state, Kediri , instead. After
13334-443: Was located on the estuary of Brantas River and today is part of modern Surabaya city and Sidoarjo Regency . By the 14th and 15th centuries, Surabaya was one of the Majapahit ports or coastal settlements, together with Tuban , Gresik , and Hujung Galuh (Sidoarjo). Ma Huan documented the early 15th-century visit of Zheng He 's treasure ships in his 1433 book Yingya Shenglan : "after travelling south for more than 20 li ,
13452-438: Was more advanced than the Chinese. Javanese junks (jong) were more than 69 to 80 metres (226 to 262 ft) long, able to carry 600–1,000 men, and constructed in multiple thick planks that rendered artillery useless. The order to subdue Java was issued by the Kublai Khan on March 1292. The Yuan forces departed from the southern port of Quanzhou , traveled along the coast of Trần dynasty , Dai Viet and Champa along
13570-469: Was one of the two Javanese kingdoms that were formed in 1045 when Airlangga abdicated the throne of the Kingdom of Kahuripan in favor of his two sons. The earliest historical record of Surabaya was in the 1225 book Zhu fan zhi written by Zhao Rugua , in which it was called Jung-ya-lu. The name Janggala is derived from the name "Hujung Galuh" (Old Javanese lit: "Cape Diamond" or "Cape Gemstone"), or "Jung-ya-lu" according to Chinese sources. Hujung Galuh
13688-618: Was opened on 15 October 2008. Capital city A capital city or just capital is the municipality holding primary status in a country , state , province , department , or other subnational division , usually as its seat of the government . A capital is typically a city that physically encompasses the government's offices and meeting places; the status as capital is often designated by its law or constitution . In some jurisdictions , including several countries, different branches of government are in different settlements, sometimes meaning multiple official capitals. In some cases,
13806-447: Was sent to Java ( Singhasari ) but was not well received there. The king of Singhasari , Kertanegara , was offended by Men-shi's proposal and branded his face with a hot iron as was done to common thieves, cut his ears, and scornfully sent him on his way. Kublai Khan was shocked and ordered a punitive expedition against Kertanegara, whom he labeled a barbarian, in 1292. The campaign also had other objectives. According to Kublai Khan, if
13924-547: Was then permitted to establish a new settlement in Tarik timberland. The new settlement was named Majapahit , which was taken from maja fruit that had a bitter taste in that timberland ( maja is the fruit name and pahit means 'bitter'). There were 5,000 men commanded by Shi Bi, 2,000 from the garrison in Fujian Province , and soldiers from Jiangxi , Fujian , and Huguang provinces. The personal equipment during
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