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36-520: Its length is 160 km, it is the easternmost part of the Eastern Sayan . Highest summit Strelnikov Peak (Algan Mundarga), 3157 m. Rivers: Irkut and other tributaries of Angara River This Buryatia location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Eastern Sayan The Sayan Mountains ( Mongolian : Соёны нуруу , Soyonii nuruu ; Old Turkic : 𐰚𐰇𐰏𐰢𐰤 , romanized:  Kögmen ) are

72-471: A mountain range in southern Siberia spanning southeastern Russia ( Buryatia , Irkutsk Oblast , Krasnoyarsk Krai , Tuva and Khakassia ) and northern Mongolia . Before the rapid expansion of the Tsardom of Russia , the mountain range served as the border between Mongolian and Russian cultures and cultural influences. The Sayan Mountains' towering peaks and cool lakes southwest of Tuva give rise to

108-890: A cool and fairly humid climate and for this reason they are found in the mountains of the temperate zones, while in the northernmost boreal zones they are also found in the plain. Larch trees go further north than all, reaching in North America and Siberia the tundra and polar ice. The larches are pioneer species not very demanding towards the soil and they are very long-lived trees. They live in pure or mixed forests together with other conifers or more rarely with broad-leaved trees. L. potaninii Batalin L. occidentalis Nuttall L. decidua Miller L. cajanderi Mayr L. griffithii Hooker L. gmelinii (Rupr.) Kuzen. L. kaempferi (Lamb.) Carrière L. laricina (Du Roi) Koch L. lyallii Parlatore L. sibirica Ledeb. In

144-591: A right angle to the Western Sayan for 1,000 km (620 mi) in a northwest/southeast direction, from the Yenisei to the Angara Range . Some subranges of the northwest form a system of "White Mountains" (Белогорье) or " Belki ", such as Manskoye Belogorye, Kanskoye Belogorye, Kuturchinskoye Belogorye, as well as Agul Belki (Агульские Белки), with permanent snow on the peaks. In the central part, towards

180-486: A single bud. The leaves (light green) are needle-like, 2 to 5 cm ( 3 ⁄ 4 to 2 in) long, slender (under 1 cm or 1 ⁄ 2  in wide). Larches are among the few deciduous conifers, which are usually evergreen. Other deciduous conifers include the golden larch Pseudolarix amabilis , the dawn redwood Metasequoia glyptostroboides , the Chinese swamp cypress Glyptostrobus pensilis and

216-537: A snowline depression of 1500 m against the current height of the snowline. Under the condition of a comparable precipitation ratio there might result from this a glacial depression of the average annual temperature of 7.5 to 9 °C for the Last Ice Age against today. According to Sev’yan I. Vainshtein , Sayan reindeer herding, as historically practiced by the Evenks , is "the oldest form of reindeer herding and

252-414: Is almost exclusive guest of the gen. Larix . Other diseases are given by mushrooms, fungal rusts, bacteria and insects. Larch wood is valued for its tough, waterproof and durable qualities. Top quality knot -free timber is in great demand for building yachts and other small boats , for exterior cladding of buildings, and interior paneling. The timber is somewhat resistant to rot when in contact with

288-456: Is another probable hybrid still unresolved. Larches are associated with a number of mycorrhizal fungal species, including some species which primarily or only associate with larch. One of the most prominent of these species is the larch bolete Suillus grevillei . Larch is used as a food plant by the larvae of a number of Lepidoptera species. Larches are prone to the fungal canker disease Lachnellula ssp. (larch canker); this

324-599: Is associated with the earliest domestication of the reindeer by the Samoyedic taiga population of the Sayan Mountains at the turn of the first millennium A.D." The Sayan region was apparently the origin of the economic and cultural complex of reindeer hunters-herdsmen that we now see among the various Evenki groups and the peoples of the Sayan area. The ancestors of modern Evenki groups inhabited areas adjacent to

360-715: Is located farther westwards (e.g. in the Volga - Kama region ) while the Proto-Turkic homeland is located farther eastwards (e.g. "in the southern fringe of the [Northern Eurasian Greenbelt] in Northeast Asia ... near eastern Mongolia"). The Sayan Solar Observatory is located in these mountains ( 51°37′18″N 100°55′07″E  /  51.62167°N 100.91861°E  / 51.62167; 100.91861 ) at an altitude of 2,000 meters. Larch About 10–11; see text Larches are deciduous conifers in

396-615: Is much steeper. The range includes a number of subsidiary ranges of an Alpine character, such as the Aradan , Borus , Oy , Kulumys , Mirsky , Kurtushibin , Uyuk , Sheshpir-Taiga , Ergak-Targak-Taiga , Kedran and Nazarovsky ranges. The most important peaks are Kyzlasov Peak (2,969 m (9,741 ft)), Aradansky Peak (2,456 m (8,058 ft)), Bedelig Golets (2,492 m (8,176 ft)), Samzhir (2,402 m (7,881 ft)), Borus (2,318 m (7,605 ft)) and Zvezdny Peak (2,265 m (7,431 ft)). Between

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432-488: Is particularly a problem on sites prone to late spring frosts, which cause minor injuries to the tree allowing entry to the fungal spores. In Canada , this disease was first detected in 1980 and is particularly harmful to an indigenous species larch, the tamarack , killing both young and mature trees. Larches are also vulnerable to Phytophthora ramorum . In late 2009 the disease was first found in Japanese larch trees in

468-653: The English counties of Devon , Cornwall and Somerset , and has since spread to the south-west of Scotland. In August 2010 the disease was found in Japanese larch trees in counties Waterford and Tipperary in Ireland and in 2013 in the Afan Forest Park in south Wales . Laricifomes officinalis is another mushroom found in Europe , North America and northern Asia that causes internal wood rot. It

504-838: The Mator and Kamas peoples being assimilated altogether. According to Juha Janhunen , and other linguists, the homeland of the Uralic languages is located in South-Central Siberia in the Sayan Mountains region. Meanwhile, Turkologist Peter Benjamin Golden locates the Proto-Turkic Urheimat in the southern taiga - steppe zone of the Sayan-Altay region. Alternatively, the Proto-Uralic homeland

540-677: The tributaries that merge to become one of Siberia's major rivers, the Yenisei River , which flows north over 3,400 kilometres (2000 mi) to the Arctic Ocean . This is a protected and isolated area, having been kept closed by the Soviet Union since 1944. At 92°E the Western Sayan system is pierced by the Ulug-Khem ( Russian : Улуг-Хем ) or Upper Yenisei River , and at 106°, at its eastern extremity, it terminates above

576-462: The Eastern Sayan, as well as the highest point of the whole Sayan system, 3,491 m (11,453 ft) high Mount Munku-Sardyk , is located in the range of the same name in this area. 2,939 m (9,642 ft) high Pik Tofalariya is the highest point of Irkutsk Oblast . The mountains of the Eastern Sayan characteristically display alpine relief forms. In general, rivers flowing down from

612-532: The Sayan Mountains, and it is highly likely that they took part in the process of reindeer domestication along with the Samoyedic population." The local indigenous groups that have retained their traditional lifestyle nowadays live almost exclusively in the area of the Eastern Sayan mountains. However, the local reindeer herding communities were greatly affected by russification and sovietization , with many Evenks losing their traditional lifestyle and groups like

648-481: The Snirsdaja valley, outlet glaciers flowed to the north to Lake Baikal. The Snirsdaja-valley-outlet glacier has calved, among other outlet glaciers, at c. 400 m asl into Lake Baikal (51°27’N/104°51’E). The glacial (Würm ice age = Last Glacial Period = MIS 2) glacier snowline (ELA) as altitude limit between glacier feeding area and ablation zone has run in these mountains between 1450 and 1250 m asl. This corresponds to

684-482: The Tunkinskaya Dolina valley, joining to a c. 30 km-wide parent glacier. Its glacier tongue that flowed down to the east, to Lake Baikal, came to an end at 500 m asl (51°48’28.98"N/103°0’29.86"E). The Khamar Daban mountains were covered by a large-scale ice cap filling up the valley relief. From its valley heads, e.g. the upper Slujanka valley (51°32’N/103°37’E), but also through parallel valleys like

720-545: The autumn. The English name larch ultimately derives from the Latin "larigna", named after the ancient settlement of Larignum. The story of its naming was preserved by Vitruvius : It is worth while to know how this wood was discovered. The divine Caesar, being with his army in the neighbourhood of the Alps, and having ordered the towns to furnish supplies, the inhabitants of a fortified stronghold there, called Larignum, trusting in

756-428: The bald cypresses in the genus Taxodium . The male flowers (small cones) are orange-yellowish and fall after pollination. The female flowers (or cones ) of larches are erect, small, 1–9 cm ( 1 ⁄ 2 – 3 + 1 ⁄ 2  in) long, green or purple, brown in ripening and lignify (called now strobilus ) 5–8 months after pollination; in about half the species the bract scales are long and visible, and in

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792-437: The breach of the Yenisei and Lake Khövsgöl at 100° 30' E. the system bears also the name of Yerghik-Taiga. The flora is on the whole poor, although the higher regions carry good forests of larch , pine , juniper , birch , and alder , with rhododendrons and species of Berberis and Ribes . Lichens and mosses clothe many of the boulders that are scattered over the upper slopes. The Eastern Sayan stretches almost at

828-760: The depression of the Selenga - Orkhon Valley . It stretches almost at a right angle to the Western Sayan for 650 km (400 mi) in a roughly northeast/southwest direction between the Shapshal Range of the Eastern Altai in the west and the Abakan Range of the Kuznetsk Alatau in the east. From the Mongolian plateau the ascent is on the whole gentle, but from the plains of Siberia it

864-469: The genus Larix , of the family Pinaceae (subfamily Laricoideae ). Growing from 20 to 45 metres (65 to 150 feet) tall, they are native to the cooler regions of the northern hemisphere, where they are found in lowland forests in the high latitudes, and high in mountains further south. Larches are among the dominant plants in the boreal forests of Siberia and Canada . Although they are conifers , larches are deciduous trees that lose their needles in

900-466: The genus, with a primary division into North American and Eurasian species, and a secondary division of the Eurasian into northern short-bracted species and southern long-bracted species; there is some dispute over the position of Larix sibirica , a short-bracted species which is placed in the short-bracted group by some of the studies and the long-bracted group by others. The genus Larix belongs to

936-529: The ground, and historically was used as posts and in fencing. However, European Standard EN 350-2 lists larch as slightly to moderately durable; this would make it unsuitable for ground contact use without preservative in temperate climates, and would give it a limited life as external cladding without coatings. The hybrid Dunkeld larch is widely grown as a timber crop in Northern Europe , valued for its fast growth and disease resistance. Larch on oak

972-680: The kind under discussion, of which there are very great numbers in that vicinity. And so, as that stronghold was called Larignum, the wood was called larch. The tallest species, Larix occidentalis , can reach 50 to 60 m (165 to 195 ft). The larch's tree crown is sparse and the branches are brought horizontal to the stem, even if some species have them characteristically pendulous . Larch shoots are dimorphic, with leaves borne singly on long shoots typically 10 to 50 cm (4 to 20 in) long and bearing several buds , and in dense clusters of 20–50 needles on short shoots only 1–2 mm ( 1 ⁄ 32 – 3 ⁄ 32  in) long with only

1008-403: The natural strength of their defences, refused to obey his command. So the general ordered his forces to the assault. In front of the gate of this stronghold there was a tower, made of beams of this wood laid in alternating directions at right angles to each other, like a funeral pyre, and built high, so that they could drive off an attacking party by throwing stakes and stones from the top. When it

1044-525: The others, short and hidden between the seed scales. Those native to northern regions have small cones ( 1–3 cm or 1 ⁄ 2 –1 in) with short bracts, with more southerly species tending to have longer cones ( 3–9 cm or 1 + 1 ⁄ 4 – 3 + 1 ⁄ 2  in), often with exserted bracts, with the longest cones and bracts produced by the southernmost species, in the Himalayas. The seeds are winged. The larches are streamlined trees,

1080-441: The past, the cone bract length was often used to divide the larches into two sections (sect. Larix with short bracts, and sect. Multiserialis with long bracts), but genetic evidence does not support this division, pointing instead to a genetic divide between Old World and New World species, with the cone and bract size being merely adaptations to climatic conditions. More recent genetic studies have proposed three groups within

1116-500: The ranges form gorges and there is an abundance of waterfalls in the area. In this area that currently shows only small cirque glaciers, at glacial times glaciers have flowed down from the 3492 m high Munku Sardyk massif situated west of Lake Baikal and from the 12.100 km extended completely glaciated granite-gneiss plateau (2300 m asl) of the East-Sayan mountains as well as the east-connected 2600 – 3110 m-high summits in

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1152-591: The root system is broad and deep and the bark is finely cracked and wrinkled in irregular plaques. The wood is bicolor, with salmon pink heartwood and yellowish white sapwood. The chromosome number is 2n = 24, similar to that of most of the other trees of the family Pinaceae . The genus Larix is present in all the temperate-cold zones of the northern hemisphere , from North America to northern Siberia passing through Europe , mountainous China and Japan . The larches are important forest trees of Russia , Central Europe , United States and Canada . They require

1188-667: The subfamily Laricoideae , which also includes the genera Pseudotsuga and Cathaya . There are ten accepted species of larch and one accepted hybrid, subdivided on the basis of the most recent phylogenetic investigations: Most if not all of the species can be hybridised in cultivation. Selected hybrids include: The hybrid Larix × marschlinsii , the Dunkeld larch, is an artificial hybrid L. decidua × L. sibirica that arose more or less simultaneously in Switzerland and Scotland. Larix × stenophylla Sukaczev

1224-834: The upper reaches of the Kazyr and Kizir rivers, several ridges, such as the Kryzhin Range form a cluster culminating in the 2,982 m (9,783 ft) high Grandiozny Peak , the highest point in Krasnoyarsk Krai. To the southeast rise the highest and most remote subranges, including the Bolshoy Sayan and Kropotkin Range , as well as " Goltsy " type of mountains, such as the Tunka Goltsy , Kitoy Goltsy , Botogolsky Goltsy , among others. The highest point of

1260-402: The whole pile had fallen. But when the fire had burned itself out and subsided, and the tower appeared to view entirely uninjured, Caesar in amazement gave orders that they should be surrounded with a palisade, built beyond the range of missiles. So the townspeople were frightened into surrendering, and were then asked where that wood came from which was not harmed by fire. They pointed to trees of

1296-412: Was observed that they had no other missiles than stakes, and that these could not be hurled very far from the wall on account of the weight, orders were given to approach and to throw bundles of brushwood and lighted torches at this outwork. These the soldiers soon got together. The flames soon kindled the brushwood which lay about that wooden structure and, rising towards heaven, made everybody think that

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