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48-643: The Sayan Mountains' towering peaks and cool lakes southwest of Tuva give rise to the tributaries that merge to become one of Siberia's major rivers, the Yenisei River , which flows north over 3,400 kilometres (2000 mi) to the Arctic Ocean . This is a protected and isolated area, having been kept closed by the Soviet Union since 1944. At 92°E the Western Sayan system is pierced by

96-625: A railway, although famous postage stamps in the 1930s, designed in Moscow during the time of Tuvan independence, mistakenly depict locomotives as demonstrating Soviet-inspired progress there. The Kuragino–Kyzyl railway line was scheduled to be completed in 2026. Tuva is served by Kyzyl Airport . Traditionally, the Tuvan people are a Central Asian yurt -dwelling nomadic culture, with distinctive traditions in music, cuisine, and folk art. Tuvan music features Tuvan throat singing (khoomei), in which

144-528: A right angle to the Western Sayan for 1,000 km (620 mi) in a northwest/southeast direction, from the Yenisei to the Angara Range . Some subranges of the northwest form a system of "White Mountains" (Белогорье) or " Belki ", such as Manskoye Belogorye, Kanskoye Belogorye, Kuturchinskoye Belogorye, as well as Agul Belki (Агульские Белки), with permanent snow on the peaks. In the central part, towards

192-535: A snowline depression of 1500 m against the current height of the snowline. Under the condition of a comparable precipitation ratio there might result from this a glacial depression of the average annual temperature of 7.5 to 9 °C for the Last Ice Age against today. According to Sev’yan I. Vainshtein , Sayan reindeer herding, as historically practiced by the Evenks , is "the oldest form of reindeer herding and

240-725: A third of the population reside. Historically part of Outer Mongolia as Tannu Uriankhai during the Qing dynasty , the last imperial dynasty of China, Tuva broke away in 1911 as the Uryankhay Republic following the Xinhai Revolution , which created the Republic of China . It became a Russian protectorate in 1914 and was replaced by the nominally independent Tuvan People's Republic in 1921 (known officially as Tannu Tuva until 1926), recognized only by its neighbors

288-878: A tradition to hold the international festival of live music "Ustuu-Khuree", the International Symposium "Khoomei – the Phenomenon of the Culture of the Peoples of Central Asia", the Regional Competition-Festival of Performers on National Instruments "Dingildai", the International Felt Festival "Patterns of Life on Felt" Pop songs "Melodies of the Sayan Mountains". Tuva is one of the few places in

336-558: Is a drier lowland . There are over 8,000 rivers in the Tuvan Republic, including the upper course of the Yenisei River , the fifth longest river in the world. Most of the republic's rivers are Yenisei tributaries . There are also numerous mineral springs in the area. Major rivers include: There are numerous lakes in Tuva, many of which are glacial and salt lakes , including Todzha Lake, a.k.a. Azas Lake (100 km ) –

384-652: Is a small population of Old Believers in the Republic scattered in some of the most isolated areas. Before Soviet rule, there were a number of large ethnic Russian Old Believer villages, but as atheism spread, the believers moved deeper and deeper into the taiga in order to avoid contact with outsiders. Major Old Believer villages are Erzhei, Uzhep, Unzhei, Zhivei and Bolee Malkiye (all in the Kaa-Khemsky District ). Smaller ultra-Orthodox settlements are found further upstream. Ethnic Russians make up 27.4% of

432-530: Is associated with many folk rituals, calendar holidays, and folk medicines in Tuva. Centers of Buddhism in Tuva are Khuree – temples, temple complexes; the temple complex Tsechenling in Kyzyl is the residence of Khambo Lama , head of Buddhism in Tuva. Treasures of the old Slavonic culture in the Asian Tuva saved along with the values of other peoples – children's folklore ensemble "Oktay" from the city of Kyzyl in

480-532: Is associated with the earliest domestication of the reindeer by the Samoyedic taiga population of the Sayan Mountains at the turn of the first millennium A.D." The Sayan region was apparently the origin of the economic and cultural complex of reindeer hunters-herdsmen that we now see among the various Evenki groups and the peoples of the Sayan area. The ancestors of modern Evenki groups inhabited areas adjacent to

528-807: Is located farther westwards (e.g. in the Volga - Kama region) while the Proto-Turkic homeland is located farther eastwards (e.g. "in the southern fringe of the [Northern Eurasian Greenbelt] in Northeast Asia ... near eastern Mongolia"). The Sayan Solar Observatory is located in these mountains ( 51°37′18″N 100°55′07″E  /  51.62167°N 100.91861°E  / 51.62167; 100.91861 ) at an altitude of 2,000 meters. Tuva Tuva ( / ˈ t uː v ə / ; Russian : Тува [tʊˈva] ) or Tyva ( / ˈ t ɪ v ə / ; Tuvan : Тыва [tʰɤ̀ʋɐ] ), officially

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576-585: Is the highest mountain in the Sayan Mountains of Asia. It is 3,491 metres (11,453 ft) tall and is on the international border between Mongolia and Russia . It is also the highest mountain in Buryatia and the highest mountain in Mongolia's Khövsgöl Province . On the southern side, the tree line is at 2000 meters, on the northern side at 2200 meters. This Mongolia location article

624-616: The Uryankhay Republic before being turned into a Russian protectorate as Uryankhay Krai under Tsar Nicholas II, on 17 April 1914. A Tuvan capital was established, called Belotsarsk (Белоца́рск; literally, "(Town) of the White Tsar "). Meanwhile, in 1911, Mongolia became independent, though under Russian protection. Following the Russian Revolution of 1917 that ended the imperial autocracy, most of Tuva

672-591: The 2021 census , Tuvans make up 88.7% of the population. Other groups include Russians (10.1%), and a host of smaller groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the total population. During the period from 1959 to 2010, there was more than a doubling of ethnic Tuvans. The Russian population growth slowed by the 1980s and decreased by 70% since 1989. The official languages are Tuvan ( Turkic ) and Russian ( Slavic ). Outside Kyzyl, settlements have few if any Russian inhabitants and, in general, Tuvans use their original language as their first language. However, there

720-833: The Mator and Kamas peoples being assimilated altogether. According to Juha Janhunen , and other linguists, the homeland of the Uralic languages is located in South-Central Siberia in the Sayan Mountains region. Meanwhile, Turkologist Peter Benjamin Golden locates the Proto-Turkic Urheimat in the southern taiga - steppe zone of the Sayan-Altay region. Alternatively, the Proto-Uralic homeland

768-490: The Republic of Tuva , is a republic of Russia . Tuva lies at the geographical center of Asia , in southern Siberia . The republic borders the federal subjects of the Altai Republic , Buryatia , Irkutsk Oblast , Khakassia , and Krasnoyarsk Krai , and shares an international border with Mongolia to the south. Tuva has a population of 336,651 ( 2021 census ). Its capital city is Kyzyl , in which more than

816-567: The Soviet Union and Mongolia , before being annexed into the former in 1944. A majority of the population are ethnic Tuvans who speak Tuvan as their native tongue, while Russian is spoken natively by the Russian minority; both are official and widely understood in the republic. The Great Khural is the regional parliament of Tuva. The territory of Tuva has been controlled by the Xiongnu Empire (209 BC – 93 AD) and

864-494: The Xianbei state (93–234), Rouran Khaganate (330–555), Tang dynasty (647–682), Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate (7th – 13th century), Mongol Empire (1206–1271), Yuan dynasty (1271–1368), Northern Yuan dynasty (1368–1691), Khotgoid Khanate and Zunghar Khanate (1634–1758). Medieval Mongol tribes, including Oirats and Tumeds , inhabited areas which are now part of the Tuvan Republic. From 1758 to 1911, Tuva

912-689: The state religion . This unsettled the Soviet Union, which orchestrated a coup carried out in 1929 by five young Tuvan graduates of Moscow's Communist University of the Toilers of the East . In 1930, the pro-Soviet regime discarded the state's Mongol script in favor of a Latin alphabet designed for Tuva by Russian linguists. In 1943, Cyrillic script replaced Latin. Under the leadership of Party Secretary Salchak Toka, ethnic Russians were granted full citizenship rights and Buddhist and Mongol influences on

960-469: The 31 March 1992 treaty that created the Russian Federation. On 22 October 1993, a new constitution was drawn up for the republic, creating a 32-member parliament ( Supreme Khural ) and a Grand Khural , which deals with local legislation. The constitution was approved by 53.9% (62.2% according to another source) of Tuvans in a referendum on 12 December 1993. At the same time, the official name

1008-462: The Eastern Sayan, as well as the highest point of the whole Sayan system, 3,491 m (11,453 ft) high Mount Munku-Sardyk , is located in the range of the same name in this area. 2,939 m (9,642 ft) high Pik Tofalariya is the highest point of Irkutsk Oblast . The mountains of the Eastern Sayan characteristically display alpine relief forms. In general, rivers flowing down from

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1056-496: The Mongol Empire. The earliest Buddhist temples uncovered by archaeologists in the territory of Tuva date to the 13th and 14th centuries. During the 16th and 17th centuries, Tibetan Buddhism gained popularity in Tuva. An increasing number of new and restored temples are coming into use, and there has been an upward trend in the number of novices being trained as monks and lamas in recent years. Religious practice declined under

1104-530: The Sayan Mountains, and it is highly likely that they took part in the process of reindeer domestication along with the Samoyedic population." The local indigenous groups that have retained their traditional lifestyle nowadays live almost exclusively in the area of the Eastern Sayan mountains. However, the local reindeer herding communities were greatly affected by russification and sovietization , with many Evenks losing their traditional lifestyle and groups like

1152-481: The Snirsdaja valley, outlet glaciers flowed to the north to Lake Baikal. The Snirsdaja-valley-outlet glacier has calved, among other outlet glaciers, at c. 400 m asl into Lake Baikal (51°27’N/104°51’E). The glacial (Würm ice age = Last Glacial Period = MIS 2) glacier snowline (ELA) as altitude limit between glacier feeding area and ablation zone has run in these mountains between 1450 and 1250 m asl. This corresponds to

1200-482: The Tunkinskaya Dolina valley, joining to a c. 30 km-wide parent glacier. Its glacier tongue that flowed down to the east, to Lake Baikal, came to an end at 500 m asl (51°48’28.98"N/103°0’29.86"E). The Khamar Daban mountains were covered by a large-scale ice cap filling up the valley relief. From its valley heads, e.g. the upper Slujanka valley (51°32’N/103°37’E), but also through parallel valleys like

1248-772: The Tuvan state and society were systematically curtailed. Tuva was annexed by the Soviet Union in 1944, with the approval of Tuva's Little Khural (parliament), but without a referendum on the issue. It became the Tuvan Autonomous Oblast , within the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic , after the Soviet victory in World War II . Salchak Toka , leader of the Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party ,

1296-776: The Ulug-Khem ( Russian : Улуг-Хем ) or Upper Yenisei River , and at 106°, at its eastern extremity, it terminates above the depression of the Selenga - Orkhon Valley . It stretches almost at a right angle to the Western Sayan for 650 km (400 mi) in a roughly northeast/southwest direction between the Shapshal Range of the Eastern Altai in the west and the Abakan Range of the Kuznetsk Alatau in

1344-436: The breach of the Yenisei and Lake Khövsgöl at 100° 30' E. the system bears also the name of Yerghik-Taiga. The flora is on the whole poor, although the higher regions carry good forests of larch , pine , juniper , birch , and alder , with rhododendrons and species of Berberis and Ribes . Lichens and mosses clothe many of the boulders that are scattered over the upper slopes. The Eastern Sayan stretches almost at

1392-486: The course several ethnographic expeditions in the old believers ' settlements were able to collect an extensive collection of samples of ancient singing art. Bandy , a sport similar to ice hockey , is played in Tuva. Mongolian-style wrestling is very popular, as are most martial arts. Horse riding related sports are also predominant in the area. Munku-Sardyk Mönkh Saridag (also spelled as Munku-Sardyk ; Mongolian : Мөнх сарьдаг, lit. "eternal aiguille" )

1440-777: The east. From the Mongolian plateau the ascent is on the whole gentle, but from the plains of Siberia it is much steeper. The range includes a number of subsidiary ranges of an Alpine character, such as the Aradan , Borus , Oy , Kulumys , Mirsky , Kurtushibin , Uyuk , Sheshpir-Taiga , Ergak-Targak-Taiga , Kedran and Nazarovsky ranges. The most important peaks are Kyzlasov Peak (2,969 m (9,741 ft)), Aradansky Peak (2,456 m (8,058 ft)), Bedelig Golets (2,492 m (8,176 ft)), Samzhir (2,402 m (7,881 ft)), Borus (2,318 m (7,605 ft)) and Zvezdny Peak (2,265 m (7,431 ft)). Between

1488-628: The largest in the republic, and Uvs Lake (shared with Mongolia and a World Heritage Site ). The Tuva Republic is made up of a mountain basin, about 600 m high, encircled by the Sayan and Tannu-Ola mountain ranges. Mountains and hills cover over 80% of its territory. Mongun-Tayga ("Silver Mountain", 3,970 m) is the highest point in the republic and is named after its glacier. Population : 336,651 ( 2021 Census ) ; 307,930 ( 2010 Census ) ; 305,510 ( 2002 Census ) ; 309,129 ( 1989 Soviet census ) . |- According to

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1536-586: The ninth century BC. and Arzhaan-2, where Scythian animal art in great variety, and over 9,000 decorative gold pieces were unearthed. A collection of gold jewelry from this site is on display at the National Museum Aldan-Maadyr in Kyzyl. Festivals celebrating Tuvan traditions include the ecological film festival "The Living Path of Dersu", the Interregional Festival of National Cultures "Heart of Asia". It has become

1584-713: The population (as of the 2021 census) in Kaa-Khemsky District, one of the most remote regions in Tuva. The population is mostly Old Believers . Russians account for 18.9% of the population in Piy-Khemsky and 16.4% in Kyzyl. Two religions are widespread among the Tuvan people: Tibetan Buddhism and shamanism . Tibetan Buddhism's present-day spiritual leader is Tenzin Gyatso , the fourteenth Dalai Lama . In September 1992, Tenzin Gyatso visited Tuva for three days. On September 20, he blessed and consecrated

1632-497: The ranges form gorges and there is an abundance of waterfalls in the area. In this area that currently shows only small cirque glaciers, at glacial times glaciers have flowed down from the 3492 m high Munku Sardyk massif situated west of Lake Baikal and from the 12.100 km extended completely glaciated granite-gneiss plateau (2300 m asl) of the East-Sayan mountains as well as the east-connected 2600 – 3110 m-high summits in

1680-733: The restrictive policies of the Soviet period, but is now flourishing. According to a 2012 survey, 61.8% of the population of Tuva adheres to Buddhism , 8% to Tengrism or Tuvan shamanism, 1.5% to the Russian Orthodox Church , the Old Believers or other forms of Christianity , 1% to Protestantism . In addition, 7.7% follow other religions or did not give an answer to the survey. 8% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious" and 12% to be atheist . The present flag of Tuva – yellow for prosperity, blue for courage and strength, white for purity –

1728-643: The singer sings a fundamental tone and an overtone simultaneously. This type of singing can be heard during performances by the Tuvan National Orchestra , at events such as the 'International Khoomei Day' held at the National Tuvinian Theatre in Kyzyl. The Tuvan craft tradition includes carving the soft stone, agalmatolite . A frequent motif is hand-held-sized animals, such as horses. Important archaeological excavations in Tuva include Arzhaan-1 and Tunnug 1, dating to

1776-460: The status of the Tuvan language and culture. Later in the year, there was a wave of attacks against Tuva's sizeable Russian community, including sniper attacks on trucks, and attacks on outlying settlements, with 168 murdered. Russian troops were eventually called in. Many Russians moved out of the republic during this period. Tuva has remained remote and difficult to access. Tuva was a signatory to

1824-833: The upper reaches of the Kazyr and Kizir rivers, several ridges, such as the Kryzhin Range form a cluster culminating in the 2,982 m (9,783 ft) high Grandiozny Peak , the highest point in Krasnoyarsk Krai. To the southeast rise the highest and most remote subranges, including the Bolshoy Sayan and Kropotkin Range , as well as " Goltsy " type of mountains, such as the Tunka Goltsy , Kitoy Goltsy , Botogolsky Goltsy , among others. The highest point of

1872-510: The vote in Tuva. In Tuva, there are a total of approximately 7,400 unemployed, which gives a 5.9% unemployment rate and is above the overall Russian unemployment rate of 4.9% Mining is a crucial element of the Tuvan economy. The Ulugh-Khem coal basin is located in Tuva. It is estimated that in 2020, there were 40 million metric tonnes of coal produced in Tuva, which accounts for approximately 9.4% of Russia's average annual coal production of 423 million metric tonnes. Tuva does not have

1920-475: The world where the original form of shamanism is preserved as part of the traditional culture of Tuva. Shamanism presupposes the existence of good and evil spirits inhabiting mountains, forests and water, as well as the heavens and the underworld. The mediator between man and the spirits is the shaman. It is believed that with the help of spirits the shaman is able to cure patients and predict the future. In Tuva, shamanism peacefully coexists with Buddhism. Buddhism

1968-526: The yellow-blue-white flag of Tuva, which had been officially adopted three days before. The Tuvan people – along with the Yellow Uyghurs in China – are one of the only two Turkic groups who are primarily adherents to Tibetan Buddhism, which coexists with native shamanistic traditions. Tuvans were first exposed to Buddhism during the 13th and 14th centuries, when Tuva entered into the composition of

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2016-553: Was adopted on 17 September 1992. The Republic's Constitution was adopted on 23 October 1993. The head of Tuva is the chairman of the government and serves a five-year term which can be renewed. The first Chairman of the Government was Sherig-ool Oorzhak . On 3 April 2007, Russian president Vladimir Putin nominated Sholban Kara-ool , 40, a former champion wrestler, as the Chairman of the Government of Tuva. Kara-ool's candidacy

2064-516: Was approved by the Khural on 9 April 2007. Kara-ool served from 2007 until 2021. The third and current Tuvan head of government is Vladislav Khovalyg . Tuva's legislature, the Great Khural , has 32 seats as of 2023; each deputy is elected to serve a five-year term. In the 2024 Russian presidential election , which critics called rigged and fraudulent, President Vladimir Putin won 95.37% of

2112-456: Was changed from Tuva (Тува) to Tyva (Тыва). Tuva was one of the Russian regions with the highest number of military casualties during the Russian invasion of Ukraine . The Tyva Republic is situated in the far south of Siberia . Its capital city is Kyzyl, located near the geographic "center of Asia" . The eastern part of the republic is forested and elevated, while the western part

2160-795: Was given the title of First Secretary of the Tuvan Communist Party and became the de facto ruler of Tuva until his death in 1973. The territory became the Tuvan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic on 10 October 1961. In February 1990, the Tuvan Democratic Movement was founded by Kaadyr-ool Bicheldei , a philologist at the Kyzyl State Pedagogical Institute . The party aimed to provide jobs and housing (both in short supply), and improve

2208-516: Was occupied by China (governor was Yan Shichao [traditional, Wade–Giles transliteration: Yan Shi-ch'ao]). On 14 August 1921, the Bolsheviks established the Tuvan People's Republic , popularly called Tannu-Tuva . In 1926, the capital (Belotsarsk; Khem-Beldyr since 1918) was renamed Kyzyl , meaning "red". The Tuvan People's Republic was de jure an independent state between the World Wars . The state's ruler, Chairman Donduk Kuular , sought to strengthen ties with Mongolia and establish Buddhism as

2256-426: Was occupied from 5 July 1918 to 15 July 1919 by Alexander Kolchak 's White Russian troops. Pyotr Ivanovich Turchaninov was named governor of the territory. In the autumn of 1918, the southwestern part was occupied by Chinese troops and the southern part by Mongol troops led by Khatanbaatar Magsarjav . From July 1919 to February 1920, the communist Red Army controlled Tuva but from 19 February 1920 to June 1921 it

2304-526: Was part of China's Qing dynasty and administered by Outer Mongolia . During the Xinhai Revolution in China, Tsarist Russia formed a separatist movement among the Tuvans while there were also pro-independence and pro-Mongol groups. Tsar Nicholas II agreed to the third petition by Tuva's leadership in 1912, establishing a protectorate over the then-independent state. Some Russians, such as merchants, travellers, and explorers, had already settled in Tuva at that time. Tuva became nominally independent as

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