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58-647: The Tulalip Tribes of Washington ( / t ʊ ˈ l eɪ l ɪ p / , Lushootseed : dxʷlilap ), formerly known as the Tulalip Tribes of the Tulalip Reservation , is a federally recognized tribe of Duwamish , Snohomish , Snoqualmie , Skagit , Suiattle , Samish , and Stillaguamish people . They are South and Central Coast Salish peoples of indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast . Their tribes are located in

116-543: A morphophonemic writing system meaning that it is a phonemic alphabet which does not change to reflect the pronunciation such as when an affix is introduced. The chart below is based on the Lushootseed Dictionary. Typographic variations such as ⟨p'⟩ and ⟨pʼ⟩ do not indicate phonemic distinctions. Capital letters are not used in Lushootseed. Some older works based on

174-427: A change of position for its subject. It is commonly known as a "state of being": ʔəs ƛ̕ubil čəd. 'I am feeling fine.' or 'I am in good health.' If a verb does involve motion, the ʔəs - prefix is replaced with lə -: lə ƛ̕a čəd ʔálʔal. 'I'm going home.' Completed or telic actions use the prefix ʔu -. Most verbs without ʔəs - or lə - will use ʔu -. Some verbs also exhibit

232-470: A consolidated borough with a council–manager government . The first independent retail businesses at the Business Park were Walmart and The Home Depot . Walmart opened its 150,000-square-foot store, its second in the county and 27th in the state, on April 18, 2001; The Home Depot followed suit with the opening of its 115,000-square-foot store just north of Walmart on August 16, 2001. In 2002,

290-484: A contrast in meaning between lə - and ʔu -, and only one of them is correct: ʔu saxʷəb čəxʷ. 'You jump(ed).' The verb saxʷəb literally means 'to jump, leap, or run, especially in a short burst of energy', and is correctly used with ʔu -. In contrast, the verb təlawil , which means 'to jump or run for an extended period of time', is used with lə -: lə təlawil čəxʷ. 'You are jumping.' There are five possessive affixes, derived from

348-467: A family experience. Wa He Lut Indian School teaches Lushootseed to Native elementary school children in their Native Language and Culture program. As of 2013 , an annual Lushootseed conference is held at Seattle University . A course in Lushootseed language and literature has been offered at Evergreen State College . Lushootseed has also been used as a part of environmental history courses at Pacific Lutheran University . It has been spoken during

406-413: A major shopping and business center along Interstate 5 in the 1990s, aiming to attract the auxiliary support facility of Naval Station Everett as its main tenant, but an agreement broke down. The 800-acre (320 ha) center, named Quil Ceda Village , was built in the early 2000s alongside a new casino and outlet mall . The tribe's original casino was renamed to Quil Ceda Creek Casino and was replaced by

464-438: A municipality within the reservation. It also developed a business park to provide jobs and tax income for the tribe, and to diversify its economy. Situated alongside Interstate 5 , the business park includes the tribe's first gaming casino, Quil Ceda Creek Casino; the second, the $ 72 million Tulalip Resort Casino , and a $ 130 million associated 12-story luxury hotel. Retail businesses include Walmart and Home Depot . In 2004,

522-459: A new, 126,700-square-foot (11,770 m) building in 2021. The tribe also operates two gas stations that opened in 2009 and 2011 with discounts for tribal members. The gas stations were originally supplied by Chevron , but switched to a Yakama Nation -owned distributor in 2022. The Tulalip Tribes owns a disused railroad bridge over Interstate 5 at the north end of Quil Ceda Village that had been used by Boeing for access to its engine test site on

580-517: A number of potential other meanings. They come before the object they reference, much like in English. Examples of this can be found in the following phrases: Lushootseed has four subject pronouns: čəd 'I' (first-person singular), čəɬ 'we' (first-person plural), čəxʷ 'you' (second-person singular), and čələp 'you' (second-person plural). It does not generally refer to the third person in any way. The subject pronoun always comes in

638-474: A plain-glottalic contrast, which is realized as laryngealized with sonorants , and ejective with voiceless stops or fricatives. It is one of only three known languages to possess all three types of glottalized consonant (ejectives, implosives, and resonants). Lushootseed has no phonemic nasals . However, the nasals [m] , [m̰] , [n] , and [n̰] may appear in some speech styles and words as variants of /b/ and /d/ . Lushootseed can be considered

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696-460: A public policy think tank, in 2001 about $ 50 million in sales taxes was collected at the Quil Ceda stores; most of this money went to the state. Legislators were reluctant to establish a precedent for rebates to the tribe, especially at a time of severe budget issues. "Under the proposal, the state would still receive its full 6.5 percent share of sales." The Tulalip Tribes filed a lawsuit against

754-611: A relatively agglutinating language, given its high number of morphemes, including a large number of lexical suffixes. Word order is fairly flexible, although it is generally considered to be verb-subject-object (VSO). Lushootseed is capable of creating grammatically correct sentences that contain only a verb, with no subject or object. All information beyond the action is to be understood by context. This can be demonstrated in ʔuʔəy’dub '[someone] managed to find [someone/something]'. Sentences which contain no verb at all are also common, as Lushootseed has no copula . An example of such

812-478: A sentence is stab əw̓ə tiʔiɫ 'What [is] that?'. Despite its general status as VSO, Lushootseed can be rearranged to be subject-verb-object (SVO) and verb-object-subject (VOS). Doing so does not modify the words themselves, but requires the particle ʔə to mark the change. The exact nature of this particle is the subject of some debate. Prepositions in Lushootseed are almost entirely handled by one word, ʔal, which can mean 'on, above, in, beside, around' among

870-442: A verb in Lushootseed (excluding the zero copula) carry a prefix indicating their tense and/or aspect . Below is a (non-exhaustive) list of these prefixes, along with their meanings and applications. The prefix ʔəs - is one of the most common. It indicates an imperfective aspect-present tense (similar to English '-ing') for verbs that do not involve motion. More specifically, a verb may use ʔəs - if it does not result in

928-694: A voluntary "Pilot Project" to allow certain tribes to begin exercising special jurisdiction beginning February 20, 2014. Three tribes were selected for this Pilot Project: the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation ( Oregon ), the Pascua Yaqui Tribe ( Arizona ), and the Tulalip Tribes of Washington. The tribes speak English and Lushootseed , a Central Salish language . The language

986-571: Is Tulalip Bay . The Tulalip people settled onto reservation lands after signing the Point Elliott Treaty with the former Washington Territory on January 22, 1855. The reservation now comprises the western half of the Marysville–Tulalip community, which was divided by the construction of Interstate 5 in the 1950s and 1960s. Marysville is an incorporated city and lies east of the freeway. A 2,000-acre (810 ha) section of

1044-777: Is Republican; all the others are members of the Democratic Party . The tribes host numerous annual events, including Treaty Days, typically in January to commemorate the signing of the Point Elliot Treaty on January 22, 1855; First King Salmon Ceremony, to bless the fishermen and celebrate catching the first king salmon of the season; Winter Dancing; and a Veteran's Pow Wow during the first weekend of every June. 48°04′40″N 122°16′15″W  /  48.07778°N 122.27083°W  / 48.07778; -122.27083 Lushootseed language Lushootseed

1102-422: Is constructed in two possible ways, one for negatives of existence, and one for negatives of identity. If taking the form of a negative of identity, a proclitic lə- must be added to the sentence on the next adverb. If there are no further adverbs in the sentence, the proclitic attaches to the head word of the predicate, as in the sentence xʷiʔ čəxʷ sixʷ ləbakʷɬ 'Don't get hurt again'. Almost all instances of

1160-522: Is derived from dxʷləšucid . The prefix dxʷ- along with the suffix -ucid means "language." The root word , ləš , is an archaic word for the Puget Sound region. Some scholars, such as Wayne Suttles , believe it may be an old word for "people," possibly related to the word " Salish ." Lushootseed has a complex consonantal phonology and 4 vowel phonemes. Along with more common voicing and labialization contrasts, Lushootseed has

1218-454: Is governed by a seven-member, democratically elected Board of Directors, whose members fill designated roles as officers. Directors are elected to serve three year terms. The current tribal administration is as follows: The Tulalip Tribes has defined its rules for membership in the tribe. Membership is based on January 1, 1935, Tulalip census roll; new applicants must prove descent from persons on that roll and that their parents were residents of

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1276-510: Is placed on the penultimate syllable. Some words do not fit the pattern, but generally, pronunciation is consistent in those ways. Northern Lushootseed also was affected by progressive dissimilation targeting palatal fricatives and affricates, whereas Southern Lushootseed was not, leading to some words like čəgʷəš ("wife") being pronounced čəgʷas in Northern dialects. Different dialects often use completely different words. For example,

1334-716: Is scheduled to be offered in August 2019, with the instructors Danica Sterud Miller, Assistant Professor of American Indian Studies at the University of Washington Tacoma , and Zalmai Zahir, a PhD student of theoretical linguistics at the University of Oregon . Lushootseed consists of two main dialect groups, Northern Lushootseed ( dxʷləšucid ) and Southern Lushootseed ( txʷəlšucid ~ xʷəlšucid ). Both of these dialects can then be broken down into subdialects: The Lower and Upper Skagit dialects have variously been categorized as being different from one another, or one in

1392-884: Is written in the Latin script . A dictionary and grammar have been published. The tribe established its own language department in the 1990s to promote and preserve the use of Lushootseed across the region. Marysville Pilchuck High School began offering Lushootseed classes to its students in 2019. The Tulalip Tribes own and operate Tulalip Bingo, Quil Ceda Deli, Canoes Carvery, Cedars Cafe, Eagles Buffet, Tulalip Bay Restaurant, Journeys East, The Draft Sports Bar & Grill, Tulalip Resort Casino , Quil Ceda Creek Nightclub and Casino, Torch Grill, and Q Burgers, all located in Tulalip, Washington. With revenues generated by their successful casinos, they have invested and developed other businesses to diversify their economy. The tribe began development of

1450-478: The Puyallup Tribe . By their definition, a "speaker" includes anyone who speaks in Lushootseed for at least an hour each day. As of 2013 , the Tulalip Tribes ' Lushootseed Language Department teaches classes in Lushootseed, and its website has Lushootseed phrases with audio. The Tulalip Montessori School also teaches Lushootseed to young children. Tulalip Lushootseed language teachers also teach at

1508-842: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in English: Quil Ceda Village Quil Ceda Village ( Lushootseed : qʷəl'sidəʔ ʔalʔaltəd ) is a municipality established by the federally-recognized Tulalip Tribes of Washington within the Tulalip Indian Reservation in Snohomish County, Washington , United States. It includes the Quil Ceda Village Business Park, a commercial development constructed and operated by

1566-534: The Dictionary of Puget Salish distinguishes between schwas that are part of the root word and those inserted through agglutination which are written in superscript. The Tulalip Tribes of Washington's Lushootseed Language Department created a display with nearly all the letters in the Lushootseed alphabet , sans the letter b̓, which is a rare sound which no words begin with. See the external links below for resources. The Lushootseed language originates from

1624-671: The Tulalip Early Learning Academy, Quil Ceda-Tulalip Elementary in the Marysville School District, Totem Middle School, and Marysville-Getchell, Marysville-Pilchuck and Heritage High Schools. Since 1996, the Tulalip Lushootseed Department has hosted the annual dxʷləšucid sʔəsqaləkʷ ʔə ti wiw̓suʔ , a summer language camp for children. Teachers also offer family classes in the evening every year, making Lushootseed

1682-848: The Tulalip Reservation at the time of the individual's birth. It does not require a minimum blood quantum . The US Supreme Court 's majority opinion in Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe (1978) affirmed that tribal courts were not allowed to have jurisdiction over a non-Indian person in a criminal case on the reservation. Through the passage of the Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2013 (VAWA 2013) , signed into law on March 7, 2013, by President Barack Obama , tribal courts have been authorized to exercise special criminal jurisdiction over certain crimes of domestic and dating violence. This new law generally took effect on March 7, 2015. It also authorized

1740-609: The Tulalip Tribes sought legislation that would give its government a share of the sales taxes generated at the business park, as the tribe provides services at the business park similar to those provided by other municipalities. This was unprecedented for a Native American tribe in the U.S.; the state legislature had proposed incorporating the area as a municipality to instead collect sales taxes under normal procedures. The "tribe has spent millions of dollars to build and pay for Quil Ceda's infrastructure and to provide such government services as police and fire protection there." According to

1798-501: The Washington state legislature, where he first served as the only Native American member. In addition, in the 2002 election, the Tulalip worked with other tribes in the state to defeat a candidate for the state Supreme Court who had a long record of opposing tribal interests. Seven other Native Americans have since been elected to the state legislature, including Julie Johnson ( Lummi ). Only one Native American state representative

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1856-526: The World's Languages in Danger and classified as Reawakening by Ethnologue. Despite this, many Lushootseed-speaking tribes are attempting to revitalize their language in daily use, with several language programs and classes offered across the region. Lushootseed has been historically known as Niskwalli/Nisqually, Puget Sound Salish, Puget Salish, Pugué, Squaxon, Skagit, and Skagit-Nisqually. The name of

1914-532: The annual Tribal Canoe Journeys that takes place throughout the Salish Sea . There are also efforts within the Puyallup Tribe. Their website and social media, aimed at anyone interested in learning the language, are updated often. To facilitate the use of Lushootseed in electronic files, in 2008 the Tulalip Tribes contracted type designer Juliet Shen to create Unicode -compliant typefaces that met

1972-433: The boundary between the northern and southern varieties). Some sources given for these figures, however, go back to the 1970s when the language was less critically endangered. Linguist Marianne Mithun has collected more recent data on the number of speakers of various Native American languages, and could document that by the end of the 1990s there were only a handful of elders left who spoke Lushootseed fluently. The language

2030-627: The coastal region of Northwest Washington State and the Southwest coast of Canada. There are words in the Lushootseed language which are related to the environment and the fishing economy that surrounded the Salish tribes. The following tables show different words from different Lushootseed dialects relating to the salmon fishing and coastal economies. Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Lushootseed: Article 1 of

2088-514: The language in Lushootseed is pronounced (and spelled) variably across different dialects. In the northern dialects, the language is called dxʷləšucid . In most southern dialects, it is txʷəlšucid , whereas in the Muckleshoot dialect it is pronounced xʷəlšucid . The southern pronunciation txʷəlšucid is derived from the original by de-voicing d into t and switching the position of l and ə . The English name "Lushootseed"

2146-407: The mall. The mall opened on May 5, 2005, with 383,000 square feet of retail space; a promenade expansion to the mall was opened on June 20, 2013, adding more than 100,000 square feet of space. On June 6, 2011, the Tulalip Tribes announced that Cabela's would build a 110,000-square-foot store, its second in the state, between The Home Depot and the resort casino; the land had remained empty since

2204-563: The mid- Puget Sound region of Washington . Tulalip leader John McCoy was a member of the Washington State Legislature from 2003 to 2020. For a time he served as the only Native American in the legislature, at other times being joined by Jeff Morris, an Alaskan Native (Tsimpshian) who was elected in 1996 with two other Alaskan Natives, Dino Rossi (Tlingit) and Jim Dunn (Aleut). In 2002, the Tulalip Tribes also exerted political power by allying with other tribes across

2262-483: The needs of the language. Drawing upon traditional Lushootseed carvings and artwork, she developed two typefaces: Lushootseed School and Lushootseed Sulad. In the summer of 2016, the first ever adult immersion program in Lushootseed was offered at the University of Washington's Tacoma campus . It was sponsored by The Puyallup Tribal Language Program in partnership with University of Washington Tacoma and its School of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences. A similar program

2320-800: The pronouns: The third person singular -s is considered marginal and does not work with an actual lexical possessor. Lushootseed, like its neighbors Twana , Nooksack , Klallam , and the North Straits Salish languages , are in the Central Coast Salish subgroup of the Salishan family of languages. The language is spoken by many peoples in the Puget Sound region, including the Duwamish , Suquamish , Squaxin , Muckleshoot , Snoqualmie , Nisqually , and Puyallup in

2378-416: The reservation was home to a federal ammunition depot established during World War II and later used by Boeing for chemical weapons testing and storage. The Marysville School District serves both the city and the reservation. To accommodate a growing population, in 2008 it opened three new schools, built of prefabricated, modular units that operate and look like traditional construction, at its site on

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2436-463: The reservation. The tribe has long-term plans to use the bridge for a multi-use pedestrian and bicycling trail that would connect to a proposed Amtrak Cascades station in Marysville. The Tulalip Tribes has begun to act more in local and state politics, at times in alliance with other Native American tribes in the state. In November 2002, John McCoy , a longtime Tulalip leader, was elected to

2494-564: The reservation. This large campus is now called the Marysville Secondary Campus; it contains Heritage High School, Marysville Arts and Technology High School , and an elementary school. The two high schools share a gym and commons center. In 2022, the Tulalip Tribes announced plans to build their own elementary school that would use an alternative, indigenous-focused education model that had been trialed at Heritage High School. The tribe has developed Quil Ceda Village as

2552-581: The same, but are both recognized as being distinct from the Sauk dialect. There is no consensus on whether the Skykomish dialect should be grouped into Northern or Southern Lushootseed. Dialects differ in several ways. Pronunciation between dialects is different. In Northern dialects, the stress of the word generally falls on the first non-schwa of the root, whereas in the Southern dialects, stress usually

2610-417: The second position in the sentence: dxʷləbiʔ čəxʷ ʔu 'Are you Lummi?' xʷiʔ čəd lədxʷləbiʔ 'I am not Lummi.' Here, negation takes the first position, the subject pronoun takes the second, and 'Lummi' is pushed to the end of the sentence. Negation in Lushootseed takes the form of an adverb xʷiʔ 'no, none, nothing' which always comes at the beginning of the sentence that is to be negated. It

2668-665: The south and the Snohomish , Stillaguamish , Upper Skagit , and Swinomish in the north. Ethnologue quotes a source published in 1990 (and therefore presumably reflecting the situation in the late 1980s), according to which there were 60 fluent speakers of Lushootseed, evenly divided between the northern and southern dialects. On the other hand, the Ethnologue list of United States languages also lists, alongside Lushootseed's 60 speakers, 100 speakers for Skagit, 107 for Southern Puget Sound Salish, and 10 for Snohomish (a dialect on

2726-480: The state and county governments in 2016 for collection of sales tax at non-tribal stores; it was settled in 2020 after several appeals and mediation to grant a portion of the state's collected tax revenue to the Tulalip Tribes. With the Tulalip Casino outgrowing its first location, it moved into a 227,000-square-foot (21,100 m ) building on the property that opened on June 5, 2003; the previous location

2784-561: The state and defeating a state Supreme Court candidate "with a long track record of opposing tribal interests." The term Tulalip (originally Lushootseed : dxʷlilap ) comes from the Snohomish dialect . It was used in 1855 to describe the tribes who joined together on the Tulalip Reservation established by treaty with the federal government. They included the Duwamish , Snohomish , Snoqualmie , Skagit , Suiattle , Samish , and Stillaguamish peoples , all of whom are South and Central Coast Salish peoples . The Tulalip Indian Reservation

2842-406: The tribe opened the 23,000 square feet (2,100 m) Hibulb Cultural Center and Natural History Preserve on the reservation. The center includes museum exhibits of Tulalip history and artifacts, classrooms, an archaeological repository, a longhouse , and research library. Attached is a 50 acres (20 ha) nature preserve. The Tulalip Tribes are headquartered in Tulalip, Washington. The tribe

2900-527: The tribe signed a deal with Chelsea Property Group to develop an outlet mall on the reservation. The company agreed to develop 100 to 120 stores on 47 acres of land near the tribe's casino and the Quil Ceda Business Park. The contract is expected to yield $ 1.2 million annually in revenues for the tribe. The deal runs for 75 years. The outlet mall, Seattle Premium Outlet, opened in 2005; a variety of restaurants have also opened. In August 2011,

2958-536: The tribe. The tribe developed the 495-acre (200.32 hectare) village and related business park to further its goal to diversify its economy with funds generated by its successful casino operations, the first enterprise in the business park. The Business Park contains the Tulalip Resort Casino , big box stores Walmart and The Home Depot , Seattle Premium Outlets (a 125-tenant open-air mall opened in 2005), Cabela's , and several restaurants. The land

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3016-499: The village as a political subdivision of the federally recognized tribe" under provisions of the Indian Tribal Governmental Tax Status Act of 1982. It provides essential government functions. Quil Ceda Village is the first tribal political subdivision in the nation established under this Act, and the only federal municipality besides Washington, D.C. The village is chartered by the tribe as

3074-816: The word for "raccoon" is x̌aʔx̌əlus in Northern Lushootseed, whereas bəlups is used in Southern Lushootseed. Morphology also differs between Northern and Southern Lushootseed. Northern Lushootseed and Southern Lushootseed have related, but different determiner systems. There are also several differences in utilizing the prefix for marking "place where" or "reason for," in subordinate clauses, with Northern Lushootseed using dəxʷ- and Southern Lushootseed using sxʷ- . See Determiners for more information on this dialectical variation. According to work published by Vi Hilbert and other Lushootseed-language specialists, Lushootseed uses

3132-500: Was established by the Treaty of Point Elliot in 1855 and by Executive Order of US President Ulysses S. Grant on January 22, 1873. The reservation lies on Port Susan in western Snohomish County , adjacent to the western border of the city of Marysville . It has a land area of 34.7 square miles (90 km; 22,200 acres) and a 2020 census population of 10,969 persons residing within its boundaries. The reservation's largest community

3190-493: Was extensively documented and studied by linguists with the aid of tribal elder Vi Hilbert , d. 2008, who was the last speaker with a full native command of Lushootseed. There are efforts at reviving the language, and instructional materials have been published. In 2014, there were only five second-language speakers of Lushootseed. As of 2022, although there were not yet native speakers, there were approximately 472 second-language Lushootseed speakers, according to data collected by

3248-468: Was historically spoken across southern and western Puget Sound roughly between modern-day Bellingham and Olympia by a large number of Indigenous peoples , numbering 12,000 at its peak. Today, however, it is primarily a ceremonial language, spoken for heritage or symbolic purposes, and there are about 472 second-language speakers. It is classified as Critically Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of

3306-639: Was originally home to a testing site that was leased by the United States Department of Defense for ammunition storage in the 1940s and 1950s and later Boeing for jet engine testing until 2000. The retail section began with Walmart and The Home Depot stores in 2001. In 2001, the Bureau of Indian Affairs approved the Village's status as a tribal municipality, and the IRS "designated

3364-478: Was reverted to a bingo hall . On February 4, 2004, the Tulalip Tribes reached an agreement with Chelsea Property Group, a developer of outlet malls based in Roseland, New Jersey , to build an outlet mall known as Seattle Premium Outlets. Chelsea, whose subsequent acquisition by Simon Property Group was announced on June 21, agreed to lease the mall's site from the tribe in addition to constructing and managing

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